Chapter 4:
Chemical Reactions
and Stoichiometry
Solubility Rules
• How can we determine which ionic solids dissolve in water
and which do not?
• To answer this question, we follow the solubility guidelines!
Solubility Rules
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Double Displacement Reactions
• A double-displacement or replacement reaction is a type of chemical
reaction where the positive ions (cations) and the negative ions (anions)
of the two reactants switch places and form two new compounds or
products.
• Both precipitation and acid–base neutralization reactions are considered
examples of double-replacement reactions.
Double Displacement Reactions
• Some examples of double displacement reactions:
Precipitation Reactions
• Precipitation reactions occur when two soluble aqueous ionic
solutions react to form a solid precipitate (i.e. an insoluble ionic solid in
water).
• According to the solubility rules for these ionic solids in water, NaCl,
AgNO3, and NaNO3 are completely soluble in water while AgCl is
insoluble in water and forms a white precipitate.
Practice
potassium sulfate + barium nitrate
lithium chloride + silver acetate
Complete
the reactions
lead nitrate + potassium iodide
lead nitrate + ammonium carbonate
Precipitation Reactions
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Net Ionic Reaction
Overall reaction
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Ionic form:
Spectator ions Spectator ions
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
Net ionic equation:
Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → PbI2(s)
Practice
When aqueous calcium nitrate and potassium phosphate are mixed, solid calcium
phosphate forms. Calcium phosphate is a major component of kidney stones.
3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2K3(PO4)(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6KNO3(aq)
3Ca2+(aq) + 6NO3⎯(aq) + 6K+(aq) + 2PO43⎯(aq) 6K+(aq) + 6NO3⎯(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)
3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43⎯(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s)
Spectator ions: NO3-(aq) and K+(aq)
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Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions
• An Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissolves in water to produce
hydrogen ions, H+.
• An Arrhenius base is a substance that dissolves in water to produce
hydroxide ions, OH-.
HA(aq) → H+(aq) + A−(aq) BOH(aq) → B+(aq) + OH−(aq)
HCl dissociates as follows: NaOH dissociates as follows:
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH−(aq)
Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions
• Acid–base neutralization reactions occur when an acid reacts with a
base to form a salt and water:
• HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Chapter 12:
Solutions
Solutions
• The solute is typically the substance present in a relatively small amount.
• The solvent is the substance that is used to dissolve the solute.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
solute
solvent
solution
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Molarity
• Molarity (M) is the most common way chemists express the
concentration of a solution:
• Molarities change with temperature due to density changes
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Dilution
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Stoichiometric Calculations
• Given that concentration quantities can provide the number of moles of a
reactant (or product) for a given volume of solution, we can incorporate
concentrations into stoichiometric calculations
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Titration
Example
A 50.00 mL sample of aqueous HCl requires the addition of 35.23 mL of 0.250
M NaOH. Determine the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.
Titration Reaction HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Ans: 0.176 M
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Chapter 10:
Gases, the Simplest
State of Matter
Kinetic Molecular Theory: Pressure
• Pressure: force applied per unit surface area
• Sum of collisions of gas molecules colliding with surface
• Sea Level: Pressure = 1 atm
• Other common pressure units:
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
Which of the four properties is constant?
At constant volume and moles of gas, pressure is
directly proportional to temperature
Pressure and Temperature
• The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its
temperature in K at constant V and n.
• At constant V and n
This is Amonton’s Law or
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Volume and Temperature
• The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its
temperature in K at constant P and n.
• At constant P and n
This is Charles’s Law
Volume and Pressure
• The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its
pressure at constant T and n.
• At constant T and n
This is Boyles’s Law
Volume and Amount (Moles)
• The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its amount
(moles of gas) at constant T and P.
• At constant T and P
This is Avogadro’s Law
The Ideal Gas Law
n, V n, P P, T
n, T
These four equations can be combined into a single law
consisting of all four properties.
PV = nRT The Ideal Gas Law
The four constants (k’s) were combined into a new
constant, R, called the ideal gas constant.
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Standard Temperature and Pressure
o Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
• Pressure = 1 atm
• Temperature = 0 °C = 273 K
Regardless of
its chemical
identity, one
mole of gas
behaving
ideally
occupies a
volume of
~22.4 L at
STP.
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