BULIHAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION

CREATING A PLANT-BASED ALTERNATIVE GLUE CASSAVA, ALOE VERA,
AND SOYBEAN

A Research presented to the

Faculty of the Senior High School
BULIHAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Cavite Province

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the subject
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION

By

CAMPO, ALDRED MATTHEW L.

GAYETA, JEFFERSON B.
TORRES, STEVE M.
UNTALAN, XYRENE ANGELA S.

March 2025
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INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION I

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION

This thesis, entitled, “CREATING A PLANT-BASED ALTERNATIVE

GLUE CASSAVA, ALOE VERA, AND SOYBEAN”, prepared and submitted by
Aldred Matthew L. Campo, Jefferson B. Gayeta, Steve M. Torres, and Xyrene
Angela S. Untalan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion, has been examined and
recommended for Oral Examination.

__________________________________
ARIES V. SABILLA
Adviser

APPROVAL BY THE PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination with a grade of _______%

THESIS COMMITTEE

______________________________
Aries V. Sabilla
Chairman

________________________ ________________________
James P. Ledesma Allen Ray C. Jardinero
Member Member

FINAL APPROVAL
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
graduation in the K-12 Basic Education Program.

___________________________
Aries V. Sabilla
Research Adviser
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INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researcher wants to offer their sincerest thanks to the people who
added to the progress of this research endeavor. With adoration, regard, and
honor, they would like to recognize the help given to them.
Mr. Aries V. Sabilla, their research adviser, for his determination in giving
an adequate number of thoughts on how they would carry out the study. For the
persistence in each discussion and giving sufficient opportunity to oblige them
and for really looking at the research study. For the help with making all the
communication letters, for being the research statistician, and for the ethical help
for their abilities in finishing and completing the thesis paper;
Mr. James P. Ledesma and Mr. Allen Jay C. Jardinero, as the panelists
throughout the thesis defense and who assisted them in improving the study.
The Validator, Mr. Czar P. Ilagan, for validating the research instruments;
Their beloved parents and sibling, Perlita S. Untalan, Joel A. Untalan, and Xyrish
Angel S. Untalan, for always giving assistance, love, faithfulness, and advice that
encourage them to make every effort and build self-esteem and confidence, and
heartfelt support before, during and until this study is finished; The participants
who shared their experiences helped answer the researchers' questions and
provided valuable data for the study. Their contributions have been instrumental
in the outcome of this research.
Together with their classmates in STEM, Phillip John B. Comedia, Rhon
Jacob B. Ramos, Dominique Angel M. Hoyos, Donita Chanel F. Lilam, and Marit
J. Virtudazo, for the continuous support and encouragement to fulfill this research
study; as they help the researchers overcome the challenges they faced.

Those individuals who were not mentioned, for playing a big role in
achieving and fulfilling this research; and above all Loving and Source of all
wisdom and strength, Jesus God, for the boundless guidance, blessings, and
better health and mind, they humbly, and gratefully dedicates to Him this study of
knowledge.

MTPG
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III

ABSTRACT

Title : CREATING A PLANT-BASED ALTERNATIVE GLUE

CASSAVA, ALOE VERA, AND SOYBEAN
Authors : Aldred Matthew L. Campo
Jefferson B. Gayeta
Steve M. Torres
Xyrene Angela S. Untalan
Year : 2024-2025
School : Bulihan Integrated National High School
Adviser : Sir Aries V. Sabilla
Keywords : Plant-Based Glue, Adhesive, Cassava Starch, Aloe Vera,
Soybean-Based Adhesive

Adhesives are essential for bonding materials. The evolution of glue has
been rapid, benefiting various fields such as medicine, aerospace, and
electronics. However, many commercial adhesives raise environmental and
health concerns. Commercial glues contain petroleum-based chemicals, which
contribute to pollution and potential health risks. This study explores a
sustainable, eco-friendly alternative by developing a plant-based adhesive from
cassava, aloe vera, and soybean. Existing research has examined the potential of
these ingredients as adhesives, but few studies have explored the potential of
other plants. This study addresses this gap by developing an alternative adhesive
made from cassava, aloe vera, and soybean.
To assess its effectiveness, the study utilizes a convergent parallel
research design, where qualitative and quantitative data are collected separately
and then combined to identify patterns. Several characteristics were evaluated,
including drying time, adhesive strength, and the number of sheets the glue could
bond compared to synthetic adhesives. Data were collected through interviews,
stopwatch measurements, observations, and documentation during the
experiment. The necessary materials were prepared to form the alternative glue,
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IV

and testing was conducted to determine its effectiveness.

Results show that commercial glue has a higher average effectiveness
compared to plant-based glue. The data demonstrate a higher mean of 60.8
sheets of paper for synthetic glue compared to 51.05 sheets for plant-based glue.
In terms of drying time, synthetic glue dries faster, with a mean of 169.2 seconds,
while plant-based glue takes 221.2 seconds.
While synthetic glue offers greater durability and flexibility, both types
dissolve in water and acids. However, plant-based glue is safer, eco-friendly, and
suitable for light applications, making it ideal for small and sustainable projects.

Keywords: plant-based glue, adhesive, cassava starch, aloe vera, soybean-based

adhesive
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viV

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT II
ABSTRACT III
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
LIST OF FIGURES VI
LIST OF TABLES VI
LIST OF APPENDICES VI
I. INTRODUCTION 1
The Problem and Its Background 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Statement of Hypothesis/Assumptions 3
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4
Adhesiveness 4
Cassava as an Adhesive 5
Aloe Vera as an Adhesive 6
Soybean as an Adhesive 6
Environmental Advantages of Plant-Based Adhesive 7
III. METHODOLOGY 9
Research Design 9
Research Locale 9
Population and Sampling 9
Instrumentation 10
Validation of Instrument 10
Data Gathering Procedure 10
Ethical Considerations 11
Treatment of Data 11
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 13
Quantitative Results 13
Qualitative Results 18
Merging and Comparison of Findings 24
V. CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 25
Conclusions 25
Recommendations 25
REFERENCES 27
APPENDICES 33
Curriculum Vitae 33
Experimental Procedure and Expenses 37
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Data Gathering 43
Validation of Instruments 45
Interview Questions 47
Dissemination And Advocacy Plans 48

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean-Based Glue 13
Compatibility with Different Materials
2 Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean-Based Glue Under 16
Different Exposure Conditions

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Number of Sheets of Paper Held by the Glues 14
1.1 Results of Number of Sheets of Paper Held by the 14
Glues
2 Drying Time 15
2.1 Drying Time Results 15
3 Durability 17
3.1 Durability Results 18
4 Compatibility of Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean- 19
Based Glue
5 Holding Strength of Cassava, Aloe Vera, and 20
Soybean-Based Glue
6 Drying Time of Plant-Based Glue 20
7 Durability of Plant-Based Glue Under Different 21
Conditions
8 Adhesive Characteristics of Plant-Based Glue Over 22
Synthetic Glue
9 Environmental Advantages of Plant-Based Glue Over 23
Synthetic Glue

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

A Curriculum Vitae 33
B Experimental Procedure and Expenses 37

C Data Gathering 43

D Validation of Instruments 45
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E Interview Questions 47

F Dissemination and Advocacy Plans 48

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INTRODUCTION

The Problem and Its Background

Nowadays, many things have changed, including technology, where

machinery has been used to enable the production of a product to be done
quickly, such as in the making of synthetic adhesives that are often used.
However, this quick production comes at a cost that harms the environment. This
issue has led researchers to develop sustainable adhesives to reduce the use of
petroleum-based ingredients. While many researchers have explored the use of
various plants, this study focuses on cassava, aloe vera, and soybean as the
main ingredients due to their potential to produce environmentally friendly glue.
These plant-based adhesives are biodegradable, sustainable, and non-toxic,
making them safe for humans and the environment. This study also seeks to
reduce the use of harmful chemicals. The purpose of this study is to explore the
use of plants to produce adhesive materials that are sustainable and eco-friendly.

An adhesive is a substance that has the ability to join or stick materials

together. Glue, paste, and mucilage are often used interchangeably to refer to any
organic material that can form an adhesive bond. In the 20th century, many
synthetic glues were introduced, with the help of advancements in technology that
made it possible for their production to improve and replace natural adhesives in
the marketplace (Pike, 2021). However, adhesives during ancient and medieval
times used materials such as bitumen, tree pitch, and beeswax as their main
ingredients for adhesion and sealing purposes (Dinte & Sylvester, 2018). Over
time, technology has made it possible to produce synthetic glue that helps speed
up production. As a result, glue has made great contributions to various fields,
including the medical field, aerospace, and electronics (India, 2023). Despite
these advancements, the potential of plants as the main ingredient in producing
adhesives has not yet been fully explored. In existing research, only a few
researchers have tried to investigate the use of plants in producing [Link],
a drought-tolerant crop that originated in South America, specifically from the vast
tropical savanna known as the cerrado in present-day Brazil (Where Is Cassava
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From?, 2021), is one of the key ingredients in this study. It is a low-quality yet
locally available natural raw material that is also renewable, low-cost, and
biodegradable. Cassava can be used in adhesive applications such as paper and
wood (Cabezas et al., 2023). Another ingredient used is aloe vera, which is often
found in households and grows naturally in hot arid climates such as deserts
(Aloe Vera, n.d.). Finally, soybean, which originated in Southeast Asia and was
first domesticated by Chinese farmers around 1100 BC (History of Soybeans,
n.d.), is also included. Soybean has the ability to provide strong adhesion to wood
and other materials. These three plant-based ingredients show potential for
producing sustainable and eco-friendly glue. This study aims to contribute to
making glue production more sustainable, especially considering the
environmental effects of synthetic glues. The use of plants as the main ingredient
in the production of glue is a big step toward a sustainable and biodegradable
environment.

Today, the environment remains one of the major challenges people face.
Hence, this research investigates the effectiveness of cassava, aloe vera, and
soybean as plant-based adhesive materials. The findings could provide safer,
non-toxic, and more eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic glues. Plant-based
adhesives can help reduce pollution, support agricultural sustainability, and
require less energy to produce than synthetic glues. This production could result
in a product that is safe for both human health and the environment, moving
toward a sustainable and greener future.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to measure, explore, and compare the adhesiveness of

cassava, aloe vera, and soybean as plant-based alternative glue.

Specifically, the study aimed to provide answers to the following questions:

1. What is the adhesion strength of cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue
on paper, vellum, cardboard, and carton, based on the number of layers it can
support?
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2. How effective is cassava, aloe vera, and soybean as an alternative glue in
terms of:

2.1 Number of sheets of paper it can hold

2.2 Drying time

3. How many sheets of paper can cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue
hold after soaking in hot temperature, cold water, and a chemical solution?

4. How do plant-based adhesives made from cassava, aloe vera, and soybean
compare to synthetic glue in terms of adhesion strength and drying time?

5. What are the environmental advantages of using plant-based glue over

synthetic glue?

Statement of Hypothesis/Assumptions

H 0: There is no significant difference in adhesiveness between plant-based

alternative glue and synthetic glue.

H a : There is a significant difference in adhesiveness between plant-based

alternative glue and synthetic glue.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presented a comprehensive review of related literature and

studies, both local and foreign sources, based on thorough and in-depth research.
This aimed to provide a detailed analysis of previous findings, theories, and work
conducted by the past researchers. This section was crucial for the researcher, as
it provided the foundation for the study being conducted.

Adhesiveness

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines an

adhesive as a material that is capable of holding items together by using surface
attachment (J et al., 2017). Adhesive products, particularly adhesives and bonds,
play a significant role in Philippine industries, such as construction, automotive,
and packaging (6Wresearch, 2023). In general, “adhesive” refers to cement,
mucilage, glue, and paste—terms that are usually used together to describe any
organic material that creates a sticky bond. Portland cement and other inorganic
materials can also be seen as adhesives since they hold materials like bricks and
beams together through surface attachment (Pike, 2021). Adhesion is important in
both nature and material manufacturing, involving mechanical interlocking
(Gardner, 2017). Mechanical interlocking occurs when two distinguishable phases
attach by mechanical forces only. A rough surface is required for this in order for
the other material to pass through (Laurén, 2019). Researchers have studied how
surface roughness influences mechanical interlocking, particularly in mixed and
boundary lubrication conditions where direct surface contact occurs (Proplate,
n.d.). Mechanical interlocking can provide a better understanding of adhesive
across different surfaces and situations.

In summary, adhesives are materials used to bond surfaces, playing a key

role in various industries. Organic adhesives like glue and cement form bonds,
while inorganic ones, like Portland cement, also act as adhesives. Adhesion often
involves mechanical interlocking, where rough surfaces enable materials to attach
by mechanical forces. Researchers have studied how surface roughness impacts
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this process, particularly in mixed lubrication conditions, to better understand

adhesive performance across surfaces. Relating this to the current study will offer
important insights into the adhesive mechanisms and guide the research to
determine the suitable type of adhesion for the study.

Cassava as an Adhesive

Starch is a type of biodegradable material that is affordable, eco-friendly,

and readily accessible. It is commonly used in food, textile, paper production, and
adhesive fields (Cao et al., 2021). Starch appears as a white, soft, tasteless
powder that cannot be mixed in water, alcohol, or other liquids, representing a
heterogeneous mixture (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2024). Among
the different types of starches, cassava starch stands out the most because of its
global availability, relatively higher starch content, and the simplicity of extracting
its starch (Alimi et al., 2019). Cassava can also be used in creating an alternative
glue, as it provides various benefits. According to Choi et al. (2024), the use of
eco-friendly wood adhesives reduces environmental harm by preventing toxic
fumes that can harm human health while supporting renewable resources.
Although chemically modified bio-based adhesives may cost more to produce and
have lower biodegradability compared to the natural versions, they still offer great
advantages over petroleum-based adhesives. These include being affordable,
having a lower carbon footprint, and having lower toxicity while still possessing
higher biodegradability and sustainability design. Hence, they represent an eco-
friendlier option for adhesive use. On top of that, cassava starch has
polysaccharide properties that are suitable for adhesive applications on paper and
wood surfaces, offering unique advantages over petroleum-based polymers
(Cabezas et al., 2023).

Overall, cassava starch can be an important ingredient in creating

adhesive glue, as it provides a variety of benefits. Additionally, this kind of
adhesive can minimize the potential damage to human health compared to other
materials, due to its environmental advantages. Moreover, cassava-based
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adhesives are renewable and can help researchers discover ways to create glue
using readily available resources. 6

Aloe Vera as an Adhesive

Several investigations in several fields have confirmed aloe vera’s potential

as a natural adhesive material. According to Jatico et al. (2023), aloe vera can be
used effectively as a fabric adhesive due to its strong bonding characteristics and
environmentally friendly properties. This makes it a desirable alternative to
produced adhesives. Similarly, a study conducted by Masbaňo and Solar (2021)
highlighted the nutritional benefits of aloe vera as a nutritional supplement and an
adhesive in food technology, establishing aloe vera as a versatile material with
significant potential in the food business. Additionally, Agas (2019) explored its
engagement in bioplastic synthesis, suggesting the ability to boost the
biodegradability of plastic material, which minimizes environmental effects.
Furthermore, Lazo and Arellano (2021) demonstrated aloe vera’s effectiveness as
a natural adhesive for paper, highlighting its adhesive strength and eco-friendly
characteristics. Finally, Martinez et al. (n.d.) outlined the history of adhesives,
stating both their natural and synthetic forms, and highlighting the medicinal and
cosmetic uses of aloe vera. Their study aimed to explore aloe vera’s potential as
a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative adhesive, emphasizing its historical
significance and benefits over synthetic options.

To conclude, various studies on aloe vera’s adhesive potential have

particularly focused on its eco-friendliness and multifunctional properties, such as
its application in food, bioplastics, and paper glue. This highlights its natural
stickiness and biodegradability, which aligns with the goals of the current research
that seeks to discover the potential of aloe vera as an alternative adhesive
material. Furthermore, these findings support the increasing interest in aloe vera
as a resource and environmentally friendly adhesive option.

Soybean as an Adhesive
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Soybean is considered the wonder crop of the century because of its many
benefits and potential in the market (Soybean Farmer’s Field Day held, 2018).
Soybeans are increasingly recognized for their potential as an eco-friendly 7

adhesive, primarily through the use of soybean protein and flour in various
formulations (Paridon, 2023). Research indicates that soybean protein and flour
can be used effectively to create eco-friendly wood adhesives (Chen et al., 2022).
Soybean protein adhesives are mainly made from natural soy flour, which
contains 50% protein. This protein can enhance its performance, particularly in
terms of water resistance and bonding strength (Accessscience, n.d.). Soybean
can be used in a wide variety of works, which also reveals its capability for
adhesion (Espanto, n.d.).

In conclusion, soybeans have the capability to be an eco-friendly adhesive

because of their high protein value, which helps with bonding. This study shows
effectiveness in adhesive applications, particularly in light applications, making
them a sustainable alternative to synthetic adhesives. With their numerous
benefits and market potential, soybeans continue to be recognized as a valuable
source in developing environmental solutions.

Environmental Advantages of Plant-Based Adhesive

When a person wants to stick surfaces together, they usually use glue.
Adhesive, or what is called glue, is a sticky substance applied to objects to
connect them without the use of a machine. As a result, alternative glue makes
human lives easier, benefiting both people and the environment. Cassava and
aloe vera as the main ingredients in producing glue promote biodegradability even
more. Therefore, using natural materials such as starch, vegetable oil, and
proteins can significantly reduce the carbon footprint and support more
sustainable practices. Due to biodegradable adhesives becoming more
sustainable in response to the long-standing problems faced by the world, such
as waste and pollution, biodegradable adhesives are evolving as an eco-friendlier
alternative compared to synthetic adhesives. These adhesives are
environmentally friendly and are often used in paper packaging, envelopes, and
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others (Sustainable Adhesives, n.d.). Bio-based adhesives can be considered
eco-friendly and sustainable and can replace conventional synthetic adhesives.
They can also reduce the negative environmental footprint. Bio-based adhesives
have become the talk of the town and have gained people’s interest due to their
environmentally friendly and renewable alternative to petroleum-based synthetic
adhesives (Antov et al., 2022). A biodegradable glue has a positive impact on the
environment and plays a role in protecting the planet. Its use not only benefits the
world but also prioritizes safety and health (What Is Biodegradable Glue?, n.d.).
Additionally, it is biodegradable and compostable and comes from renewable and
abundant plant-based materials (Steffen, 2023). The use of local materials is a
step toward replacing conventional adhesives. This aims to develop sustainable
and low-cost products in local communities (Local Tree Extracts Are Promising
Wood Glue Ingredients – DOST-FPRDI, 2023). Natural materials have
advantages like being versatile, having similar strength and adhesion, and being
easy to apply, which makes them less harmful to people (Biodegradable Adhesive
Tape: The Future Trend for Sustainable Production, n.d.).

In conclusion, plant-based materials offer a sustainable world for the future.

The aforementioned environmental advantages prove their potential to improve
lives and reduce harmful chemicals and petroleum-based products, replacing
them with more sustainable ones that are globally available. The use of plant-
based materials is not only affordable and accessible but also promotes long-term
sustainability. This will enhance people’s lives and provide a brighter, more
sustainable future for everyone.
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METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the process and outlined the systematic approach
used to achieve the study’s objectives. It included the research design, research
locale, population and sampling, instrumentation, validation of the instrument,
data gathering procedure, ethical considerations, and treatment of data. These
components were essential in ensuring the validity and reliability of the study’s
findings.

Research Design

This study used a convergent parallel research design within the mixed-
methods research framework. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected
independently to assess the glue’s usability, durability, and effectiveness. An
experimental research design was applied in the quantitative phase to test the
glue’s performance, while a phenomenological approach was used in the
qualitative phase to explore user experiences. Both datasets were analyzed
separately and then merged to identify patterns in the findings.

Research Locale

This study was conducted in two locations. The experiment, including the
preparation and testing of the adhesive, was carried out at one of the researchers’
homes. Meanwhile, the interviews were conducted at Bulihan Integrated National
High School to gather participants’ opinions and experiences regarding the use of
alternative glue.

Population and Sampling

This study involved 5 student respondents selected through purposive

sampling to assess the effectiveness of plant-based glue. This non-probability
sampling technique was chosen to gather data from individuals with prior
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experience using adhesives for academic or practical purposes, ensuring relevant
and informed feedback on the glue’s adhesive properties.

10

Instrumentation

To collect the appropriate data needed, the researchers used several

instruments in this study. First, a stopwatch was used to record the drying time,
with the timer starting immediately after the glue was applied to the paper.
Second, observational methods were used for durability testing by regularly
checking and documenting the adhesive’s performance over time. Third, the
holding capacity of the plant-based glue was measured through a stress tear test
to determine the number of sheets it could bond effectively. Lastly, interviews
were conducted with selected participants to gather qualitative insights on the
glue’s performance. Furthermore, testing was conducted under a controlled
environment to observe the adhesive’s performance. These instruments and
procedures assessed the effectiveness of using cassava, aloe vera, and soybean
as plant-based alternative glue.

Validation of Instrument

This study ensured content validity through various instruments and tests.
Researchers conducted multiple tests to assess the glue’s drying time,
adhesiveness, and binding capacity. Direct observation examined its strength,
durability, and usability, while hand durability testing determined if the glue
maintained strong adhesion under stress. Additionally, interviews with selected
participants provided qualitative insights into its overall effectiveness. Once the
product was prepared, researchers conducted these evaluations to assess its
efficiency. By using both quantitative and qualitative methods, the study
strengthened content validity and confirmed the plant-based glue as a practical
alternative adhesive.

Data Gathering Procedure

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The researchers began the data gathering procedure by preparing
adhesive mixtures using cassava, aloe vera, soybean, water, vinegar, and starch,
ensuring consistency across each formulation. Once the mixtures were prepared,
the adhesives were applied to test materials such as paper, vellum, cardboard,
and 11

carton. After completing the application, the samples were allowed to dry, bond
multiple sheets of paper, and test their durability under controlled environmental
conditions. The adhesive’s strength was then evaluated by measuring the force
required to separate the bonded materials. All relevant data, including the type of
adhesive, material used, drying time, durability, and the number of papers the
adhesive could hold before separation, were systematically recorded for
inferential analysis. To validate these findings, 5 purposively selected student
respondents provided feedback, which was analyzed using thematic analysis.
These results guided formulation improvements to enhance its adhesiveness,
drying efficiency, and overall usability.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers in this study were responsible for ensuring the safe and
ethical use of all resources and materials involved. The possible risks that could
occur in this study were systematically evaluated by the researchers, who also
took steps to avoid them. Cassava, aloe vera, and soybean were handled
responsibly, following ethical and sustainable practices. Moreover, the
researchers carefully balanced the possible risks and benefits to ensure that the
study was both ethical and reliable.

Treatment of Data

The data collected from the experiment aimed to evaluate the effectiveness
of the plant-based alternative glue compared to synthetic glue. Therefore, the
hypothesis was tested using the following methods:

H 0 : μ1=μ2
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H 1 : μ 1 ≠ μ2

Where:

μ1 = mean performance of the plant-based glue

μ2 = mean performance of the synthetic glue 12

To further analyze the data, a t-test with a 95% confidence level was used
to compare the means of two independent groups using this formula:

( x ̅ 1 −x ̅ 2 )
t=

√
2 2
s1 s 2
+
n1 n2

Where:

x ̅ 1 = mean performance of the plant-based glue

x ̅ 2 = mean performance of the synthetic glue

2
s1 = standard deviation of the plant-based glue

2
s2 = standard deviation of the synthetic glue

n1 = sample size of the plant-based glue

n2 = sample size of the synthetic glue

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13

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presented the findings of the study, which compared cassava,
aloe vera, and soybean-based glue to synthetic glue based on adhesive
performance such as drying time, safety, and durability. The data obtained from
interviews and experiments were analyzed and interpreted in order to evaluate
the potential of plant-based glue as an alternative to synthetic glue.

Quantitative Results

FIGURE 1: CASSAVA, ALOE VERA, AND SOYBEAN-BASED GLUE

COMPATIBILITY WITH DIFFERENT MATERIALS

Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean-Based Glue Compatibility

Number of Sheets or Materials Held

with Different Materials

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Paper Vellum Illustration Board Carton
Materials

Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean-Based Glue

Figure 1 revealed that paper was the most compatible material for
cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue, as it held the highest number of
sheets. Vellum ranked second, while the glue performed poorly on cardboard and
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carton. This suggested that plant-based glue was more suitable for light
applications.

14

TABLE 1: NUMBER OF SHEETS OF PAPER HELD BY THE GLUES

Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Synthetic Glue

Soybean-Based Glue

Mean 51.05 60.8

Standard Deviation 6.02 8.87

Sample Size 20 20

The data in Table 1 showed a significant difference in the number of sheets

of paper held by the glues, as it demonstrated the higher mean of 60.8 for
synthetic glue compared to the mean of 51.05 for the cassava, aloe vera, and
soybean-based glue. These results indicated that synthetic glue had stronger
adhesion than plant-based glue.

TABLE 1.1: RESULTS OF THE NUMBER OF SHEETS OF PAPER HELD BY

THE GLUES

T-Statistic Degrees of Freedom P-Value

Two Sample T-Test -4.07 33 0.000278213
Results

The t-statistic of -4.07, with 33 degrees of freedom, and a p-value of

0.000278213, indicated a statistically significant difference between the two glues.
 BULIHAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH
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This showed that synthetic glue could hold a greater number of sheets of paper
compared to the cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue.

15

TABLE 2: DRYING TIME

Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Synthetic Glue

Soybean-Based Glue

Mean 221.2 169.2

Standard Deviation 38.56 27.17

Sample Size 20 20

The data in Table 2 showed a clear difference between the drying times of
the two glues, with synthetic glue drying faster at a mean of 169.2 seconds, while
cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue took 221.2 seconds. This revealed
that synthetic glue dried more quickly than plant-based glue.

TABLE 2.1: DRYING TIME RESULTS

T-Statistic Degrees of Freedom P-Value

Two Sample T-Test 4.93 34 2.117276566
Results

The t-statistic of 4.93, with 34 degrees of freedom, and a p-value of

2.117276566, failed to reject the null hypothesis, indicating that the two glues
were not statistically significantly different from each other.
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16

FIGURE 2: CASSAVA, ALOE VERA, AND SOYBEAN-BASED GLUE UNDER

DIFFERENT EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean-Based Glue Under Dif-

ferent Exposure Conditions
35
30
Number of Sheets

25
20
15
10
5
0
Stored in Hot Temperature Soaked in Cold Water Exposed to Chemical Solution
List of Different Exposure Conditions

Held Loosened

Figure 2 presented the results of the durability test on cassava, aloe vera,
and soybean-based glue under different conditions. The glue performed best in
hot temperatures, holding 30 sheets of paper without loosening any. When
soaked in cold water, 27 sheets of paper remained intact while 3 loosened.
Exposure to chemicals resulted in 24 sheets of paper staying intact while 6
loosened. These results showed that plant-based glue was more durable in high
temperatures but weakened in water and chemicals.
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17

TABLE 3: DURABILITY

Conditions Glue Type Mean Standard Sample

Deviation Size

Hot Temperature Cassava, Aloe Vera, 29.9 0.3 20

and Soybean-
Based Glue
Synthetic Glue 30 0 20
Cold Water Cassava, Aloe Vera, 27.1 1.33 20
and Soybean-
Based Glue
Synthetic Glue 26.95 1.64 20
Chemical Solution Cassava, Aloe Vera, 21.85 1.75 20
and Soybean-
Based Glue
Synthetic Glue 20.45 1.5 20

Table 3 showed similar durability for both glues in hot temperatures, with
an average of 30 papers, and in cold water, with around 27 papers. However, in a
chemical solution, the plant-based glue performed better, holding 21.85 papers
compared to 20.45 papers for the synthetic glue. This suggested that the plant-
based glue was more resistant to chemicals than the synthetic glue.
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18

TABLE 3.1: DURABILITY RESULTS

Two Sample T-Test T-Statistic Degrees of Freedom P-Value

Results
Hot Temperature -1.45 38 0.154441725

Cold Water 0.32 38 0.752509041

Chemical Solution 2.71 38 0.010068112

The t-statistic of -1.45, with 38 degrees of freedom, and a p-value of

0.154441725 in hot temperature, as well as the t-statistic of 0.32, with 38 degrees
of freedom and a p-value of 0.752509041 in cold water, failed to reject the null
hypothesis, indicating no significant difference between the two glues. Meanwhile,
in a chemical solution, the plant-based glue performed significantly better with a t-
statistic of 2.71, 38 degrees of freedom, and a p-value of 0.010068112, leading to
the rejection of the null hypothesis, indicating stronger durability in this condition.

Qualitative Results

Problem 1: What is the adhesion strength of cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-
based glue on paper, vellum, cardboard, and carton, based on the number of
layers it can support?
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Answer the question:

1. Which materials work best with cassava, aloe vera and soybean-based glue
after you applied it to paper, vellum, cardboard, and carton?

19

Table 4: Compatibility of Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean-Based Glue with

Different Materials

Participants Actual interview Answers Code Basic Organizing Global

Themes Themes Themes
1 “For me, magwo-work siya sa Works on Works best Best for
mga papers kasi to be honest paper but is on paper thin
hindi pa siya gano’n ka-sticky weak on materials
para mag-work sa wood and wood and
fabric” fabric
2 “’Yong sa A4 po kasi mas Works in A4 Stronger on
manipis siya.” thin
materials
3 “For me, mas dumikit siya sa A4 Stronger on
kasi mas ah.. since manipis light
‘yong A4 and hindi mabigat materials
‘yong weight, mas naging well
combined ‘yong papers and
‘yong glue”
4 “Sa A4 bond paper kasi ‘yong Better for
ano eh, since plant based thin
adhesive, ang naging function materials
niya is mas dumikit siya sa mas
maninipis na bagay.”
5 “Malapad ‘yong cardboard. Bond paper Weak on
Itong bond paper naman na ito, sticks faster thick
madali lang siya dikitan ng glue than materials
kaya mabilis lang siya dumikit.” cardboard

Table 4 showed that cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue was
most effective on thin materials like A4 bond paper. Participants noted that it
worked well on lightweight surfaces but performed worse on thicker materials
such as cardboard, wood, and fabric. The glue's adhesive strength was not
sufficient for heavier applications, making it more suitable for paper-based uses.
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Problem 2: How effective is cassava, aloe vera, and soybean as an alternative
glue?

Answer the question:

2. How would you describe the holding strength of the plant-based glue?

20

Table 5: Holding Strength of Cassava, Aloe Vera, and Soybean-Based Glue

Participants Actual interview Answers Code Basic Organizing Global

Themes Themes Themes
1 “’Yong glue niyo is p’wede na Comparable Comparabili Usable
rin makipagsabayan sa iba pa. to ty but needs
Kasi mostly rin sa mga commercial improvem
commercial glue ay ginagamit glue ent
din ‘yon sa katulad nito na A4.
P’wede na siya for other uses.”
2 “P’wede na rin siyang isabay sa Usable for Usage and
pagdidikit ng mga gawa niyong bonding application
output since may kapit na rin.” outputs
3 “Mas madikit siya and mas Strong Adhesion
matagal siyang matuyo kaysa adhesion but and drying
sa ibang glue.” slow drying time
4 “Kailangan niya pang i-improve Needs Durability
compared sa Elmers gano’n. It improvement issues
needs more time para ma-
improve ‘yong quality niya as a
glue.”
5 “Nakakadikit siya kaso madaling Weak long-
matanggal ‘yong dikit. Pero term hold
goods naman, nakakadikit pa
rin kahit papaano.”

Table 5 showed that the cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue was
effective for bonding but had adhesion issues. Participants stated that while it
stuck well, it dried slowly and lost adhesion over time. Further improvements were
needed to enhance its quality and long-term hold.

3. What have you observed about the drying time of the plant-based glue?
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Table 6: Drying Time of Plant-Based Glue

Participants Actual interview Answers Code Basic Organizing Global

Themes Themes Themes
1 “Sa drying time napansin ko Longer Takes too Slow
lang na mas matagal siya drying times long to dry drying
compare sa other products.” than others time
2 “Ang tagal eh.. literal na ang Slow drying 21
tagal.” time
3 “Matagal siya before siya
matuyo.”
4 “Napansin ko lang na kailangan Needs more
niya pa talaga ng maraming time
time para matuyo ng maayos.”
5 “Kung ikukumpara siya sa iba, Takes time
med’yo matagal ng konti ‘to to dry
do’n sa mga nabibili.”

Table 6 showed that the cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue had
a slow drying time compared to synthetic glue. Participants observed that it took
significantly longer to dry, which could affect its usability.

Problem 3: How many sheets of paper can cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-
based glue hold after soaking in hot temperature, cold water, and a chemical
solution?

Answer the question:

4. How does exposure to hot temperature, cold water, and a chemical solution
affect the bonding strength of plant-based adhesives over time?

Table 7: Durability of Plant-Based Glue Under Different Conditions

Participants Actual interview Answers Code Basic Organizing Global

Themes Themes Themes
1 “Matagal siya mawalan ng dikit Holds well Strong in Effective
basta hindi lang mabasa.” when dry dry when dry
2 “Sa tingin ko naman po, tatagal Weakens conditions but loses
siya. Maliban lang siguro kapag with water strength
nabasa.” exposure when wet.
3 “Usually, sa mga glue kapag Reduced Not water-
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nabasa ng tubig is med’yo hindi adhesion resistant
na kumakapit pero siguro sa dry when wet
o natuyo mas maganda ‘to.”
4 “Hindi siya gano’n didikit ng Not resistant
maayos kapag nabasa o to chemical
nabuhusan ng chemical.”
5 “Do’n pa lang sa nabasa, Easily
natatanggal na siya.” removed
when wet
22

Table 7 showed that the cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue was
effective when dry but lost adhesion when exposed to water or chemicals.
Participants explained that while it held well in dry conditions, it weakened when
wet.

Problem 4: How do plant-based adhesives made from cassava, aloe vera, and
soybean compare to synthetic glue in terms of adhesion strength and drying time?

Answer the question:

5. What characteristic differences have you observed between plant-based glue

and synthetic glue?

Table 8: Adhesive Characteristics of Plant-Based Glue Over Synthetic Glue

Participants Actual interview Answers Code Basic Organizing Global

Themes Themes Themes
1 “’Yong amoy niya po, para po Strong odor Unusual Unusual
siyang tobacco.. amoy po like tobacco color smell and
siyang sigarilyo. Tapos iba texture
‘yong kulay niya, pa-yellow.”
2 “Naamoy ko ‘yong ingredients Strong scent
na ginamit kagaya no’ng like cassava
cassava, sobrang tapang ng
amoy ng cassava. Tapos ‘yong
kulay, pa-yellow to brown na
‘yong kulay niya.”
3 “’Yong texture parang cerelac Unpleasant Unpleasant
then ‘yong amoy niya mabaho.” smell odor
4 “May mga buo buo pa siya Thicker
compared sa mga commercial texture
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glue. ‘Yong sa smell naman,
med’yo amoy taho gano’n.”
5 “’Yong iba glue, okay siya Strange
amuyin, maganda siya amuyin. scent
Ito naman, amoy kalawakan.”

Table 8 showed that the cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue had
an unusual smell and texture compared to synthetic glue. Participants described
its 23

odor as strong, with some comparing it to tobacco and cassava. Its color ranged
from yellow to brown, and its texture was thicker. These factors may have
affected user preference, suggesting the need for improvements in formulation to
enhance its overall appeal.

Problem 5: What are the environmental advantages of using plant-based glue

over

synthetic glue?

Answer the question:

6. What are the environmental benefits of using plant-based glue compared to

synthetic glue?

Table 9: Environmental Advantages of Plant-Based Glue Over Synthetic Glue

Participants Actual interview Answers Code Basic Organizing Global

Themes Themes Themes
1 “Good alternative na siya since Good Environmen Eco-
senior high project needs more alternative tal friendly
time pa naman, maganda din for school advantages alternativ
siya sa environment.”
projects e to
2 “Maganda ‘to kasi safe siya Safe for synthetic
kaysa sa synthetic glue na children glue
med’yo delikado sa mga tao
especially sa mga bata.”
3 “Since organic siya, naiiwan po Non-toxic Health and
‘yong pollution and toxins and safety
environment friendly siya.” advanatage
4 “Maganda siya kasi plant-based Natural
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and natural, hindi mo na ingredients s
kailangan gumamit ng chemical
na nakakapagpasama pa.”
5 “Makakapag-lessen ‘to sa mga Reduces
chemicals na usually ginagamit harmful
sa glue. Tapos mas magiging chemicals
safe lahat ng gagamit dito.”
24

Table 9 showed that the cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue was
an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic glue. Participants mentioned its safety,
especially for children, and its non-toxic, plant-based ingredients. It reduced the
use of harmful chemicals, making it a safer and more sustainable option for
various applications.

Merging and Comparison of Findings

The quantitative results showed that the plant-based glue stuck well to thin
materials but was weaker on thicker surfaces, which matched what participants
observed. Tests showed that the glue held at first but lost strength over time,
especially when wet, which users also reported. Drying time tests confirmed that
the plant-based glue took longer to dry than synthetic glue, as mentioned by the
participants. The plant-based glue’s color was noted in tests, matching users’
descriptions of its strong smell. Tests also confirmed that it was non-toxic, which
participants recognized as a safer and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic glue.
 BULIHAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH
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25

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section contained the conclusion and recommendations, highlighting

the results, summarizing the implications, and providing suggestions for future
researchers. This chapter aimed to wrap up and present the final outcome of the
study.

Conclusion

The research aimed to compare plant-based glue with synthetic glue in

terms of drying time, strength, and compatibility with materials. The findings
showed that the synthetic glue was generally better, but plant-based glue
revealed good adhesion on paper-based materials. The drying time for the plant-
based glue was longer, averaging 221.2 seconds, compared to synthetic glue,
which had an average drying time of 169.2 seconds, which might have affected its
usage in time-sensitive applications. The cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based
glue remained stable when subjected to heat and cold water but slightly
deteriorated when exposed to chemicals. Additionally, its material compatibility
indicated that it was best on A4 paper and vellum but worst on cardboard and
carton, indicating that it was best for light applications. The results indicated that
cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue was a promising green alternative,
but further improvement was needed to enhance its adhesion strength, drying
rate, and chemical resistance.

Recommendations
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Based on the findings and conclusion presented, the following
recommendations are suggested to enhance and improve the effectiveness of
cassava, aloe vera, and soybean as plant-based alternative glue:

1. Use other plants. Future researchers should look for and experiment with
other plants that may provide additional strength to the glue.
2. Color. Since most glues are white, future researchers should try using food
26
coloring to change the adhesive’s color, making it more visually appealing.
3. Other local materials. Other local resources, such as potato starch, banana
sap, etc., that can be used to create plant-based alternative glue should be
explored by the future researchers.
4. Used natural materials. Future researchers should explore more natural
materials that can provide extra adhesion to the glue, such as honey and
others.
5. Longevity. Future researchers may consider the overall quality of the plant-
based glue, particularly its duration. They should explore and find ways to
extend the shelf life of plant-based glue so that it can be used for a longer
time. Studying this would make the application of the glue more effective
and efficient for different uses.
6. Reduce odor. Future researcher must study various methods to eliminate
or enhance the natural fragrance of plant-based glue to make it more
acceptable for consumers.
7. Improve Chemical Resistance. Investigating protective additives that can
enhance the glue’s durability against chemical exposure.
 BULIHAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH
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27

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marker-coatings/?
t&utm_source=perplexity&fbclid=IwY2xjawGG4BZleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa
Pf5OeNyvYkkxhmAPV9iTOxlVBktnD5irNHCebBU7Y7ovaNQm7ncDLuug_
aem_ZqlFLf1Wtk2ColPneKiHHw

Soybean Farmers’ Field Day held | DA Regional Field Office 5. (2018, October 1).

32

[Link]

Steffen, M. D. (2023, September 28). What Is An Eco-Friendly Alternative To

Glue? - Glue Things. Glue Things - Guides and Tips About Glue.
[Link]
fbclid=IwY2xjawGGIspleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHc902G2x-
nATvdBtc4j_RbWDlXZFfyXSsHBWW85dPfYmDK6x6500N7f6Sg_aem_s4
e37E4AO-prYTk3bbUuZQ

Sustainable adhesives. (n.d.). Adhesives and Coatings.

[Link]
nable-adhesives/?
fbclid=IwY2xjawGGIDNleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHf47Td3iwimkRT63uYNqafc
O-4G1hEtcr_yc3hdgdy05nRDJ501Q3IW5Mg_aem_bfjjtGxXlckyO9-
RNDy5bA

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024, September 18). Starch |

Definition, Formula, Uses, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[Link]
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INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION
What is Biodegradable Glue? (n.d.). Gluecom. [Link]
facts-tips/what-is-biodegradable-glue?
fbclid=IwY2xjawGG4TlleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHSOYAoFMIZss4YJ6j40palv
NT0BmXTHDNWZDLpPK_mJR3H24o6oTioeVfA_aem_JcRa3oM58Hzk21
xZdRWj6g

Where is cassava from? (2021, May 11). SeedChange.

[Link]
fbclid=IwY2xjawHLYu9leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHYZFi-
YMud0ynDgaOvb3SdY8UXL1MdGnHmY-
n0fkDgN8thaj8SgpGNCpoQ_aem_ZZqYAIbpozWl8cDDeH_LNw#:~:text=C
assava%20(Manihot%20esculenta)%2C%20also,early%20as
%2010%2C000%20years%20ago

33

APPENDICES

Appendix A
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CURRICULUM VITAE
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Appendix B

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Prepare the cassava and grate it into small pieces.

2.

Place
Day 13the grated cassava inDay
Day a container
2 and leave it under
Daythe3 sun
for 3 days.

38
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3. Once dried, use a mortar and pestle to crush the cassava into a fine
powder.

4. Prepare the aloe vera by peeling and cutting

it into smaller pieces.

5. Place 1 cup
of water and
the aloe vera in a blender.
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6. Blend the aloe vera until it becomes completely smooth.

7. Next, add a cup of water and soybeans to a blender.

8. Blend it to achieve a smooth result.

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9. After that, wrap it in a cloth and squeeze out the juice.

10.

Combined the powdered cassava, blended aloe vera, and soybean in a clear
container.

11. Add 1/2 tbsp of vinegar to prevent mold

growth.
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12. Mix the ingredients thoroughly.

13. Next, transfer the mixture to a hot pan.

14. Add 1 cup of water to achieve a smoother glue consistency, then cook the
mixture while stirring continuously for 5 minutes.
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15. Once done, transfer the glue into a container and allow it to dry.

EXPENSES

Materials Cost

Cassava PHP 60

Aloe Vera PHP 100

Soybean PHP 30

Total: PHP 190

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43

Appendix C

DATA GATHERING

Compatible
Paper Materials for Cassava, Aloe Vera,
Vellum and Soybean-Based
Cardboard Glue
Carton

Stored in Hot Soaked in Cold Exposed in

Temperature Water Chemical
Solution

Durability Testing of Cassava and Aloe Vera-Based Glue

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Bond Strength Test

Interviewing Participants
 BULIHAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH
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Appendix D

VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENTS

46
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Appendix E

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Thank you for participating in this interview. This study aims to assess the
effectiveness of cassava, aloe vera, and soybean-based glue. Your insights and
observations will provide valuable data on its adhesion, durability, drying time,
and overall usability. Kindly share your honest feedback to support a
comprehensive analysis of its performance. Your cooperation is greatly
appreciated.

1. Which materials work best with cassava, aloe vera and soybean-based glue
after you applied it to paper, vellum, cardboard, and carton?

2. How would you describe the holding strength of the plant-based glue?

3. What have you observed about the drying time of the plant-based glue?

4. How does exposure to hot temperature, cold water, and a chemical solution
affect the bonding strength of plant-based adhesives over time?

5. What characteristic differences have you observed between plant-based glue

and synthetic glue?

6. What are the environmental benefits of using plant-based glue over synthetic
glue?
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48

Appendix F

DISSEMINATION AND ADVOCACY PLANS

Research Creating a Plant-Based Alternative Glue Cassava, Aloe

Title Vera, and Soybean

I. BASIC INFORMATION
Authors’ LRN SCHOOL STRAND and ADDRESS
Name (LN, SECTION
FN, MI)

Campo, 402307150032 Bulihan STEM 12-Dmitri Blk. 41 Lot. 12 Brgy.

Aldred Integrated Mendeleev Banaba, Silang,
Matthew L. National High Cavite
School

Gayeta, 108095130226 Bulihan STEM 12-Dmitri Blk 2 Lot 12, Zone 1,

Jefferson B. Integrated Mendeleev Brgy. Bulihan, Silang,
National High Cavite
School

Torres, 107892130404 Bulihan STEM 12-Dmitri Brgy. 14 Corehouse

Steve M. Integrated Mendeleev Zone 7 3rd street
National High Bancal, Carmona,
School Cavite

Untalan, 402393150171 Bulihan STEM 12-Dmitri 9605 Sitio Gitna Brgy.

Xyrene Integrated Mendeleev Maguyam, Silang,
Angela S. National High Cavite
School

II. Background
Nowadays, many things have changed, including technology, where
machinery is used to enable the production of a product to be done quickly, such
as in the making of synthetic adhesives that are often used today. However, this
quick production comes at a cost that can harm the environment. This issue has
led past researchers to develop sustainable adhesives to reduce the use of
petroleum-based ingredients. While many researchers have explored the use of
various plants, this study will focus on cassava, aloe vera, and soybean as the
main ingredients due to their potential to produce environmentally friendly glue.
These plant-based adhesives are biodegradable, sustainable, and non-toxic,
 BULIHAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION
making them safe for humans and the environment. This also seeks to reduce the
use of harmful chemicals. The purpose of this study is to explore the use of plants
49
to produce adhesive materials that are sustainable and eco-friendly.
An adhesive is a substance that has the ability to join or stick materials
together. Glue, paste, and mucilage are often used interchangeably to refer to any
organic material that can form an adhesive bond. When the 20th century came,
many synthetic glues were introduced, with the help of the advancement of
technology that made it possible for its production to be improved and to replace
the natural adhesives in the marketplaces (Pike, 2021). However, adhesives during
the ancient and medieval times used materials such as bitumen, tree pitch, and
beeswax as their main ingredients for adhesion and sealing purposes (Dinte &
Sylvester, 2018). Nowadays, technology has made it possible to produce synthetic
glue that helps speed up its production. As a result, glue has made great
contributions to various fields, including the medical field, aerospace, and
electronics (India, 2023). Despite these advancements, the potential of plants as
the main ingredient in producing adhesives has not yet been fully explored. In the
existing research, only a few researchers have tried to investigate the use of plants
in producing glue. Cassava, a drought-tolerant crop that originated in South
America, specifically from the vast tropical savanna known as the cerrado in
present-day Brazil (Where Is Cassava From?, 2021), will be one of the key
ingredients in this study. It is a low-quality yet locally available natural raw material
that is also renewable, low cost, and biodegradable. Cassava can be used in
adhesive applications such as paper and wood (Cabezas et al., 2023). Another
ingredient to be used is aloe vera, which is often found in households and grows
naturally in hot arid climates such as deserts (Aloe Vera, n.d.). Finally, soybean,
which originated in Southeast Asia and was first domesticated by Chinese farmers
around 1100 BC (History of Soybeans, n.d.), will also be included. Soybean has
the ability to provide strong adhesion to wood and other materials. These three
plant-based ingredients show potential for producing sustainable and eco-friendly
glue. This study aims to contribute to making glue production more sustainable in
the current era, especially considering the environmental effects of synthetic glues.
The use of plants as the main ingredient in the production of glue is a big step
towards a sustainable and biodegradable environment.
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INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION 50

In modern times, the environment is one of the major problems people

face. Hence, this research investigates the effectiveness of cassava, aloe vera,
and soybean as plant-based adhesive materials. The findings could provide safer,
non-toxic, and more eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic glues. Plant-based
adhesives can help reduce pollution, support agricultural sustainability, and use
less energy to produce than synthetic glues. This production could result in a
product that is safe for both human health and the environment, moving toward a
sustainable and greener future.

III. Objectives and Methods

This study aims to evaluate the adhesiveness of cassava, aloe vera, and
soybean as plant-based alternative glues. Specifically, the research objectives are:
(1) to explore and measure the effectiveness of the adhesive in terms of strength,
drying time, and durability; (2) to compare plant-based glue with synthetic glues
regarding strength, and drying time; (3) to identify the materials most compatible
for the adhesiveness of the plant-based glue; and (4) to evaluate the
environmental advantages of using plant-based glue. The study will use an
experimental design with a mixed-method approach. Quantitative tools such as
stopwatches, strength tests, and observation are used to measure the adhesive’s
characteristics. Qualitative data will be collected through feedback provided by 5
participants, who will use the plant-based glue in their projects. Detailed
documentation will help determine the potential of the plant-based glue.

IV. Working Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

The study use cassava, The experiment involves The researchers
aloe vera, and soybean the preparation of plant- determine the
as the main ingredients based adhesives using effectiveness of the
for creating plant-based cassava, aloe vera, and plant-based adhesive,
adhesives, together with soybean as the main compare it with
synthetic glue for ingredients. The adhesives synthetic glue, identify
comparison. Paper and are tested on paper and the materials most
cardboard serve as the cardboard to evaluate their compatible with the
testing materials for
bonding strength and are adhesive, and evaluate
exposed to various its environmental
evaluating the bond
environmental conditions, advantages. This
strength. Equipment such
including hot temperature, outcome provides
as a stopwatch and cold water, and chemical opportunities for more
phone are used for timing solutions, to measure its sustainable and eco-
and documentation. durability. Quantitative data friendly alternative glue.
Additionally, 5 are analyzed using
participants are selected statistical methods, while
to provide feedback on qualitative data are
their experience using the gathered through
plant-based glue. interviews with participants.
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51

V. Assumptions (Innovation and New)

The researchers assume that the adhesive made from cassava, soybean,
and aloe vera-based will hold over 30 sheets of paper without tearing or
separating, showing strong bonding strength. It is also expected to dry quickly, like
synthetic adhesives. Moreover, it is assumed that the formulation is non-toxic and
environmentally friendly, safe for both humans and the environment. The adhesive
should work well under different conditions, such as hot temperature, cold water,
and chemical solutions. Furthermore, it is expected to bond cardboard, which is
tougher than paper, showing its strength and practical use.

VI. Timetable
ACTIVITIES NUMBER OF DAYS

Choosing of Study 2 days

Gathering Information 18 days

Experimentation 4 days

Testing of Product 5 days

Interview 5 days

Data Analysis 3 days

Representation of Data 5 days

TOTAL 42 days

VII. List of References

Aloe Vera. (n.d.). ScienceDirect. [Link]
and-biological-sciences/aloe-vera?
fbclid=IwY2xjawHLY9JleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHYZFi-
YMud0ynDgaOvb3SdY8UXL1MdGnHmY-
n0fkDgN8thaj8SgpGNCpoQ_aem_ZZqYAIbpozWl8cDDeH_LNw
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INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION
Cabezas, D., García, M., Monroy, Y., & Rivero, S. (2023, August). Structural
analysis and adhesive capacity of cassava starch modified with NaOH:urea
52
mixtures. ScienceDirect.
[Link]
S0143749623001501#:~:text=Cassava%20starch%20is%20a
%20polysaccharide,%2Dbased%20polymers%20%5B2%5D
Dinte, E., & Sylvester, B. (2018, February). Adhesives: Applications and Recent
Advances. ResearchGate.
[Link]
ns_and_Recent_Advances
History of Soybeans. (n.d.). North Carolina Soybean. [Link]
resources/history-of-soybeans/?
fbclid=IwY2xjawHLZVhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHeHhkhiVYqNr4bf6mPB-
nfYNgPK9wEMhmnJgUwW0WGX7gQgaOpq3jH-
WpQ_aem_x59lWItOuOzZdfFoAm5uyw
India, T. (2023, August 29). The Evolution of Adhesives: From Ancient Artifacts to
High-Tech Applications. Medium.
[Link]
ancient-artifacts-to-high-tech-applications-4731dcad14c0
Pike, R. A. (2021, August 12). adhesive. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[Link]
Where is cassava from? (2021, May 11). SeedChange.
[Link]
fbclid=IwY2xjawHLYu9leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHYZFi-
YMud0ynDgaOvb3SdY8UXL1MdGnHmY-
n0fkDgN8thaj8SgpGNCpoQ_aem_ZZqYAIbpozWl8cDDeH_LNw#:~:text=C
assava%20(Manihot%20esculenta)%2C%20also,early%20as
%2010%2C000%20years%20ago
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53

PASSED

FAILED

REMARKS:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________

________ with revisions

________ with minor revisions
________ with major revisions
________ rejected

Approved By:

ARIES V. SABILLA
RESEARCH TEACHER