Scribd
Upload
5 views12 pages

Measurement and Instrumentation Overview

This document outlines Lecture #04 on Measurement and Instrumentation by Dr. Taufeeq Abbasi, covering topics such as generalized mathematical models of measurement systems, roots and their types, operational transfer functions, and first and zero order instruments. It also includes a recap of previous lectures on performance characteristics, accuracy vs. precision, and calibration examples. The lecture concludes with discussions on input and output signals and their derivatives.

Uploaded by

Moiz Ali
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views12 pages

Measurement and Instrumentation Overview

This document outlines Lecture #04 on Measurement and Instrumentation by Dr. Taufeeq Abbasi, covering topics such as generalized mathematical models of measurement systems, roots and their types, operational transfer functions, and first and zero order instruments. It also includes a recap of previous lectures on performance characteristics, accuracy vs. precision, and calibration examples. The lecture concludes with discussions on input and output signals and their derivatives.

Uploaded by

Moiz Ali
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 # 𝟎𝟒

𝒃𝒚

𝑫𝒓. 𝑻𝒂𝒖𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒒 𝑨𝒃𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒊


𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒆: 𝟐𝟑/𝟎𝟕/𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
1) 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

2) 𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔

3) 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

4) 𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

5) 𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

6) 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

2
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
1) 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

Static characteristics

Dynamic characteristics

2) 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒚 𝒗𝒔. 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

3) 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟎𝟏 & 𝟎𝟐 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

4) 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑮𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

5) 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔

𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

Ø 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒒.

𝑰𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎

𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 4


𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 (𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆)

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 (𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆)

𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆

𝑭𝒖𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎:

𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓. 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒃𝒆


𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎:

5
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆:

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒

−𝑐± −4𝑚𝑘 𝑐 𝑐 𝑘
𝑠 , = =− ± 2𝑚
− (B)
2𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚

𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚


∴ 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝒈𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍. 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐶 𝑒 and 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐶 𝑒 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
∴ 𝑫𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐
6 𝒊𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶 𝑒 +𝐶 𝑒
𝑐 𝑐 𝑘 𝑐 𝑐 𝑘
− + − − − −
2𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚 2𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚
=𝐶 𝑒 +𝐶 𝑒

𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔:
𝟏. 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔, 𝒖𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝟐. 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔, 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝟑. 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔, 𝒖𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝟒. 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔, 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅

7
∴ 𝒔 = 𝒊𝝎, 𝒆𝒊𝝎𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕)

8
𝟐. 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑫𝒆𝒇: 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒂 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏:

𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎

9
𝟑. 𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒆𝒒.

𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚

10
𝟒. 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐
− 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕?

𝟓. 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏?
11

You might also like