BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE CLASSIFICATION
Introduction to Classification
• Carolus Linnaeus
• Taxonomy
• Taxon
• Binomial Nomenclature (scientific name)
• Genus
• Species
• Eight Levels of Classification:
1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.
• Modern Classification
o Phylogeny
o Cladistics
• 3 Domains
1.
2.
3.
• 6 Kingdoms
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.
Viruses (“obligate intracellular parasites”)
• Structure:
• Genetic material
• DNA
• RNA
• Capsid – protein
• Lipid Envelope
• Classification
• DNA viruses
• RNA viruses
• Bacteriophage
• Infection Cycle
1. Attachment
2. Entry
3. Replication & gene expression
4. Assembly
5. Release
• Which cells are susceptible to infection?
• Cytopathic Effects –
• Vaccines –
Prokaryotes (Archaea & Bacteria)
• Description:
• Classified by need for oxygen:
• Obligate anaerobes
• Obligate aerobes
• Facultative anaerobes
• Classified according to shape:
• Bacilli
• Spirilla
• Cocci
• Classified according to arrangement:
• staph
• strep
• Similar Structures:
• Plasmid
• Circular DNA
• Ribosomes
• Similar Processes:
• Binary fission
• Conjugation
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• How Bacteria Cause Diseases:
• Invading tissues
• Making toxins
• Antibiotics
• Antibiotic resistance
Protists
• Most are single-celled
• All are Eukaryotes
• Animal-like protists: (protozoa/protozoans)
• Plant-like protists: (algae)
• Fungus-like protists
• Plasmodium life cycle (Malaria)
Fungi
• General Description
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls (chitin)
• Heterotrophs (decomposers)
• Multicellular (except for yeast)
• Basic Structure:
• Hyphae
• Mycelium
• Fruiting body
• Spores
• Mycorrhizal Relationship
• Divisions:
• Sac Fungi
• Bread molds
• Club fungi