Chapter 3

Rectifiers

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3.1 Introduction
• Function:
• Convert an AC to an DC
• Applications: Derive DC power from an AC supply
• DC motor
• Battery charger
• Electroplating
• Electric welding
• Electromagnet
• HVDC

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 3.2 Characters of dc output voltage and current
T
• DC output voltage
• vd: Instantaneous value of dc output voltage 1
ud a)

• vs: AC component Ud

• Vd : DC component – Average output voltage

vd = vs + Vd
0
u t

fs (1)
• Number of pulses of dc output voltage: p= ud
T/6 b)

• fs(1): Fundamental frequency of vd f 1 2 3 4 5 6

• f: Frequency of power system

Ud

0 t
u

3 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 Z
a)
t=0
Lu

• DC output current Ud Eu
• id: Instantaneous value of rectifying current – waveform of rectifying current Ru
id
• Id: Average value – DC component of rectifying current
• is: AC component of rectifying current
id = is + I d b)

• Consider a system of a rectifier – load R,L,Ed: ud Eu + Ru id uL QL = Q'L

did
vL = L = vd − ( Rid + Ed )
dt Ru id

did
vd  Rid + Ed  vL  0; 0 Eu

dt t

did did
vd = Rid + Ed  vL = 0; =0 vd  Rid + Ed  vL  0; 0
4
dt dt
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
 a)
id

0 t

id b)

0 t

id c)

0 t

• Continuous current – Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)

• Discontinuous current – Discontinous Condution Mode (DCM)
• Current at continues – discontinues border

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

id = is + I d
Vd − Ed
• Average value – DC component: Id = I d  0  Vd  Ed
R
Vs ( n )
• AC component: Is ( n ) =
2
R + s ( n ) L 
2

o Is(n): Rms of n-order harmonic of dc output current

o Vs(n): Rms of n-order harmonic of dc output voltage.
o s(n): Angular frequency of n-order harmonic of AC component.

L →   Is ( n) → 0  id = I d ➔ Current is completely “flat”

I d ( RMS ) … Rms of dc output current

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 3.3 Single phase haft-wave rectifier
• Uncontrolled single phase haft-wave rectrifier:
• Pure resistive load
• CI D

• CI 0

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

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• Inductive load
• CI D

did vs
vs = vR + vL = [Link] + L
dt
vL
di
vL = L d = vs − vR = vs − [Link] vR vL
dt

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 • Inductive load
• CI D

• CI 0

Current continues to flows for a while even after the input

voltage has gone negative

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

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 • Load with an internal dc voltage
• CI D

• CI 0

• Current begins to flow when the input voltage exceeds the dc back-emf
• Current continues to flows for a while even after the input voltage has gone
below the dc back-emf

10 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 • Controlled (thyristor) single phase half-wave rectifier

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

11
 • Primitive circuits with thyristors

12 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 Tải R

0 T 0

13 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 • Primitive circuits with thyristors

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 vd
vR R=1[W]
vs L=5 [mH]

vT id

vL

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 3.4 m-phase half wave rectifier – continuous current
a) b) c)

u u1 u2 u1 u2 ui

Z Z Z

LK

RK
Z
u1

16 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 Vẽ hình điện áp 3 pha
uf u1 u2 u3

p/6 p 2p 3p 4p q=t

p/3 2p/3

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

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 Vẽ điện áp dây

ud

u1-u2
3.46

q=t

-3.46

18 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 • Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier
• Scheme
u1 u2 u3 ud
u1 = U m sin q L

2p
u2 = U m sin(q − ) iV 1 iV 2 iV 3
Eư
E
3 V2 V3
V1
4p
u3 = U m sin(q − )
uV1 uV2 uV3
R
3
q = t
id
 2p 
un = U m sin q − (n − 1)
 m 

19 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 2p
m
V1 V2 V3 V1

ud

u1 u2 u3 ud
0 q1 q2 q3 q4 q = t
L u1 u2 u3

iV 1 iV 2 iV 3
Eư

u2
E

u1 -

u3
u3

u1
u2 -

u2 -
V2

u1 -
V1 V3
uV1 uV2 uV3
R
q

id
In the interval q1 < q < q2: uV2 uV1

• Suppose that V2 is ON id
Id q

uV 2 = 0  0

u1 − u2 − uV 1 = 0  uV 1 = u1 − u2
iV1
Id q
0

 uV 1  0 ➔ Unreasonable iV2

0 q
iV3
Similarity, when supposing that V3 is ON q

➔ V1 is ON ➔ Commutation interval (CI) V1 0

20 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 2p
m
V1 V2 V3 V1

ud

u1 u2 u3 ud q2 q3
0 q1 q4 q = t
L u1 u2 u3

iV 1 iV 2 iV 3
EEư

u2
V2

u1 -
V1 V3

u3
u3

u1
u2 -

u2 -
u1 -
uV1 uV2 uV3
R

0
id

CI V1 – q1 < q < q2:

uV2 uV1

uV 1 = 0; uV 2 = u2 − u1 ; uV 3 = u3 − u1 ; ud = u1 ; id = iV 1 = I d ; iV 2 = iV 3 = 0 id
Id q

CI V2 – q2 < q < q3: 0

iV1
q
uV 2 = 0; uV 1 = u1 − u2 ; uV 3 = u3 − u2 ; ud = u2 ; id = iV 2 = I d ; iV 1 = iV 3 = 0
Id
0
iV2
CI V3 – q3 < q < q4: 0 q

uV 3 = 0; uV 1 = u1 − u3 ; uV 2 = u2 − u3 ; ud = u3 ; id = iV 3 = I d ; iV 1 = iV 2 = 0
iV3
q
0

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 2p
m
V1 V2 V3 V1

ud
CI Vn:
0 q1 q2 q3 q4 q = t
uVn = 0; uV 1 = u1 − un ; uVm = um − un u1 u2 u3

ud = un ; id = iVn = I d ; iV 1 = iVm = 0

u2
u1 -

u3
u3

u1
u2 -

u2 -
u1 -
Number of pulses: p=m
q

Commutation happens at q2: 0

→ Commutation voltage: uk = u2 – u1
uV2 uV1

Similarity at q3, q4: id

Id q
Commutation voltage are u3 – u2 and u1 – u3 respectively 0

iV1
q
➔ Natural commutation 0
Id

iV2

0 q
iV3
q
0
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
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 u1 u2 u3 Z
• Half-wave controlled rectifier ud
id L

iV 1 iV 2 iV 3
E
V1 V2 V3
uV1 uV2 uV3
R

iG 1

iG 2

iG 3
uc

23 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 V3 V1 V2 V3
a ud

0 q
Moment of natural commutation

Firing angle a: From the moment of natural commutation to the

moment of applying the control pulse to the gate p
a
The range of firing angle a: u1 - u3
uV1
0 a p

0 q

u1 - u2

u3 - u1
uV3

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh iV3 iV1 iV2 iV3

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0 q
 V3 V1 V2 V3 V3 V1 V2 V3
a a a ud
ud

u3 u1 u2 u1 u2 u3

0 q1 q2 q3 q 0 q1 q2 q3 q
iG1 iG2 iG3 iG1 iG2 iG3

iV3 iV1 iV2 iV3 iV3 iV1 iV2 iV3

0
a) q 0
b) q

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 p p a
2 m
p p a
m
2 2p
• Average value of the rectifying voltage a m
ud
p p
+ +a
2 m
m
U di =
2p 
p p
U m sin q dq Um
Eu
− +a
2 m p p0 p p q
m m
p
2 m
mU m 2p
U di = sin cos a = U di0 cos a
p
m
m
mU m p
U di 0 = sin … Average of the dc output voltage of uncontrolled rectifier
p m
m=3

3U m p 3 3U m 3 6U s
U di 0 = sin = = = 1.17U s
p 3 2p 2p PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
• Characteristics U di = U di 0 cos a
Control characteristic Output (load) characteristic
• Output: Ud
• Input: a
Rectifying Inverting
Udi
Udi mode mode
Udi0
Udi0
a=
1

0,5 a = p/3
p 2p
2 3 p a = p/2
0 p a 0 Id
3 a = 2p/3
-0,5

-1


a) b)
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• Rectifying and dependent inverting mode
• Rectifying mode

For 3-phase rectifier:

p p
a  … To have continues current must have inductive load
6 2

• Inverting mode
p
Ud Z Id

a … Dependent inverting mode

2 P

P = Ud Id
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
 p
a ud
2 Id = 100 A

Eu = 500 V
Ud= 510 V Conditions of dependent inverting mode:
Ud = Eu > 0 10 V
p
0
q
a) • a
2
pap
2 • Load with DC source (Ed)
Id = 100 A
• Ed is negative
Ud = -500 V Eu = -510 V

0
q
10 V • Ed  U d
Ud = Eu < 0

ud b)

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 QL = Q'L
u1 u2 u3 u1

q q2 q3 q4
0 Eu q

• Extinction angle  ud
Rectifying Inverting
mode mode Udi
Udi V2 V3 V1 V2 V3 V2
Udi0
Udi0
a=
Xét tải LEd: 1
uV3

0,5 u3 - u2 a = p/3 u2 - u3
p 2p
0 a  p − 2 3 p
0 a = p/2
u3 - u2

q
 = tq 0 p
3
a 0
u3 - u2 a = 2p/3
uV2
Id uV3
-0,5

q2 − q  KRIT q4 − q3  KRIT
-1
iV3

a) b)
iV2 iV3 iV1 iV2 iV2
0 q
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
• 3-phase half-wave rectifier with freewheel diode V0
uV 0 = −ud
ud
V0 is ON in the case if having not V0: ud < 0 u1 u2 u3 iV 0

iV 1 uV0 Z
V0
➔ V0 is active only when:
V1 V2 V3
p p id
a −
2 m

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 p p p p
a 
p p 2 m 2 m
a 
2 m 2p
ud a m ud

u1
0 q
u1
V3 V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3 V1

V0 V0 V0 V0

 V1 = 2p  V1  2p
iV 1 m m

0 q

2p
 V0 = −  V1
m
iV 0

0 q

CI V0 are inserted between the CI V1, V2, V3:

ud = −uV 0 = 0; uV 1 = u1 ; uV 2 = u2 ; uV 3 = u3 ; id = iV 0 = I d PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 p p a
2 m
p p a
p p 2 m
2p
•a  − a m
2 m ud
mU m p
U di = sin cos a = U di0 cos a
p m Um
Eu
mU m p p p0 p p
U di 0 = sin q
p 2 m m m
m 2p
p p p p m
• − a  +
2 m 2 m p
p 1 − sin(a − )
mU m
p
U di = sin q dq = U di 0 m
2p p
p
− +a 2sin
2 m m
mU m p
U di 0 = sin
p m PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
• Effects of the diode V0:
• Have no inverting mode
• Diode V0 increases the rectifier performance

Ud Id
= U, I: Rms of phase voltage and current
mUI

V1 2p
I = Id V1 = − V 0
2p m

• Diode V0 reduces rms of AC component of rectifying current

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

u1 u2 u3 u1 u2 u3

u dK
Z udA Z
V4 V6 V2
V1 V3 V5

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 3.5 Full-wave bridge rectifier in continuous current mode
• Full-wave bridge rectifier: Two half-wave rectifier in series
u1 u2 u3 u1 u2 u3

Cathode group
Anode group
V1 V4

V3 V6
V1 V3 V5

V2 V6 V4 V5 V2

Z Z

u = u1 - u 2

u1 u2 u1 u2 Anode Cathode
group group
V1 V4 V1 V4
V1 V3
V3 V2 V3 V2
V2 V4

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

Z Z Z
36
• 3-phase full controlled bridge rectifier

u u
dK dK
u1 u2 u3 u1 u2

dA
dA

u
u

iV 1 iV 4
V1 V4 V1
uV1
V3 V6 V6

uV3
V5 V2
uV5
ud u d = u dA - u dK = u 1 - u 2
id

Z
Z
Ru Eu Lu
R Eư L

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 u1 u2 u3
u1 u2 u3

Z udA u dK
Z

V1 V3 V5 V4 V6 V2

V1 V3 V5
a udA
u1

u2 u3
q
0
0 q

u dK a

V6 V2 V4 V6

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 VV5
3 V1 V3 V5 V1 V3
a

u1 u2 u3
u dA
• Currents in phases: i1 = iV1 – iV4; i2 = iV3 – iV6; i3 = iV5 – iV2
2U
• Average rectifying voltage – p=2m

U di = U diA − U diK
0 q

a
U diA = −U diK
u dK

V4 V6 V2 V4 V6 V2

V5V6 m 2U p
= cos a
V 3V6 V 1V6 V 1V2 V 2V3 V 3V4 V 4V5 V 5V6 V 1V6 V 1V2
sin
iV 1 iV 4 Id p m
0
2 p/3 p/3
q U di = U di 0 cos a
p
Id i1 = i V 1 - i V 4
2 2mU
U di 0 = sin
0 q
p m
a u d = u dA - u dK When m = 3
u1 - u 2

3 6U
U di 0 = = 2.34U s
p
6U

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

0 q
 V1 V2 V4 V1 V3 V5 V1 V3 V5 V1
V6 V 1V 2 V3 V 3V 4 V5 V 5V 6 V6 V 1V 2 V2 V2 V 1V 2 V4 V 3V 4 V6 V 5V 6 V2 V 1V 2 V4 V 3V 4

a  p /3 a  p /3

u dA
u1 u2 u3

u1 u2 u3
u dA

• Half 0
q
controlled
bridge u dK u dK

iV 1 iV 4
rectifier
iV 1 iV 4 iV 1
U di
1 0
U di0 2 p /3 4 p /3 2 p /3 4 p /3
i1 = i V 1 - i V 4 i1
2 p /3 p −a
Id Id
0.5 
0 p −a a −p /3
p /3 − a

U d iM IN a a
u d = u dA -u dK u d = u dA -u dK
0 p p
u
2 a

3 6U s
U diA = cos a
2p
6 U

q
1 + cos a
0

3 6U s 3 6U s
U diK =−  U di = U di 0 ;U di 0 =
2p 2 p PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
 V5 V1
V0 V6 V0 V6
u1 u2 u3
a  p /3 a  p /3
ud

• Full
controlled V1 V4

bridge V3 V6

rectifier V5 V0 V2 0
q
with diode ud
V0 Z
u1 - u 2 6U

p
Diode V0 is active when: a
3
Effects: - Decrease the ripple of dc output voltage and current
- Increase the performance
- Dependent inverting mode is not allowed

U di0  p  p p p 3 6U
U di = 1 − sin(a − 6 ); 3  a  2 + 6 U di 0 =
p
2  
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
 u dK
u = U m sin q = u1 − u2

A
ud
u1 u2

iV 1 i u iV 4
Um
• Single phase u1 = sin q V1 V4
full controlled 2
rectifier V3 V2
Um
u2 = sin(q − p ) id

2 Z
ud
udA
V1 V3

u a
dA
u1 u2

ud = udA − udK
Z
q
V1 V3 0 u2 u1

i = iV 1 − iV 4 = iV 2 − iV 3 udK u1 u2

q
u1 u2
0 ud K
Z
a
V4 V2
V2 V4

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 V1 V3 V1

a
udA u1

0 q
udK u2

Average rectifying voltage: V2 V4 V2

iV 1 = i V 2 iV 4 = i V 3
Id
0

U di = U di 0 cos a
q
i1 = i V 1 - i V 4

0
q

2 2U s
U di 0 = = 0.9U s
u 2 - u1

p u V1
u = u1 - u 2

0
q

V 1V2 V 3V4

a ud = u dA - udK

0
q
u

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 V1 V3 V1 V3 V1

a a
u d1
q q

u d2
a
V2 V4 V2
V2 V4 V2

u dK
i V1 i V4

A
ud
u1 u2 i V1 i V4 i V1
Id Id

iV 1 i u iV 4 i V2 iV3 i V2 i V2 i V3 i V2

V1 V4
uV1 i = i V1 - i V4 i = i V1 - i V4

• Single V3 V2

phase half ud

u = u1 - u 2
Z
controlled
rectifier u V1 u V1

1 + cos a u

U di = U di 0 V1 V4
q q

2
V3 V2 u V4 u V2

2 2U s
U di 0 = = 0.9U s
p
V1 V2 V1 V2
Z
V 1V 2 V 4 V 3V 4 V 3 V 1V 2 V 1V 2 V 4 V 3V 4 V 3 V 1V 2

a a

u d = u d1 - u d2 u d = u d1 - u d2

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 • Comparison of Controlled and half controlled rectifier:
• Negative peak of rectifying voltage is eliminated → decrease the ripple
• Inverting mode is not occurred
• Increase the performance

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

45
 3.6 Continuous and discontinuous current of p-pulse rectifier
• R load a
u d = R id

u3 ud
u1 u2
(U d ) Z
Z
uV1  q
V1 V2 V3
id

d
u d = Ri
V3  V1  V2  V3 R

id  0  ud  0  q

In CI “0”: ud = 0; uVi = ui u1

u1 - u 2
uV1

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

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 • R,L load a

u1 Z
u3 ud
u1 u2
(U d )

id
Z
 Q L =  Q 'L ud R
uV1
V1 V2 V3 R id
id

d
u L = u d - Ri
L
 q
U d = RI d  0
➔ With value of a so that in continuous current V3  V1

mod Ud < 0, discontinuous current will appear.

In CI “0”: ud = 0; uVi = ui

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

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 a m ax
a
• L, Ed load a m in  Q L = Q 'L

ud

u3 ud
u1 u2 Z
(U d )
Z
uV1

-E
V3 u1 E
V1 V2 L
id

d
uL = u
id

U d = E­  qz qk q

E
➔ With values of a so that in continuous current mode
Ud < Ed, the discontinuous current will appear  V1  V2

In CI “0”: ud = Ed ; uVi = ui − Ed
a MIN ;a MAX

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

48
3.7 Commutation of the rectifier
2p
a p
u k = u 2 - u1
u1 u2 u3  Q Lk
Z
ud

L
U km
ud Um
Lk Lk Lk

V1 V2 V3
0 q
iV 1 iV 2 id
u1
u2
u1 + u 2
2

U1 
Ikm
iV 1 iV 2
2p
m
U k = U 2 - U1 Id I k m cosa

0 q
p I k m (cos a cos q )
m
U3 U2

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

iV 1 + iV 2 = id = I d u1 u2 u3
Z

L
 diV 2 diV 1 
LK  −  = u2 − u1
Lk Lk Lk ud
 dt dt 
V1 V2 V3
iV 1 iV 2 id
uk = u2 − u1 = U km sin q
p
U km = 2U m sin … the peak of line – to – line voltage
m

iV 2 q
U
 diV 2 = km  sin q dq
2 LK a
0

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 U km
iV 2 = ( cos a − cosq )
2 LK
= I km ( cos a − cosq )
U km
I km =
2 LK

I d = I km cos a − cos (a +  ) 

 Id 
 = arccos  cos a −  −a … Commutation angle
 I km 

diV 2
ud = u2 − Lk
dt
u1 + u2
=
2

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 a 
• Commutation of the 1-phase bridge rectifier u ud
u
ud = 0  Q Lk

Lk i1
i = I km ( cos a − cosq ) − I d
0 q
iV 1 iV 4
-u
V1 V4
U
I km = km V3
 LK
V2
iV 3 iV 1
iV 3 iV 2
I km Z
iV 1 = iV 2 = ( cos a − cosq ) L
0 q

2 i
iV 3 = iV 4 = I d − iV 1 Id
0 -I d q

 2I 
2 I d = I km cos a − cos (a +  )   = arccos  cos a − d  −a
 I km 
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
• Drop voltage on Lk: Udq

U dq = Rq I d

pX k pX k
Rq = Rq =
2p p
• 3-phase half wave rectifier • 1-phase bridge rectifier
• 3-phase bridge rectifier

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• Output characteristics considering the impact of drop voltage and discontinues current:
• Udq: Drop voltage on Lk
• Udr = [Link]: Drop voltage on Rk
• UdF: Drop voltage on valves

Ud

U di
U dF
U dr
U d0
R U Id

0 Id
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
 aM  

• Effect on extinction angle of the thyristor u1 u2

 Q LK
aM +  +  = p
0 q
ud
3-phase half wave rectifier, 3 phase bridge rectifier:
Id
cos a M = + cos (p −  )
I km

1-phase bridge rectifier: q

2I d
cos a M = + cos (p −  ) iV 1 iV 2
I km
q

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• To determine maximum of rectifying voltage:

1
U di 0 = ( ccU dM + U dq M + U drM + U dFM )
b

cc: Reserve constant for control – cc = 1.04 – 1.06

b: Reserve constant of electrical network: ±5% – b = 0.95

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

3.8 Four – quadrant rectifier
• Control principle:
• Separate control:
Rectifiers work independently.
One rectifier works while the second does not work

Ud
-I d
I II
II I
U dI Ud Z U d II
Id
III IV
Id

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• Cooperative control :
Control pulses are sent to 2 rectifiers simultaneously.
One, with a < p/2, is in rectifying mode. Another with a > p/2 is in waiting mode

Ud
-I d
I II
II I
U dI Ud Z U d II
Id
III IV
Id

Condition to avoid short circuited current between two rectifiers:

UdI + UdII  0

U di 0 .cos a I + U di 0 .cos a II  0
a I + a II  p
U di 0 ( cos a I + cos a II )  0 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
 I
U dI

I II
U dI U d II Ui

0 q
a II

However, because: udI + udII  0 0

U d II
-U i
I0
→ Circulation current L1 Id L2 U L2

Z  Q L 12 =  Q ' L 12 U 0 = U d I + U d II

i0 m
To eliminate the circulation current: Z i0
R
Use balance induction coil. i0
L→ 0

Z  Q L 12 =  Q ' L 12 U L 2 = U d II + U i
R→
M i0
i0
Ui
i0 m

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 i1 S Id

0
q

i2 S

3.9 Power transformer 0

4 p/3 2 p/3
i3S
i1 L i2 L i3 L 0

• Current i1 P i2 P i3 P
i1 P
0

iS = IS(AV) + iSs
i2 P
0

NP: Number of turns of primary wire

i3 P
NS: Number of turns of secondary wire u1 S u2S u3S
Z 0
2 I d /3

-I d /3

Id i1 S i2S i3 S ud

=
i1 L

I S ( AV )
Id

L
[Link] = [Link] V1 V2 V3
id
0
-I d

3
i2L

i3L

0
q

F1 = F 2 = F 3 = F S S = N I d /3

0 PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 Suppose NP = NS = N

Id
i1Ss = i1S − = i1P
3 i1L = i3P − i1P
Id i2 L = i1P − i2 P
i2 Ss = i2 S − = i2 P
3
i3L = i2 P − i3 P
Id
i3Ss = i3S − = i3 P
3

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• Apparent power of the transformer
SP + SS
StN = = K t PtN
2
StN: Nominal apparent power of the transformer
SP: Apparent power of primary wire
SS: Apparent power of secondary wire
PtN: Nominal real power of the transformer

For the case D/Y

2p / 3 2p
2p / 3
1   2I d
  ( 2 I d / 3) dq +  ( I d / 3) dq  =
1 I 2 2
IS =
2p  I d2dq = d
3
IP =
2p  0 2p / 3

 3
0

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

SS = 3U S I SN = 3U S I dN
S P = 3U P I PN = 2U P I dN
3 6
3-phase half wave rectifier: U di 0 = U
2p

2 2 2p
SS = p U di 0 I dN = p PdN 2
p+
3 3 3
= 3 3 P = 1.35P
2p 2p StN dN dN
SP = U di 0 I dN = PdN 2
3 3 3 3

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

3.10 Principles to control rectifier
Control pulses are sent to thyristor when uAK > 0
→ To know when uAK > 0
➔ To have synchronous source for control circuit

Block diagram of pulse generation unit – control unit:

uc

us iG1, iG2, iG3

Amplify and
Synchronous Comparison
Distribute

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 a

u1 u2 u3 ud

0
q
• Linear vertical principle
iG 1
uc
Synchronous voltage has saw-tooth form
0 q
a = K .uc
u s1

iG 2
U di = U di 0 cos a = U di 0 cos ( K .uc ) uc

0 q
u s2

iG 3
uc

0 q
u s3

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 Umax us
• Arcos principle uAK
uc
Synchronous voltage has cosine form

us = U max cosq q
a
us = uc = U max cos a
 u 
 a = arccos  c 
 U max 
uc
U di = U di 0 cos a = U di 0
U max

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

3.11 Filter
• Harmonics of rectifying voltage

2p
1
U d ( RMS ) =
2p  ud2 dq =
0
Us = U d2( RMS ) + U d2
1 p 2p 
=U 2
1 + sin cos 2a 
2  2p p 
= Us2 − U d2

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

Use Fourier series

(
ud (q ) = U d +  a( n ) cos nq + b( n ) sin nq )
n =1
2p 2p
1 1
a( n ) =
p  ud cos nq dq ; b( n ) =
p  ud sin nq dq
0 0

(n): order of the harmonics; n = 1, 2, 3

Peak value of n-order harmonic:

Us ( n) m = a(2n) + b(2n)

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 2U d 0 cos a
Us ( n ) m = 1 + n p tg a
2 2 2
n p −1
2 2

Per unit value:

Us ( n ) m 2cos a
Us ( n ) m =
*
= 1 + n 2 2
p tg 2
a
Ud 0 n p −1
2 2

➔Peak value of n-order harmonic depends on the product np and fire angle a

fs (1) = pf

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• Table rms values of harmonics of order 1, 2, 3 according to a

Harmonic frequency Rms value

Scheme
fs(n)=n.p.f [Hz] a=00 a=300 a=600 a=900
1.2.50 = 100 0.472 0.625 0.851 0.968
p=2 2.2.50 = 200 0.094 0.203 0.334 0.392
3.2.50 = 300 0.041 0.142 0.234 0.266
1.3.50 = 150 0.176 0.31 0.47 0.53
p=3 2.3.50 = 300 0.041 0.41 0.21 0.25
3.3.50 = 450 0.017 0.08 0.14 0.16
1.6.50 = 300 0.041 0.11 0.21 0.25
p=6 2.6.50 = 600 0.011 0.06 0.11 0.12
3.6.50 = 900 0.004 0.04 0.07 0.08
PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh
• Filtering rectifying voltage and current

Us(1) Us(1)f

Filter Load
Ud(1) Ud(1)f

Filters aim to eliminate first-order harmonic

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

Pulse factor q:
Us (1) U f s (1)
q1 = ; q2 =
Ud U df

Flat factor s:
q1 Us (1) U df
s= = 
q2 U f s (1) U d

Ignore DC voltage dropping on the filter: U df  U d

Us (1)
s
U f s (1)

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• Inductive filter

Inductor in series with load, R  0

Condition to choose L:

X ls (1) = s (1) .L f  R

First order harmonic of current:

Us (1) Us (1) U f s (1)
Is (1) =  =
X l2s (1) +R 2 X ls (1) R

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

 sR
 Lf = H 
2p pf

In the case rms value of first order harmonic of the load current Is(1)cp is given :

Us (1)
 Lf = H 
2p pf .Is (1)cp

With specified s, R small → Lf small.

Suitable for high power rectifiers.

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• Capacitive Filter

Capacitor in parallel with load (R). Condition to choose C:

1
X cs (1) =  R
2p pfC f
Suppose AC through C, DC through load (R):

106
Cf =  F 
2p pfq2 R
R large → Cf small. Suitable for low power rectifiers.

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh

• Filter in figure G and figure P

When Lf or Cf is large ➔ connect (one or two) capacitor with a inductor to make a filter
in figure G or figure P

Lf Lf

Cf Cf1 Cf2

PGS TS Đoàn Quang Vinh