CHAPTER

09 Waves and Energy

Q # 1: What is wave? How wave is produced?

Ans: Definition of Wave:
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to the
other. Waves can be produced in liquids, gases and solids.

What cause waves?

Waves require some material to travel through. These material things
are called a medium. Gases (air), liquids (water), and solids (rope or a
metal) all act as mediums.

Waves are produced due to vibrating movements of materials. A

vibration is a repeated to and fro or up and down motion.

The vibrating body transfers its energy to a nearby medium crating a

wave.

Waves in a pool of water We can create waves in water by

dipping our finger again and again.
Example:

Hold one end of a rope and move it up and down. The wave will produce.

The wave will produce by dipping our finger in water.

Q # 2: What are the two main types of waves?

Ans: There are two types of waves.
1. Mechanical wave
2. Electromagnetic Wave

Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir

Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 1
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
Q # 3: Define the followings with the help of examples:
1. Mechanical wave 2. Electromagnetic waves
Ans: Mechanical Wave:
Mechanical waves require material medium (solid, liquid, gas) to
travel through.
Example:
Sound waves and Water Waves are the examples of Mechanical
waves.
Electromagnetic Wave:
Electromagnetic waves don't require any material medium to travel
through.
Example:
Light waves are the examples of Electromagnetic waves.

Q # 4: What are the two types of mechanical waves?

Ans: 1. Transverse Wave:
2. Longitudinal Wave:

Q # 5: What are transverse waves?

Ans Transverse Waves:
Definition: A wave in which particles of the medium move up and down
perpendicularly to the direction of the wave is called a
Transverse Wave.
EXAMPLE: Waves that are produced up and down in water are transverse
waves. Waves formed by the rope.

Q # 6: How transverse waves are produced?

Ans Transverse waves are produced by the up and down movement of a
rope. The highest point of a transverse wave is called CREST and the lowest
point between two crests is called TROUGH.

Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir

Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 2
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
Q # 7: What are longitudinal waves?
Ans LONGITUDINAL WAVE:
Definition: A wave in which particles of a medium move back and forth,
parallel to the direction of the wave is called a longitudinal
wave. Sound waves are also called longitudinal waves.
Example: Sound from a vibrating body produces longitudinal waves in air.
These waves reach our ear and affect the ear drum.

Q # 8: How longitudinal waves are produced?

Ans Longitudinal waves are produced due to the back and forth motion of
particles of the medium. The back and forth motion is called COMPRESSIONS
AND RAREFACTIONS.
The parts of a longitudinal wave, where particles of the medium are
compressed together, are called COMPRESSIONS. The parts of a longitudinal
wave, where particles of the medium are spread out, are called
RAREFACTIONS. In a stretched spring, longitudinal waves are produced.

Longitudinal Waves In A Slinky Spring

Q # 9: Briefly describe, how sound waves are longitudinal waves?

Ans SOUND WAVES ARE LONGITUDINAL WAVES
A sound wave traveling through air is an example of a longitudinal
wave. When a drummer beats a drum, the surface of the drum vibrates and
creates a disturbance in the air beside it.
When the drumhead moves to the left, it compresses the particles of
air and creates a compression. When the drumhead moves to the right, the
particles of the air on the right move farther apart, creating a rarefaction.
These compressions and rarefactions travel through the air as
longitudinal waves. When the disturbance in the air reaches our ears, we
hear the sound of the drum.

Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir

Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 3
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
Q # 10: What is meant by wave length? How it is measured?
Ans WAVE LENGTH:
Definition: (For Transverse Wave)
It is shortest distance between two adjacent crest and troughs of a
transverse wave.
Definition: (For Longitudinal Wave)
It is the shortest distance between two adjacent compressions or
rarefactions of a longitudinal wave.
Measurement:
Wave length is measured in meters (m).

Distance between two adjacent crests or

compressions is the wavelength.

Q # 11: What is meant by Amplitude of wave? How it is measured?

Ans AMPLITUDE:
Amplitude of a wave is the maximum distance of the particles of the
medium from the rest position.

Measurement:
(For Transverse Wave)
For a transverse wave,
amplitude is the height of a crest or
depth of a trough (transverse wave)
AMPLITUDE OF A TRANSVERSE WAVE
measured from the rest position it
is measured in meters (m).

Measurement: (For Longitudinal Wave)

For a longitudinal wave, amplitude is the maximum distance of
particles of the medium from the rest position.

Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir

Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 4
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
Q # 12: Define frequency. Which units are used to measure the frequency?
Ans FREQUENCY
Definition:
The number of vibrations
produced by a vibrating body in
one second is called frequency.
The wave on the bottom has a frequency
three times greater than the wave on the top.

‫ܛ܍ܞ܉܅ ܎ܗ ܗۼ‬
Formula: ۴‫)ܛ܌ܖܗ܋܍ܛ ܖܑ( ܛ܍ܕܑ܂ = ܡ܋ܖ܍ܝܙ܍ܚ‬
Units: Frequency is measured in units called hertz (Hz).
Hertz: When one wave passes through a point in one second the
frequency is 1 wave per second or 1 hertz.
Q # 13: Define Speed. How speed of wave is to be measured?
Ans SPEED:
Definition: The distance a wave covers in unit
time is called its speed.
۲ܑ‫܌܍ܚ܍ܞܗ܋ ܍܋ܖ܉ܜܛ‬
Formula: ‫= ܌܍܍ܘ܁‬
‫)ܛ܌ܖܗ܋܍ܛ ܖܑ( ܛ܍ܕܑ܂‬
Units: Speed is measured in metre per
second. Thunder is always heard
Example: Thunder is always heard after we see after we see lightning. It
lightning. It shows that light travels shows that light travels
much faster than sound. much faster than sound.

TABLE: SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIUMS.

MEDIUM STATE OF MATTER SPEED (M/SEC)

Air Gas 330
Water Liquid 1500
Brick Solid 3600
Wood Solid 3800
Steel solid 6000

Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir

Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 5
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
Q # 14: What is the relationship between the Speed, wavelength and
frequency of a wave?
Ans The speed, wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to each other by
a mathematical
FORMULA:
Speed = Wavelength X Frequency
We can calculate any one of the three values if we know the other two.

Q # 15: What is meant by audible sounds?

Ans: AUDIBLE SOUND:
Audible sound refers to sound waves with frequencies that the human ear
can detect, typically ranging from 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz. Sounds outside
this range, either lower than 20 Hz or higher than 20,000 Hz, are considered
inaudible.
Q # 16: Write a brief note on “Audible Frequency Range.”
Ans: AUDIBLE FREQUENCY RANG
Definition:
The range of frequencies which a person can hear is known as audible
frequency range. The word audible means ‘able to be heard’.
Explanation:
A healthy human ear can hear sounds of frequencies from about 20 Hz
to 20,000 Hz. It is the audible frequency range for humans.
Different animals have different audible frequency ranges.
AUDIBLE FREQUENCY RANGES OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
RECEIVER RECEIVER RANGE
RANGE
DOG 40 Hz – 50 kHz ELEPHANT 16 Hz – 12 kHz
CAT 45 Hz – 65 kHz BAT 2000 Hz – 150 kHz
COW 23 Hz – 35 kHz GOLDFISH 20 Hz – 3 kHz
RABBIT 360 Hz – 42 kHz DOLPHIN 2000 Hz – 150 kHz
MOUSE 1000 Hz – 91 kHz OWL 200 Hz – 12 kHz

Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir

Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 6
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
Q # 17: Which types of sounds are used in emergency?
Ans Sirens are used on emergency service vehicles such as AMBULANCE, POLICE
CARS and FIRE ENGINES. These sounds are used in EMERGENCY.
Q # 18: Describe the loudness and pitch of the sound.
Ans Pitch and loudness are the characteristics that help us to decide whether a
sound is pleasant or not.
LOUDNESS:
The characteristic which helps us to distinguish a soft sound from a
loud sound of the same frequency is called loudness. The shouted and louder
voice is the loudness. Loudness is related to the amplitude of a sound. The
larger the amplitude, the louder the sound is.

Waves of a loud amplitude Waves of a soft sound have small

sound have large amplitudes. amplitudes

PITCH:
The characteristic of sound by which a shrill sound can be
distinguished from grave sound is called the pitch of sound. Pitch of the
sound depends on the frequency of the sound wave. The higher the
frequency, the higher the pitch is.
The voice of a girl is shriller than the voice of a boy. This difference is
due to the pitch. A shrill sound is called a high pitch sound, whereas a less
shrill sound is called a low pitch sound. The sound of a bell is shrill while
sound of a drum is grave.
Q # 19: Write down the applications of electromagnetic wave?
Ans ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES:
Electromagnetic waves with high frequency or short wavelength include
ultraviolet light, X-rays and Gamma rays. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES with
low frequency or longer wavelength include infrared light, microwaves and
radio waves. Some of the applications of electromagnetic waves are given
below:

Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir

Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 7
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
 a. RADIO WAVE: Communications - radio, telephone and television.
b. MICROWAVE: Cooking, as it heats the water or fat in food stuffs in
microwave oven.
c. INFRA RED WAVES: Short-range communication such as remote contacts.
d. VISIBLE: Illuminates things as we can see them.
e. UV: Sterilization, as it kills bacteria.
f. X-RAYS: To see through soft tissue and look at the skeleton.
g. GAMMA RAYS: Used to kill cancer cells during gamma rays radiotherapy.

Q # 20: Define Echo or Reflection of sound?

Ans When sound is incident on the surface of the medium it bounces back into
the first medium. This phenomenon is called ECHO or REFLECTION OF SOUND.
EXAMPLE:
Suppose you are standing in front of a high wall and clap your hand, you can
hear the same sound of the clap back again.

CONSTRUCTED RESPONSED QUESTIONS

Q # 1: State some important uses of sounds?
Ans The following are the importance of sound in our lives:
1) It helps us to communicate with other.
2) By sounds, we can understand the context of the words spoken.
3) Sound can help people to protect themselves from danger such as the sound
or horn of the train and other vehicles warn people to give away.
Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir
Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 8
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]
 4) Ultrasounds are used in detecting very small objects, and it is used in medical
and technical fields.
5) Ultrasound is used to locate underwater depth or is used to locating objects
lying deep on the ocean floor, etc. this technique is called SONAR.
Q # 2: How can you prove that animals or birds also communicate with one
another?
Ans: They can communicate in lots of different ways. Birds and gibbons sing. Dogs and
cats used body language to signal threats. Cats use odors to make their
territories. Peacocks show off their tail feathers. Baboons and chimpanzees touch
each other to show friendship.
Q # 3: Why we cannot hear the whistle of a bat?
Ans: Bats produce ultrasonic sound and thus humans cannot hear them. Bats emit
sound in the range of 20000 Hz to 100,000 Hz which is beyond our audible range.
Q # 4: Why you can hear very weak sound easily in the night but not during the
day?
Ans: Temperature inversion in the reason why sound can be heard much more
clearly over longer distances at night than during the day.

INVESTIGATE:
Snake, Fish, Frog and Locust do not have Ears. How do hear sounds?
SNAKE:
Snakes don't have external ears but possess inner ear structures connected to
their jawbones. They sense ground vibrations through their jaw, which transmits these
vibrations to their inner ear. This allows them to detect prey and predators, though
their hearing range is limited compared to humans.
FISH:
Fish have an inner ear and a lateral line system along their body. The lateral line
detects water vibrations, while the inner ear, with eoliths and hair cells, senses sound
waves traveling through the water. Some fish also use their swim bladder to amplify
sound vibrations.
FROG:
Frogs have a tympanum (eardrum), a thin membrane stretched over a cavity, that
vibrates in response to sound waves. This vibration is then transmitted to the inner ear,
allowing them to hear. Frogs also use their mouths as resonance chambers to amplify
sounds.
LOCUST:
Locusts have tympana (eardrums) located on their legs, specifically on their first
abdominal segment. These tympana are sensitive to vibrations in the air and allow
them to perceive sounds.
Pre – Cadet Studies with Sir Munir
Prepared by: Munir Ahmed PAGE 9
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: [Link]