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Foundation Grammar
& Writing
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LECTURE - 09
Part Contents Page
01 PRE-TASK 03

02 GRAMMAR 04

03 READING 10

04 COMMON MISTAKES 12

05 WRITING 14


Part-I: Pre-task

Use the letters from the right sided box to make new words. Try to make as many words as
possible.

Smile I, Me, Is, Lime, Mile, Lie, Semi, Slim, SIM, Isle

Alphabet

Bedroom

Interest

Monitor

Neutral

Reason

Tablet

Teacher

Shine

Now share the words with your friends, and see which words missed out. Try to note down the
new words, and do not forget to know the meanings as well.

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Part-II: Grammar
Sentences by Structure: In our last lecture we discussed Simple and Compound Sentences.
Today we will learn about Complex and Compound – Complex sentences.

Complex Sentence:
To make a complex sentence we need one simple sentence (Independent Clause) and one
subordinate clause (Dependent Clause).

Structures:

ϭ/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ
 ůĂƵƐĞͬ^ŝŵƉůĞ
ϭĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ

^ĞŶƚĞŶĐĞ  ůĂƵƐĞͬ^ƵďŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞ
ůĂƵƐĞ

Example: I missed the exam as I was late.

ϭĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ϭ/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ


 ůĂƵƐĞͬ^ƵďŽƌĚ ůĂƵƐĞͬ^ŝŵƉůĞ
ŝŶĂƚĞůĂƵƐĞ ^ĞŶƚĞŶĐĞ


Example: As I was late, I missed the class.

Let's check out some more examples! I will underline the subordinate clauses for you.
Ambia ate pancakes while he read the newspaper.
Although Ambia was late, she did not miss the lecture.

Sentences can start with either the independent clause or the subordinate clause.

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Notice that if the subordinate clause comes first, you must add a comma. If the independent
clause comes first, you do not need a comma.

*In our last class, we learned about coordinating conjunctions. Today, we will learn
subordinating conjunctions.

Subordinating Conjunctions:

Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause and tie it to
an independent clause. A subordinating conjunction can appear at the beginning or in the middle
of a sentence.

EXAMPLES:

You cannot leave because I will be unhappy.

After the movie had started, more people came in. (Notice the comma separating the clauses).

More people came in after the movie had started.

A subordinating conjunction causes the clause that it appears in to become dependent. In other
words, it will be a sentence fragment unless it is joined to an independent clause.

EXAMPLES:
You are my favorite brother. (sentence)
Even though you are my favorite brother (fragment)
Even though you are my favorite brother, I am going to tell Mom. (sentence)

The owner is bigger than you. (sentence)

Unless the owner is bigger than you (fragment)
You can sit in that car unless the owner is bigger than you. (sentence)

Essential Clauses

Essential clause, also called adjective clause, is a type of a dependent clause being part of a
sentence that has its own subject and verb. Complex sentences can be represented with
essential clauses, usually coming between the subject and the predicate of the independent
clause.
EXAMPLES:

Maruf, whose phone has been stolen, filed for a police report. [Complex Sentence]
Maruf filed for a police report [independent clause]
whose phone has been stolen [dependent/essential clause]
Sumaiya while she was waiting for the bus read the newspaper. [Complex Sentence]
Sumaiya read the newspaper [independent clause]
while she was waiting for the bus [dependent clause]

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A list of common Conjunctions:

● Although
● Though
● Even Though
● If
● As
● Since
● While
● Once
● Because
● So that
● Before
● After
● Until
● Unless
● Provided that
● Whereas
● Unless

Here are examples of their use;

Although

Although—means "in spite of the fact that":

Although it was raining, I ran home.
He came to work although he felt sick.
Although my mum told me to come home early, I stayed out late.

After

After—shows "subsequently to the time when":

Call me after you arrive at the station.
We couldn't see the film after the electricity went out.0
After she arrives, you can join her.

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Before

Before—shows "earlier than the time that":

He had written a novel before he died.
Before he contacted me, I was going to call him.
I need to finish the report before the manager arrives from Paris.

Because

Because—means "for the reason that":

He became rich because he was smart and worked hard.
They stopped building the house because it was raining hard.
I love kittens because they are so cute.

If

If—means "in the event that":

If it is sunny tomorrow, we can go to the park.
If I receive a promotion, you will be the first to know.
You can watch TV if you finish your homework.

Once

Once—indicates "at the moment when":

Once you see him, you will recognize him.
Once the light came on, we all shouted with joy.
Call me once you start working.

Since

Since—means "for the reason that; because":

Mashrur got the promotion since he worked very hard.
Shan does not want to live here anymore since his family is moving to a different city.
Since Habib is very sincere, he has been elected as the leader.
So that

So that—means "in order to":

So that she could keep her job, she did not complain at all.
He finished his work as fast as possible so that he could leave early.
He worked harder for a promotion so he could buy a new car.

Until

Until—means "up to the time that":

Do not do anything until I come back.
She did not know she was a talented singer until she sang in the school concert.
They will not allow us to start until everyone arrives.

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Unless

Unless—means "except, on the condition":

You will not pass the exam unless you work harder.
I will not tell you anything unless you tell me what you know first.
Unless you ask her, you will never know.

When

When—means "at that time":

When I came into the room, everyone looked at me.
I woke up when my baby was crying.
I started looking for a place to stay when I decided I wanted to live here.

Provided that
Provided that-means “if, or only if”
We will be there at about 7.30 provided that there is a suitable train.
Provided that there are enough seats, anyone can come on the trip.
Provided that you help me, I will help you.

Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.

My father and I went to the movie that I had been wanting to see, and then we went to the
restaurant near the theater.

My father and I went to the movie [independent]

+ then we went to the restaurant near the theater [independent]
+ I had been wanting to see that (dependent)
= compound-complex sentence
[My father and I went to the movie] (that I had been wanting to see), and [then we went to the
restaurant near the theater.]

Before they were friends, Iqbal and Sadek knew Habib, but they didn't realize that they knew
him until they met.

Before they were friends (dependent)

+ Iqbal and Sadek knew Habib [independent]
+ They did not realize [independent]
+ that they knew her (dependent)
+ until they met (dependent)
= compound-complex sentence
[(Before they were friends), Iqbal and Sadek knew Habib], but [they did not realize (that they
knew her) (until they met).]

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Exercise: 9.1:Identify each sentence as complex or compound-complex.
1. Before you leave for school, you need to make sure that you have your lunch.
complex / compound-complex

2. We can put together the puzzle, which Aunt Lucy brought, or we can play the board game
that was in the closet.

complex / compound-complex
3. The laptop that I bought last year is still working, but the new one that my sister bought me
has crashed.
complex / compound-complex
4. You will need to ride the bus today since your bicycle has a flat tire.

complex / compound-complex
5. The teacher showed one class the movie based on the book that they had read, but the
other class did not have time.

complex / compound-complex
6. The team that you used to play for has done well this year even though they did not win all
their games.

complex / compound-complex
7. Terri did not want to get wet, but when her sister pushed her into the pool, she did not have
a choice.

complex / compound-complex
8. Although the temperatures have been in the 30s, it does not feel so cold because there has
not been any wind.

complex / compound-complex
9. Because you forgot to turn the oven on, the pizza that has been in there for thirty minutes is
still cold.

complex / compound-complex
10. The photographs that Grandma had in boxes in her attic were faded and cracked, but we
were able to scan and restore them for her.

complex / compound-complex

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Part-III: Reading
Our Toy Shop
Hi, my name is Anik. I am twelve years old. We have a small toy shop in our neighborhood. My
father says Thursdays are the busiest day in our toy shop. So, after school, my mom takes me
there to help my dad. That's another reason why I like Thursdays. We allow kids to play with the
toys when they are in the store. My father says that I am responsible for the toys, and I need to
watch and make sure nothing breaks. Many kids from my school and neighborhood also come to
the shop to look at our new toys. It is always noisy here because it is full of babies and small
children. Little girls tend to go for dolls, boys go for cars. Some just want to play with the toys,
some actually want to buy them. It is a bit tiring for me, but I like going to the shop and helping
my father.

Exercise: 9.2
1. Which of the following questions you cannot answer?
A) Where is the toy shop located? B) When is the busiest day at the toy shop?
C) Why is the toy shop so noisy? D) What’s the name of the toy shop?

2. Which of the following is incorrect?

A) Anik goes to school.
B) Anik enjoys helping his father in the toy shop.
C) Kids can play with the toys at the store without buying them.
D) Anik’s mother works at the toy shop too.

3. Why does Anik help his father on Thursdays?

A) Because it is the busiest day.
B) Because she does not have school on Thursdays.
C) Because she wants to play with the toys.
D) Because she does not like Thursdays.

Summer Job

Hi, I am Evan. In summer, after schools are closed, I work at a theme park near to my home in
Cox’s Bazar. I love summer time and working at the park so I cannot wait till the schools close for
the summer. The amusement park where I work is really big with lots of fun rides and restaurants.
However, what is best about it is that it is actually built on the beach. This is a beach town and
there is a really long boardwalk by the beach with many shops, food stores and stairs to the beach
at several points. The main entrance to the park is also from the boardwalk. The park also has
access to the beach, so you can get to the beach by going through the park. I work there as a
ride operator at one of the roller coasters which is the most fun. There are three other employees
who work on the same ride with me. We welcome the riders, remind them of the safety procedures
and operate the ride. I work here for about two months every summer and enjoy it very much.
They organize several fun events over the summer with free food, ice-cream and games for the
workers. The park access is free for the employees, so I can ride the rides as much as I want. My
family and friends love visiting me here because I can get them free admission to the park too.
The only bad part about working here is that it gets too hot sometimes, but even then, I can just
jump in the cool waters of the Bay of Bengal and refresh.

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Exercise: 9.3

4. What does Evan like the most about the park?

A) It has many fun rides. B) The roller coaster.
C) The park is on the beach. D) Free food and ice-cream.

5. Which of the following is incorrect?

A) Evan does not go to school in summer
B) Evan operates a roller coaster by himself
C) Evan loves working at the park
D) Evan likes to cool off in the ocean when it gets too hot

6. Which of the following you cannot infer about the amusement park?
A) It has access to the beach. B) It has access to the boardwalk.
C) The park has many food stores. D) Park admission is free for employees.

Exercise: 9.4:Read the text and choose the correct answer from the options below:

Hi! My name is Labib Ahsan. I (1) ---- fourteen years old. I am in class 8 at Uttara High (2) ----. I
am from Tongi, Gazipur. My father (3) ---- from Gazipur. (4) ---- name is SharafatAhsan and he is
forty-five years old. He is a (5) ---- and he teaches Math. My mother is from Chadpur. (6) ---- name
is Sabiha Sultana. She is thirty-eight years old and she is a nurse. I do not (7) ---- any sisters or
brothers. I am a single child, but I have many friends. I usually (8) ---- computer games in my free
time. I like (9) ---- a book. My favorite food is (10) ----.

1. is not are is am

2. school library bank hospital

3. has have is am

4. His Her My He

5. driver engineer doctor teacher

6. His Her She I

7. has have had having

8. play read drive eat

9. listening climbing reading riding

10. pizza school home computer

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Part IV: Common Mistakes

Before, after, During, While

Everyone feels nervous before the exams.

I fell asleep during the film.

We were tired after our visit to the museum.

Don’t forget to close the window before you go out.

I often fall asleep while I am reading.

They went home after they did the shopping.

We use during + noun (during the film). We use while + verb (while I'm reading):

We didn't speak during the meal.

but We didn't speak while we were eating (not during we were eating)

Use for (not during) + a period of time (three days / two hours / a year etc):

We played tennis for two hours, (not during two hours)

I lived in London for a year, (not during a year)

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You can use before/after + -ing (before going / after eating etc.):

I always have breakfast before going to work. (= before I go to work)

After shopping, they went home. (= after they did)

Remember we say before going (not before to go), after doing (not after to do) etc.:

Before eating the apple, I washed it carefully, (not before to eat)

I started work after reading the newspaper, (not after to read)

Exercise: 9.5

lunch the end they went to Dhaka

after during
the concert the exam you are waiting
before while
the course the night

1. Everybody was nervous before the exam.

2. I usually work four hours in the morning, and another three hours______________________

3. The film was really boring. We left _______________________________________________

4. Anna went to evening classes to learn German. She learnt a lot _______________________

5. My aunt and uncle lived in London ______________________________________________

6. a: Somebody broke a window ___________________________. Did you hear anything?

b: No, I was asleep all the time.

7. Would you like to sit down ____________________________________________________?

8. a: Are you going home

________________________________________________________?

b: Yes, I have to get up early tomorrow.

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Part V: Writing
Exercise: 9.6: Make 8 Complex sentences. Try to use Pronouns as a subject.

If I study hard, I will pass the examination.

He was writing a poem while I was reading a book.

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Exercise: 9.7: Make 3 Compound-Complex Sentences. Try to use both Coordinating and
Subordinating Conjunctions.

I would have purchased the perfume that you like, but it was too expensive.
Maisha Ahmed explained how potato cookies are made, and we tried her technique at home.

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Exercise: 9.8: Make 5 sentences with the following subordinate conjunctions:

Although, As, Since, Whereas.

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