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Technology and Livelihood
Education (TLE)
ICT- Technical Drafting 9
Quarter 2 - Module 1 (week 1-5)
Topic: DRAFTING STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
AND DETAILS (SL)
Draft Structural Layout and Detail (SL)
Learning Competency(ies); Draft foundation plans Code: TLE_ICTTD9SL-IIIa-b-1
I. CONCEPT NOTES:
What is foundation plan?
Foundation plan is a plan view drawing, in section, showing the location and
size of footings, piers, columns, foundation walls, and supporting beams.
In new construction foundation functions are planned in. A
building foundation performs several functions. The three most important are to
bear the load of the building, anchor it against natural forces such as earthquakes,
and to isolate it from ground moisture.
The purpose of a foundation is to hold up and hold together the structure above
it. Contrary to our everyday experience the ground is not quite still and, in many
cases, not totally solid. A house which is just plonked down on bare earth is more
likely to be cracked or damaged over time by natural forces. A properly built
foundation increases the amount of abuse a house structure can take and remain
safe for the people inside it.
A building foundation performs several functions. The three most important
are to bear the load of the building, anchor it against natural forces such as
earthquakes, and to isolate it from ground moisture. The relative importance of these
functions’ changes with the type of land underneath the building and the building
design. For smaller accessory buildings such as sheds, a foundation is less
important. The foundation often creates an underground space which can become
another usable floor level, like a basement. This often has secondary functions such
as storage and is a location for "mechanicals" including furnace equipment.
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Loadbearing``
In engineering terms, a house foundation must bear the dead and live loads of
the house superstructure built on top of it. The "dead" load is the constant weight of
the house structure itself – it is "dead" because it never changes. The "live" load is the
changing weights of contents and people, and in cold locations the live load includes
the weight of the furniture’s. A continuous foundation can be thought of as a single
structure, all four in-ground wall footings are connected. It must be rigid in order to
transmit the weight of the building into the ground without being seriously
compromised itself. If the ground underneath is problematic – soft soil or a wet or
sloping location – additional foundation structures such as vertical piles may need to
be installed to keep the structure stable.
An Anchor Against Changing Natural Forces
A seismic retrofit bolt the house to the foundations.
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COLUMN
Column - an upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete,
supporting an entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a
monument.
- a rigid, relatively slender, upright support, composed of relatively few
pieces.
- a decorative pillar, most often composed of stone and typically having a
cylindrical or polygonal shaft with a capital and usually a base.
Column, in architecture, a vertical element, usually a rounded shaft with a capital
and a base, which in most cases serves as a support. A column may also be
nonstructural, used for a decorative purpose or as a freestanding monument.
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Column or pillar in structural engineering is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. ... Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the
similar stress conditions.
Beams and columns are two important types of structural elements that play a key
role in creating a safe load path to transfer the weight and forces on a structure to
the foundations and into the ground. ... Beams are usually horizontal structural
elements that carry loads perpendicular to their longitudinal direction.
Column is a vertical member in building whose primary function is to support
structural load and transfer it through beams. Upper columns transfer the load to
the lower columns and finally to the ground through footings.
Universal Columns - and commonly referred to as “H” beams, are named after the
'H' shaped appearance of their cross section. The vertical middle section of the beam
is known as the 'web' and the horizontal component is the 'flange'.
14 Types of Columns in Building Construction.
➢ Tied Column.
➢ Spiral Column.
➢ Composite column.
➢ Axially Loaded Column.
➢ Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading.
➢ Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading.
➢ Short Column.
➢ Long Column
➢ Square or Rectangular Column
➢ Circular column
➢ L-Shape Column
➢ T-Shape column
➢ Shape of Steel Column
➢ Shape of Composite Column
➢ Reinforced Concrete, Steel, timber, Brick, Block, and Stone Column
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1. Tied Column
This type of column is commonly used in construction with reinforced concrete.
Longitudinal reinforcement is confined within closely spaced tie reinforcement. It is
estimated that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied.
Tied column
2. Spiral Column
Spiral column is also used in construction with reinforced concrete. In this type
of column, longitudinal bars are confined within closely spaced and continuously
wound spiral reinforcement.
Spiral reinforcement provide lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and delays axial load
failure (ductile).
Spiral Column
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3. Composite column
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section
or pipe with or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.
This type of column has high strength with small cross section, in addition to exhibit
good fire performance.
Composite column
4. Axially Loaded Column
If vertical axial loads act on the center of gravity of the cross-section of the
column, then it is termed as axially loaded column. Axially loaded column is rare in
construction since coinciding vertical loads on the center of gravity of column cross
section is not practical. Interior column of multi-storey buildings with symmetrical
loads from floor slabs from all sides is an example of this type of column.
Axially loaded column
5. Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading
When vertical loads do not coincide with center of gravity of column cross
section, but rather act eccentrically either on X or Y axis of the column cross section,
then it is called uniaxially eccentric loading column.
Column with uniaxial loading are generally encountered in the case of columns rigidly
connected beam from one side only such as edge columns.
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Column with uniaxial eccentric loading
6. Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading
When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of column
cross section and does not act on either axis (X or Y axis), then the column is called
biaxially eccentric loaded column.
Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner columns with beams rigidly
connected at right angles at the top of columns.
Column with biaxial eccentric loading
6. Short Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less
than 12, the column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing
(pure compression failure).
Short column
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7. Long Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension exceeds
12, it is called as long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.
Long column
8. Square or Rectangular Column
They are generally used in the construction of buildings. It is much easier to
construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular ones because of ease
of shuttering and to support it from collapsing due to pressure while the concrete is
still in flowable form.
Square column
9. Circular column
They are specially designed columns, which are mostly used in piling and
elevation of the buildings.
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Circular column
10. L-Shape Column
Commonly, L-shaped column is utilized in the corners of the boundary wall
and has similar characteristics of a rectangular or square column.
L-shaped column
11. T-Shape column
It is utilized based on design requirements of a structure. T-Shaped column is
widely used in the construction of bridges.
T-shaped column
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12. Shape of Steel Column
There are different standard and built up shape of steel columns which are
shown. Common shapes of steel columns include I beam, C channel, equal angle,
and T-shape.
Steel column cross section shape (Standard)
Steel column cross section shape (built up)
13. Shape of Composite Column
The usual shape of composite columns is shown in Fig.
Composite column shape
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Types of columns based on construction materials include
14. Reinforced Concrete, Steel, timber, Brick, Block, and Stone Column.
Types of Column; A-reinforced concrete, B- steel, C-timber, D-brick, E-block, and F-
stone
FOOTING
Footings - are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically made
of concrete with rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench.
The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and prevent settling. ...
A footing is placed below the frost line and then the walls are added on top.
"Footing" is defined as a structure constructed in brickwork, masonry
or concrete under the base of a wall or column for the purpose of distributing the
load over a larger area. "Foundation" is that part of a structure which is in direct
contact with soil and transmits load into it.
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Footings are the most important part of foundation construction. The purpose of
footings is to support the foundation, prevent settling, and is crucial to providing the
proper support for the foundation and ultimately the structure
Under every house is a foundation, and under most foundations are footings. Most
of the time we take footings for granted, and usually we can: For typical soils, a
common 0.60-0.80-meter-wide footing can more than handle the relatively light
weight of an ordinary house.
Types of Foundation for Buildings and their Uses
➢ Individual Footing or Isolated Footing.
➢ Combined Footing.
➢ Spread footings or Strip footings and Wall footings.
➢ Raft or Mat Foundations. Types of Deep Foundation.
➢ Pile Foundations.
➢ Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation.
Isolated footing:
Footings which are provided under each column independently are called as
Isolated footings. They are usually square, rectangular or circular in section. Footing
is laid on PCC. Before laying PCC, termite control liquid is sprayed on top face of PCC
to restrict the termites to damage the footing. Isolated footings are provided where
the soil bearing capacity is generally high and it comprises of a thick slab which may
be flat or stepped or sloped. This type of footings is most economical when compared
with the other kind of footings.
Advantages of Isolated Footing:
1. Economical when columns are placed at longer distances.
2. Workmen with little or no knowledge can easily construct.
3. Ease of Constructability: - Excavation, Formwork, Reinforcement placement
and placing of Concrete is at ease.
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Flat or Pad or Plain footing:
These kind of footings are generally square or rectangular or circular in shape
which are provided under each column independently. Flat or Pad Footing is one of
the Shallow Foundations. It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform
thickness.
Stepped footing:
These types of footings are constructed in olden days now they are outdated.
As from the name its resembling that, footings are stacked upon one another as steps.
Three concrete cross sections are stacked upon each other and forms as a step. This
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type of footings is also called as a Step foundation. Stepped footing is used generally
in residential buildings.
Sloped Footing:
Sloped footings are trapezoidal footings. They are designed and constructed
with great care to see that the top slope of 45 degree is maintained from all
sides. When compared the trapezoidal footing with the flat footing, the usage of
concrete is less. Thus, it reduces the cost of footing in concrete as well as
reinforcement.
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Shoe or eccentric footing:
Shoe footing is the half cut-out from the original footing, and it has a shape of
shoe. They are constructed on property boundary, where there is no provision of
setback area. It is constructed at the corner of the plot when the exterior column is
close to the boundary or property line and hence there is no scope to project footing
much beyond the column face. Column is provided or loaded at the edges of shoe
footing. Shoe footings are constructed when the soil bearing capacity is 24KN/m2
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Combined footing:
A footing which has more than one column is called as combined footing. This
kind of footing is adopted when there is a limited space. Due to lack of space we
cannot cast individual footing, therefore footings are combined in one footing. They
are classified into two types based on their shape:
1. Rectangular combined footing.
2. Trapezoidal combined footing.
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II. Raft or Mat Foundation or footing:
When the column loads are heavy or when the safe bearing capacity of soil is
very low, The required footing area become very large. As mentioned, this footing is
in shallow foundation. So, in order to spread the load over large area with less depth
then we must increase the footing area. If we increase footing area the footings have
overlapped each other, instead of providing each footing on each column all columns
are placed in common footing. A raft foundation is a solid reinforced concrete slab
covering entire area beneath the structure and supporting all the columns. Such
foundation due to its own rigidity minimizes differential settlements.
It is provided in a place like seashore area, coastal area where the water table is very
high and soil bearing capacity is very weak.
When number of columns in more than one row, provided with a combined footing,
the footing is called mat or raft foundation.
How to decide which footing is to be adopted Isolated footing or Raft footing:
1. If the bearing capacity of the soil is very good and the super structural load is
very small. The use of isolated foundation is recommended.
2. If the bearing capacity of the soil is very low, like less than 100 kpa (this isn’t
an exact number, but it could be used as a boundary)
3. If the super structural load to be transferred to the foundation is very high that
the area of the isolated footing to be used is more than half the area covered by
the building (this is recommended by Joseph E. Bowles)
4. When we provide elevator in the building a separate raft may be provided on the
elevator shaft.
5. When the soil contains lenses (or weak zones) that should be bridged then raft
might be used.
Raft footing does not have Neck column, they start directly From the ground surface
but reinforcement of neck column starts from Raft.
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Strip foundation:
Strip foundation is also called as Wall footing. As name itself showcasing that,
it is a strip type footing which follows the path of Superstructure Wall. This type of
footing is constructed for Load bearing walls. It is a continuous strip of concrete that
serves to spread the weight of a load-bearing wall across an area of soil. The strip
footing foundation width is decided by considering bearing capacity of soil. Greater
the bearing capacity of soil lesser is the width of the Strip footing.
Advantages of Strip Footing:
1. It doesn’t require expensive tools to construct.
2. Easy to build
3. Not required skilled labor to construct.
Disadvantages of Strip footing:
1. Less durable when compared with other types of footings
2. This type of footing is not suitable for specific types of soils
Deep foundations or Pile Foundations:
If the depth of a foundation is greater than its width, the foundation laid is
known as deep foundation. In deep foundation, the depth to width ratio is usually
greater than 4 to 5. Deep foundations as compare to Shallow foundations distribute
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the load of the super structure vertically rather than laterally. Deep foundations are
provided when the expected loads from superstructure cannot be supported on
shallow foundations.
Pile footings:
A pile is a long vertical load transferring member made of timber, steel or
concrete. In pile foundations, several piles are driven in the base of the structure.
They are constructed where excessive settlement is to be eliminated and where the
load is to be transferred through soft soil stratum, where the Soil bearing capacity is
enough. These types of footings are provided when the Soil bearing capacity of soil is
very weak and the Ground water table (level) is high. These types of the footings are
generally designed on sea shore areas, bridges to construct pillars, etc.
The main objective of providing piles under the footing is to prevent structure
from settlement. If we don’t provide pile under the footing, then the building will have
settlement. Piles are hammered into the ground till hard strata (in compressible) layer
of earth is found.
Pile foundations are divided into two types they are:
1. Precast Piles.
2. Cast-in-situ piles.
1. Precast Piles:
Precast piles are casted at factory and transported to the site. This kind of piles
are readymade and used where there is less place to cast pile. Precast piles are not
economical and requires more money to transport piles to the site.
The Pre-cast concrete piles are usually reinforced or Pre-stressed concrete piles.
These piles occupy more space for casting and storage and takes more time to set
and cure. The precast concrete piles are generally used for a maximum design load
of about 800 kN except for large Pre-stressed piles. The length of precast concrete
piles varies from 4. 5 m to 30m. The Pre-stressed concrete piles as compared to Pre-
cast and reinforced concrete piles are lesser in weight & easy to handle having high
load carrying capacity and are extremely durable.
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Advantages of Precast Piles:
➢ Reinforcement provided in Precast piles are not liable to change it place and
disturbed.
➢ The cost of Precast piles manufacturing is less because large number of
precast piles are manufactured at a time.
➢ The defects in pile can be easily identified after the removal of formwork, and
these defects (such as presence of cavity or hole) can be repaired before
driving the pile in site.
Disadvantages of Precast Piles:
▪ These piles are heavy, so it requires special equipment to carry and transport
the pile to site.
▪ Enough care must be taken at the time of transportation, otherwise piles may
break.
▪ For embedding these piles in field, heavy pile driving equipment is required.
▪ These piles are costly as extra reinforcement is required to bear handling and
driving stresses.
▪ Post insertion of pile in ground it is not possible to increase the depth of pile. As
the length of the pile is restricted.
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2. Cast-in-situ piles.
The piles which are casted on site. And don’t require any transportation is
called cast-in-situ piles. The cast-In-situ concrete piles are casted in position inside
the ground and need not to be reinforced in ordinary cases. These piles are not
subjected to handling or driving stresses. The cast- in-situ concrete piles are generally
used for a maximum design load of 750 kN.
Paragraph 1. Short discussion/overview about the topic.
Paragraph 2. Brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand
new concepts and skills. It is a concise explanation about the sub-
concepts/contents about the topic
a. These are contents/lesson/sub-topics needed for the learners to
understand the topic
a. It can be taken from the reference book/s or from other resources
but it must be cited and acknowledged properly under references.
b. No need to explain further
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