Module 1

Topic 1: The Land Transportation Office

Learning Objectives:

 Know the history, mission, vision and mandate of the Land

Transportation Office

TOPIC CONTENT:

History:

 February 6, 1912 - Legislative Act 2159 - Automobile Section

 1926 - Act Number 3045 - Automobile Division under BPW.

 January 1, 1933 - Act Number 3992 “Revised Motor Vehicle Law”

 June 2, 1945 - Reorganizing the division and its function (section

chief, division chief, director)

 June 20, 1964 - RA 4136 or the Land Transportation Traffic Code

 March 20,1985 - Executive Order 1011 – Land Transportation

Commission (LTC)

 January 30, 1987 to Present - Land Transportation Office

(LTO); Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory
Board (LTFRB).

Mission: Rationalize the land transportation services and facilities and to

effectively implement the various transportation laws, rules and regulations.

Vision: A front line government agency showcasing fast and efficient public
service for a progressive land transport sector.

Mandate:

 Register roadworthy and emission-compliant motor vehicles;

 License quality drivers; and

  Put order on the road and enforcement of land transportation laws,
rules and regulations.

Topic 2: Motor Vehicle Registration System – Part 1

Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) VOL. 2, PAGE 21-24

Learning Objectives:

 Understand the motor vehicle system of the Philippines

TOPIC CONTENT:

Under Republic Act No. 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code,
here are the guidelines for the motor vehicle registration in the Philippines.

SECTION 3. Definition of Terms

 Motor Vehicle - any vehicle propelled by any power other than

muscular power using the public highways, but excepting road
rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not
used on public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks,
and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used
exclusively for agricultural purposes

 Passenger Automobile - all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar

to those usually known under the following terms: touring car,
command car, speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle car
(except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified
with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet,
and sedan

 Articulated Vehicle - any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front

axle and so attached that part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle
and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is
borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be called as “semi-
trailer.”

 Driver - every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle

 Professional Driver - every and any driver hired or paid for driving
or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the
public.

 Owner - the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name

such vehicle is duly registered with the Land Transportation
Commission. The “owner” of a government-owned motor vehicle is
the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau to which the said
motor vehicle belongs.

 Dealer - every person, association, partnership, or corporation

making, manufacturing, constructing, assembling, remodeling,
rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles; and every such entity acting
as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor
vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or
selling same or handling with a view to trading same

 Garage - any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either

with or without drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall
not include street stands, public service stations, or other public
places designated by proper authority as parking spaces for motor
vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business

 Gross weight - the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the

maximum allowable carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or
passenger, as determined by the Commissioner of Land
Transportation

 Highways - every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway,

avenue, park, alley and callejon, but shall not include roadway upon
grounds owned by private persons, colleges, universities, or other
similar institutions

 Parking or Parked - a motor vehicle is “parked” or “parking” if it has

been brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway,
and remains inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable
period of time. A motor vehicle which properly stops merely to
discharge a passenger or to take in a waiting passenger, or to load
or unload a small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch shall
not be considered as “parked”, if the motor vehicle again moves
away without delay
  Tourist - a foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or
culture

SECTION 5. Compulsory Registration of Motor Vehicles - All motor

vehicles and trailer of any type used or operated on or upon any highway of
the Philippines must be registered with the Bureau of Land Transportation for
the current year in accordance with the provisions of RA 4136 (Amended by
BP74)

SECTION 6. Application and Payments for Registration - Applications and

payments for registration shall be made either personally or by registered
mail, and the date of the cancellation of the postage stamps of envelopes
containing money order or check shall be taken as the date of the application
and/or payment for registration: Provided, That the application is properly
prepared and the payment for registration is sufficient as required by law.

SECTION 7. Registration Classification (Amended by BP74)

(a) Private – Motor vehicles registered under this classification shall not be
used for hire under any circumstance.

(b) For Hire – Motor vehicles registered under this classification are those
covered by certificates of public convenience, or special permits issued by the
Board of Transportation, and shall be subject to the provisions of the Public
Service Act and the rules and regulations issued thereunder, as well as the
provisions of this Act.

(c) Government – Motor vehicles owned by the government of the Philippines

or any of its political subdivisions shall be registered under this classification.

(d) Diplomatic – Motor vehicles owned by foreign governments or by their

duly accredited diplomatic officers in the Philippines and used in the
discharged of their official duties.

SECTION 8. Schedule of Registration Fees

Aged Private Vehicles - refers to private passenger cars registered under E.O.
43 series of 1986. Pursuant to MC # EMA-MC-01348 dated 8/18/01

Vehicle Categories

 Light
  Medium

 Heavy

REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE

Monthly schedule is based on the last digit of the plate number.

 1 – January

 2 – February

 3 – March

 4 – April

 5 – May

 6 – June

 7 – July

 8 – August

 9 – September

 0 – October

Weekly schedule is based on the second to the last digit of the plate number.

 1, 2, 3 – 1st to the 7th working day of the month

 4, 5, 6 – 8th to the 14th working day of the month

 7, 8 – 15 to the 21st working day of the month

 9, 0 – 22nd to the last working day of the month

SECTION 9. Permissible Weights and Dimensions of Vehicles in

Highways Traffic

R.A No. 8794 - MOTOR VEHICLES USER’S CHARGE (MVUC) LAW

An amount equivalent to 25% of the MVUC shall be imposed on trucks and
trailers for loading beyond their prescribed gross vehicle weight: provided ,
that no axle load shall exceed 13,500 kgs.

Topic 3: Motor Vehicle Registration System – Part 2

Learning Objectives:

 Understand the motor vehicle system of the Philippines

TOPIC CONTENT:

SECTION 10: Special Permit - Vehicles exceeding the permissible

dimension without special permit are not allowed to be operated on public
highways.

SECTION 11. Additional Fees - Any changes on Certificate of Registration or

Driver’s License requires additional fees otherwise known as miscellaneous
transaction.

SECTION 12. Fee for the Original Registration for Part of Year -
Computation of registration fee for the first year of registration.

SECTION 13. Payment of Taxes upon Registration - No proof of payment

of taxes – No Registration.

SECTION 14. Issuance of Certificates of Registration - Numbered

certificate of registration (MV File No.)

SECTION 15. Use and Authority of Certificates of Registration - A

photocopy or the original CR are required to be preserved and carried in the
car by the owner or driver of a motor vehicle.

SECTION 16. Suspension of Registration Certificate

Registration of MV may be suspended if found:

 Unsightly

 Unsafe

 Overloaded
  Improperly marked or quipped

 Unfit to be operated

 Capable of causing excessive damage to the highways

 Not conforming to minimum standards and specifications

SECTION 17. Number Plates, Preparation and Issuances

 MV Private - all numbers and letters are green with white

background for the old plates while black with white background for
the new plates. Old plates have 3 letters and 3 numbers. New plates
have 3 letters and 4 numbers.

 MV For Hire- all numbers and letters are black with yellow
background. Rainbow plates are for tourist MV.

 Trailer Plates- all numbers and letters are green with white
background for the old plates while black with white background for
the new plates.

 Trailer Plates For Hire- all numbers and letters black with yellow
background.

 MV Government - all numbers and letters are red with white

background.

 MV Diplomatic – all numbers and letters are blue with white

background and with four or five numbers.

 MC/TC Private - all numbers and letters are green with white
background for the old plates while black with white background for
new.

 MC/TC Government - all numbers and letters are red with white
background.

 TC For Hire - all numbers and letters are black with yellow
background.

Validation Stickers and Plate Year Tags

Validation Stickers –are stickers that are attached on the windshield.

Plate Year Tags – are stickers that are attached on the plates of vehicles
indicating the year of registration.

Regional Assignments of Letters in Plate Number Issuance

Assignment and distribution of Motor Vehicle License Plates from July 1, 2016
onwards based on Memorandum Circular No. 2018-2143 (Annex I). The
starting letter of the plate number indicates the region where the vehicle was
first registered

 Region I – I

 Region II – B

 Region III – C

 Region IV-A – D

 Region IV-B – V

 Region V – E

 Region VI – F

 Region VII – G

 Region VIII – H

 Region IX – J

 Region X – K

 Region XI – L

 Region XII – M

 NCR – N

 CAR – Y

 CARAGA – Z
PROTOCOL PLATES as per DOTr D.O 2015-013

1 – President of the Republic of the Philippines

2 – Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines

3 – Senate President

4 – Speaker of the House Representative

5 – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

6 – Cabinet Secretary

7 – Senator

8 – Congressman / Member – House of Representative

9 – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

10 – Solicitor General, Presiding Justice and Other Justices of the Court

Appeals

11 – Chairman of the Commission on Elections

12 – Cabinet Undersecretary

14 – Chief of Staff, AFP and Chief, PNP

16 – Regional Trial Court Judges (RTC)

17 – Metropolitan Trial Court (MeTC), Metropolitan Trial Court in the Cities

(MTCC), Metropolitan Trial Court (MTC) and Sha’ra Court

MV Plates Issuance

The issuance of these Plates are at any LTO Registration Offices where the
MV, TRL, MC & TC are first registered.

SECTION 18. Use of Number Plates

 At all times, number plates must be displayed in conspicuous places,

one in front and one in the rear.
  The number plates must be kept clean and cared for, and firmly affixed
to the motor vehicle in such a manner as will make it entirely visible and
always legible.

Exemption to MV Registration

 road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers,

bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, at cranes if not used on
public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors,
trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural
purposes.

 Construction or agricultural equipment or machineries are not allowed in

public road, hence, not subject for registration

Topic 4: Driver’s License System

Learning Objectives:

 Understand the driver’s licensing system of the Philippines

 Know the difference among the student permit, non-professional driver’s

license, professional driver’s license and conductor’s license

TOPIC CONTENT:

SECTION 19. Duty to Have a License

The license must be carried at all times when operating a motor vehicle and
shall be shown and/or surrendered for cause and upon demand to any person
with authority under this RA 4136 to confiscate the same.

SECTION 20. License for Enlisted Men Operating Government Vehicle

(Repealed by BP398)

SECTION 21. Operation of Motor Vehicle by Tourists - Any tourist or

transients desiring to operate a motor vehicle are be allowed to do so for a
period of not more than 90 days. Provided, bona fide tourist and transients
who are duly licensed in their respective countries.

After ninety (90) days, they are required to have a Philippine driver’s license.
SECTION 22 and SECTION 23. Application for Driver’s License (refer to
Supplemental IRR of RA 10930)

Professional - An authority embodied in a form prescribed by the LTO to a

person to operate a private and public utility vehicle for a fee. Shall mean
every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle,
whether for private use or for hire to the public.

Requirements:

 At least eighteen (18) years of age

 With valid non-professional license

 No contagious disease

Non-Professional - An authority embodied in a form prescribed by the LTO to

a person to operate a private motor vehicle.

Requirements:

 At least seventeen (17) years of age

 With Valid or Expired Student Permit (SP)

SECTION 23. Issuance of Driver’s License, Fees and Validity (amended

by RA 10930)

 shall be entitled to a renewal of such license for ten (10) years –

provided, however, that DL holder has no traffic violation prior to
renewal.

 The LTO shall serve as the repository of all lawfully issued traffic
violation.

 Establishment of stricter rules before the issuance of Driver's License.

Demerit Point (Traffic Violation Points) – an arithmetical value, specified by

integer numbers, assigned to and accumulated by a driver-violator for every
corresponding traffic violation committed as used in the Point System

Categories of Violations and their corresponding demerit points

 1. Grave violation – 5 demerit points

2. Less grave violation – 3 demerit points

3. All other violations not otherwise enumerated as grave or less grave

which shall be considered light – 1 demerit point

Drivers of public utility vehicles (PUV) shall be meted double the number of
demerit points for every traffic violation committed while operating a For Hire
motor vehicle.

Including the driver of a private motor vehicle operating as a PUV but without
proper authority from the LTFRB

Accumulation period – during the validity of DL

Driving Enhancement Program (DEP)

 All holders of driver’s license for renewal shall be required to attend the
DEP

 Holders of delinquent DL must attend the DEP and must pass the
theoretical and practical examination

 DEP, theoretical and practical examination may be imposed to DL

holders during intervention program

A driver who is not able to complete the intervention program within thirty (30)
days from his last apprehension, after a notice has been given, shall have his
driver’s license suspended until he is able to attend the required course.

Period of Prohibition from Non-Pro to PRO or additional DL Code

 1-2 demerit pts – 3 months prohibition

 3-4 demerit pts – 6 months prohibition

 5 or more demerit pts – 1 year prohibition

SECTION 24. Use of driver’s license and identification card (amended by

BP398) - Every license issued under RA 4136, as amended, to any driver
shall entitle the holder thereof, while the same is valid and effective, to
operate motor vehicles described in such license
SECTION 25. Driver’s Record

Any driver who changes his address shall, within fifteen days, are to notify the
LTO in writing of his new address, name and address of his new employer,
the number of the motor vehicle he is employed to operate, and such other
information as the LTO may require.

SECTION 26. Renewal of License (refer to Supplemental IRR of RA

10930)

SECTION 27. Authority to Suspend, Revoke and Reinstate Driver’s

License (amended by BP398)

Without prejudice to the authority of the court in appropriate cases and except,
the Director shall have exclusive power and authority to suspend or revoke for
cause any driver's license

SECTION 28. Driver’s Bond (amended by BP398)

The driver may be required to post a bond before reinstating a DL as a result

of any damage incurred by the driver to serve as a surety.

SECTION 29. Confiscation of Driver’s License (amended by BP398)

Only LTO deputized Traffic enforcers are allowed to confiscate driver’s

license

SECTION 30. Student-driver’s Permit (SP) (refer to Supplemental IRR of

RA 10930)

Requirements:

 Sixteen (16) years old for Filipinos and Eighteen (18) years old for
Foreigners

 Able to read and write (English, Filipino or any major dialect)

 Physically and mentally fit

 Mandatory 15 hours driving education (from LTO or accredited driving

school) before taking the written examination

 Valid for a period of one (1) year – RA 4136 Section 30

  Expired SP for not more than one (1) year may be used only to apply for
DL

 Must pass the theoretical examination with the passing rate of 80%
(20/25)

 Renewable SP upon payment of renewal fee.

 No need for theoretical examination on plain renewal of SP

Validity of Student Permit

 YEAR 1: Valide SP - 1st Year – Learn to Drive – one month for NPDL

 YEAR 2: Expired SP - 1st year of Expired SP - Apply only for DL and

No driving lesson

 YEAR 3 or More: Delinquent SP After one year of expired SP – must

renew SP with written exam

Expired SP - may be renewed after the date of expiration upon payment of

renewal fee and appropriate fines and/or penalty, if there is any.

Delinquent SP - may be renewed after passing the written examination upon

payment of renewal fee and appropriate fines and/or penalty, if there is any.

SECTION 31. Imitation and False Representation

No person shall make or use or attempt to make or use a driver’s license,

badge, certificate of registration, number plate, tag or permit and imitation or
similitude of those issued DL or SP

SECTION 32. Exceeding Registered Capacity, Issuance of Conductor’s

License, Validity and Fee

 No person operating any motor vehicle are allowed more passengers or

more freight or cargo on his vehicle than its registered carrying
capacity.

 No person operating any motor vehicle allowed any passengers to ride

on the cover or top of such vehicle.
  No driver is allowed to let any person ride on the running board, step
board, or mudguard of his motor vehicle for any purpose while the
vehicle is in motion.

Conductor’s License - is an authority embodied in a form prescribed by the

LTO to a person to assist the driver of a public utility vehicle to collect fares
and/or to ensure the safety of the passengers and/or cargo while the said
vehicle is in operation.

Requirements:

 Eighteen (18) year old and above

 Physically and mentally fit

 No contagious disease

 Able to read and write (English, Filipino etc.)

 Must pass the online examination (new & delinquent)

 No unsettled traffic violation

 Attended & passed the Road Safety Seminar

 No pending criminal cases

Topic 5: Law Enforcement, Ticketing System at Mga

Ahensyang Katuwang ng LTO
Learning Objectives:

 Learn what is law enforcement and its types

 Learn the ticketing system implemented in the Philippines

 Know the other government agencies working hand-in-hand with

LTO

TOPIC CONTENT:

Law Enforcement
  Put order on the road and enforce land transportation laws, rules and
regulations.

 To carry out effectively a rule of conduct or action prescribed by a

controlling authority and formally recognized as binding by the
people in a given territory.

Types of Enforcement

 Persuasive

 Preventive

 Punitive

Ticketing System

 Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) - issued by LTO deputized

enforcers for traffic and administrative (non-moving violations) which
serves as:

 Receipt for driver’s license confiscated;

 Notice and Summon;

 Temporary driver’s license (for 72 hrs. only)

 Traffic Violation Receipt (TVR) - issued by MMDA deputized

enforcers for traffic violations committed within Metro Manila (under
Sec. 5F of R.A. No. 7924 dated April 15, 1995)

 Uniform Ordinance Violation Receipt (UOVR) - issued by Local

Government Units (LGU’s) under the Single Ticketing System dated
Jan. 26, 2012, MMDA Resolution No. 12-02 (Only in Metro Manila)

 Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) - issued by the LGU under Sec. 5 of PD

1605 dated Nov. 21, 1978

Note: Non-confiscation of Driver’s License under Joint Memorandum Circular

No. 1 Series of 2008 dated September 10, 2008, under Sec. 3.4A

Relationship with other Agencies

DOTr - DOTr is the primary policy, planning, programming, coordinating,
implementing, regulating and administrative entity of the executive branch of
the government in the promotion, development, regulation of a dependable
and coordinated network of transportation.

LTFRB - Certificate of Public Convenience (franchising of public utility motor

vehicle) including enforcement of the Public Service Law (CA 146).

PNP-HPG - Enforcement of Republic Act 4136

MMDA/LGUs - Responsible for traffic direction and control within Metro

Manila and its Localities

DPWH - Responsible for road engineering and infrastructure as well as

construction, maintenance and repairs of roads including installation of traffic
signs and signals and pavement markings.

Topic 7: Traffic Signs Part 1

Good day to you, student driver!

For this part of our discussion, we will talk about the Traffic Signs. One
effective way to ensure safe driving is to identify and be adequately informed
about the road signs here in the Philippines.

So, are you ready? Let’s begin!

There are three categories of traffic signs: the Regulatory Signs, the Warning
Signs and the Guide or Informative Signs.

Let’s begin with the first category of road signs:

the REGULATORY SIGNS. These are under regulation or law, where

noncompliance will result in a legal offense that may require surrender of your
driver's license.

REGULATORY SIGNS are usually circular or triangular in shape. They are

usually red or havered outlines to make it easier to see. Others are blue,
yellow or green, depending on which sub-group it belongs to.

Under the regulatory signs are the three sub-groups: the PROHIBITIVE
SIGNS, the Directional SIGNS and the PRIORITY SIGNS;
First, let's discuss PROHIBITIVE SIGNS. Are these signs familiar to you? The
signs you see indicate that all vehicles are prohibited from entering a
particular road.

There is also a sign where in selected types of vehicle are prohibited from
entering, like Cars, jeepneys, tricycles, buses and others depending on the
vehicle pictured in the sign. These are PROHIBITIVE SIGNS that limit some
maneuvers, such as NO TURN SIGNS and No OVERTAKING SIGN. Another
example of Prohibitive Signs is the NO BLOWING OF HORNSIGN. In
addition, there are also warnings related to pedestrians regarding the
prohibition of crossing the road.

Even the strict reminder on the use of overpass or pedestrian crossings is

also included here.

Also part of the PROHIBITIVE SIGNS are the LOAD AND DIMENSION
RESTRICTION SIGNS, that indicate the class of vehicles that is allowed to
enter

a particular road or bridge. Examples of these are

NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES

WITH GROSS AXLE LOAD OF MORE THAN 2TONS,

NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH GROSS VEHICLE MASS OF MORE

THAN 5 TONS,

NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 2 METERS OF WIDTH,

NO ENTRY FORVEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 3.5 METERS IN HEIGHT

and

NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 10 METERS IN LENGTH.

Also included are SPEED LIMIT SIGNS, like these. There are signs for
maximum speed restriction, end of speed restriction, and minimum speed
restriction.

Now let’s tackle another sub-group of REGULATORY SIGNS, THE

DIRECTIONAL SIGNS. These are road signs that indicate the only direction in
which the motorist
is obliged to follow. Some examples of this include NO TURNS, ONE WAY
and KEEP RIGHT. Often, these signs have white arrows over a blue circle
placed in a rectangle with a label.

Now, these are the road signs included in the sub-group PRIORITY SIGNS.
These are designed to guide drivers in the priority of passing vehicles at
junctions or roads ahead.

One example of this is the STOP SIGN, which means the driver should stop at
the designated stop line. It also includes the GIVE WAY SIGN where the
driver should yield to the vehicles on the right side of the intersection. So, are
the traffic signs we have discussed familiar to you now? Let’s proceed, to
learn more.

This is the sub-group, PARKING SIGNS. These are the signs that indicate the
allowable parking and loading zone at a given time and place.

Another important sign and ruling that drivers must remember is the NO
PARKING sign within four meters of a FIRE HYDRANT.

Other examples of parking signs that inform drivers parking is not allowed are
BUS-PUJ STOPZONE, BUS STOP ZONE and PUJ STOP ZONE. In case of

violation of the sign NO PARKING: TOW-AWAY ZONE, the parked vehicles

will be towed.

It is also important to be alert and consider the safety of other road users.
REGULATORYSIGNS also include several warnings regarding pedestrians,

children, bikers and persons with disabilities. These signs inform the drivers
that there are people around.

The USE SEAT BELT SIGN is used pursuant to Republic Act 8750 or the
SEAT BELT LAW. This is to ensure your safety in case of a road accident.

And that’s the end of the first part of our discussion on Traffic Signs. I hope
this made you more familiar with the regulatory signs you see on the streets.
At the

same time, may you clearly understand the meaning of the different
PROHIBITIVE SIGNS, DIRECTIONAL SIGNS and PRIORITY SIGNS.
Topic 8: Traffic Signs Part 2
Good day, student driver!

Let’s continue our discussion about Traffic Signs.

In the previous topic, we have talked about various Regulatory Signs and their
sub-groups. In this part, we will learn the second category of road signs in the
Philippines.

These are the WARNING SIGNS. These are usually triangular in shape and
have a red outline. YELLOW is also used for warning signs. These signs are
used to alert motorists to the road conditions and dangers ahead. Some
examples of this are the ROAD CURVE AHEAD SIGNS. These are warnings
to remind us of the use of safe and proper driving speeds on the road with
bends or curves.

MERGE SIGNS, INTERSECTION AND JUNCTION SIGNS are also types of

warning signs. These are warnings about merging traffic that may require a
change in lane or to allow other traffic to merge in your lane.

ADVANCE WARNING OR TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE SIGNS. These

signs are noticed if you are driving near an intersection. One example of this
is the TRAFFIC LIGHTS AHEAD. In this sign, the driver must not park or stop
within six meters of this sign as it reduces visibility for other drivers. Also
included here are the STOP SIGN AHEAD and GIVE WAY SIGN AHEAD.

Now, these are the ROAD WIDTH SIGNS. This is used to inform you that you
are approaching a narrow road, or the narrow road is about to end.

Now these are the ROAD OBSTACLE SIGNS. These are used to warn about
possible dangers or roadblocks that could slow down your driving. Included
here are these signs: OPENINGBRIDGE AHEAD, UNEVEN ROAD AHEAD,
HUMP AHEAD, DOWNHILL SIGN, UPHILL SIGN, LOW-FLYING AIRPLANE
ZONE, SPILL WAY SIGN, FLOOD-PRONE AREA, LANDSLIDE-PRONE
AREA, ANIMAL CROSSING AHEAD and SLIPPERY WHEN WET. You also
need to slow down when you see these Warning Signs because other road
users such as children, PWDs, and bikers are common in the area.

Also take note of the RAILWAY CROSSING SIGNS. These are designed to
alert drivers to railroad tracks ahead. Drivers must be aware of any
approaching trains from both directions and be prepared to stop, if necessary.
Here are some of the RAILROAD ADVANCE WARNING SIGNS.

This is the ROAD WORK AHEAD SIGN. It informs that there is road
construction ahead.

Here are the SUPPLEMENTAL WARNING SIGNS. These are used to provide
more information and clarity on primary warning signs. Examples of these are
the "when wet" sign combined with the SLIPPERY ROAD warning sign, the
NEXT sign to indicate the distance from the Hazard area, and the VERTICAL
CLEARANCE sign that indicates the maximum height of the vehicle that fits
the road.

Other examples of supplemental warning signs are the SLOW DOWN

ACCIDENT PRONEAREA, SLOW DOWN WEIGHBRIDGE AHEAD for
weighing vehicles, LANE ENDS and MERGE signs among many others.

Great! Now you know more about our country’s REGULATORY SIGNS and
WARNING SIGNS. But wait... there's more! Are you ready to proceed?

Let’s find out the third and final category of road signs in the country, the
GUIDE for INFORMATIVE SIGNS. These road signs are usually rectangular
and are in green or blue color. These signs are meant to inform and advise
road users about the directions, distances and routes.

Under this are the ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGNS that indicate the only
direction in which the motorist is obliged to follow. Next are the
INTERSECTION DIRECTION SIGNS that are visible less than one kilometer
before an intersection. So, you have to be alert while driving so you won’t
miss your desired exit. Next are the REASSURANCE DIRECTION SIGNS
that inform the approximate distance of a particular exit. Then we have the
FINGER and BOARD DIRECTIONSIGNS. These provide directions to towns,
scenic attractions, geographical interests, and less important intersections.
There are also signs that are meant to inform the road users about the name
of the place they are passing or entering, these are the STREET NAMES,
TOWN NAMESAND GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURE SIGNS.

If you need to go to facilities such as gas stations, restaurants, hospitals and

others, then the SERVICE SIGNS are used to inform the road users of their
location. Now you have better knowledge about the meaning of these signs it
would be easier to understand them on your next trip.

Did you know that the main Kilometer Zero Marker of the Philippines is
located in Luneta Park, Manila? The kilometer zero marker serves as a
reference point for measuring distance. There are kilometer posts that can be
seen on the road that inform our distance from the zero marker. There are
other similar markers found on the streets in different provinces of the
country.

The white colored signs with numbers or arrows printed in black seen on
significant arterial roads and national highways are called ROUTE MARKERS.
This is used to identify and give direction on how far the arterial road is. On
the other hand, the blue and white signs here are the ASIAN HIGHWAY
ROUTE MARKERS. As additional information, the Asian Highway network or
AH is the agreed international project that aims to improve the highway
system in Asia. It has 140,000 kilometers of roads within 32 countries.

We are now at the last part of our learning regarding road signs and traffic
rules. Let's now learn the OTHER TRAFFIC INSTRUCTION SIGNS. These
are additional reminders for increased compliance with regulatory and warning
signs that you have learned in the earlier part of our discussion. Some
examples of this are the USE OVERPASS, STOP HERE ON RED SIGNAL,
SLOW CARS STAY RIGHT and many others.

And last but not the least! Let's learn and remember about the HAZARD
MARKERS. These are signs used to emphasize to the approaching driver a
marked change in direction of travel and the presence of an obstruction. It is
also used to indicate two-way roads and provide an early warning if there is
an obstruction on the road. The ONE-WAY hazard markers give the driver the
direction to follow. While CHEVRON MARKERS, guide the drivers through the
change in horizontal alignment of the road. The TWO-WAY hazard markers
are used where it is necessary to define an exposed obstruction on a traffic
island nose at which traffic may pass to either side. The OBSTRUCTION
MARKERS indicate road closure ahead.
There are also hazard markers used on columns of overpass structure or
median road islands. The WIDTH MARKERS indicate a narrowing width
clearance designed and placed near the foot of the bridge approach.

And this is where our discussion on TRAFFIC SIGNS ends.

Remember, REGULATORY SIGNS are signs that a driver must follow and
failure to comply may cause accidents or penalties due to violations.

WARNING SIGNS are signs used to alert on unexpected or dangerous

conditions ahead to keep your driving safe

INFORMATIVE OR GUIDE SIGNS – are signs that give direction to motorists

such as cities or municipalities and places such as church, school, airport and
gas station.

Topic 9: Pavement Markings and Signals Part 1

Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) VOL. 1, PAGE 93

We will now discuss another important and interesting topic. I'm ready! Are
you? Come on, let's start!

When you travel, do you notice various markings painted on the street? What
do they mean? That’s what we are going to talk about in this session.

PAVEMENT MARKINGS or road markings provide continuous information to

road users about roadway alignment, vehicle positioning and other important
driving-related tasks. It is important to maintain safety and order on our roads.
Each type of pavement marking has its own uses and meaning. Now, let’s
discuss them one by one.

First, is the EDGE LINE. It is the solid white line that indicates the side of the
roadway, separating the road from the curb or sidewalk. Any asphalt or
concrete surface beyond this line should not be used in normal driving
operations by your vehicle.

CENTER LINE is the solid white line in the middle of the road that is often
used to separate traffic flow in opposite directions. Because it isa solid line,
overtaking is permitted but is not recommended.
We also see BROKEN WHITE LINES on the road. It is a sign of division
between lanes leading in the same direction on a multi-lane road. If the street
is only two lanes, the broken white line is also used to show its center and to
separate opposite traffic. The broken white line is a reminder to stay in your
lane. However, orderly and safe overtaking or changing lanes are allowed
here. If your lane stops because of the Stop traffic light sign, make sure your
car doesn’t go beyond the STOP LINE. It is a horizontal line near the
pedestrian lane or intersection. There is also the SOLID WHITE LINE - LANE
DIVIDER near intersections or crossroads that imply that drivers have to stay
in the lane. The pavement marking SOLID YELLOW LANE DIVIDER means
that overtaking from both directions is prohibited. But the crossing movement
can be used to cross the other side of the road, for instance, if the vehicle is
parked on the other side. If the pavement marking is a combination of
BROKEN and SOLID YELLOW LINE, crossing the part of the broken line is
allowed but not on the solid line. This is the SOLID YELLOW DOUBLE
CENTER LINE, which strongly prohibits overtaking from both directions as
well as crossing movement. It is usually seen on the road with speedy
vehicles, blind curves or in accident prone areas.

The CONTINUITY LINE are wider and closer together than other lane
markings. If these lines are on your left, that means the lane where you are is
ending or exiting and you should switch lanes if you want to continue your
current direction. If you're on the right ,you can stay in your lane or move to
the exit. It is usually seen on-ramps and exit-ramps on some access highways
and freeways.

Question, if you are entering the expressway, what should be your vehicle
speed?

While at the entrance ramp carefully check the zone conditions and
immediately follow the speed of the vehicles inside the expressway.
TRANSITION LINES serve as a guide for vehicles to safely pass through
roadway obstructions such as islands, median strips or bridge piers. It is also
used to inform changes in the width of the traveled portion of the roadway and
an increase or reduction in traffic lanes.

GIVE WAY or HOLDING LINES are marks made up of two side-by-side white
lines that can be seen on the main road and side road. This suggests that the
driver should give way to all traffic on the main road in accordance with the
standard sign shown on this side of the road. If you see ROUNDABOUT
HOLDING LINES, it tells you where you'll stop before entering the
roundabout. Remember, the cars inside the roundabout have the right-of-way
over vehicles which are just about to enter. The roundabouts are often divided
into two-lane, three-lane and four lane approaches. The general rule in
roundabout approaches is that when a vehicle is in the right lane, it must turn
to the first exit of the roundabout or go straight to the second exit. When
you're in the left lane, either you can go straight, get out to the left exit or
make a U-turn. In four-lane approaches, vehicles are separated depending on
where the vehicle will go. Vehicles in the outermost left lane are for those
entering the roundabout and will make a U-turn. The next lane is for vehicles
that will make a left turn, the third lane is for vehicles that are going straight
and the outermost right lane is for vehicles that will turn right. We also have
roundabouts wherein the U-turn slot comes before entering a rotunda.

Did you get it clearly?

Now, let's move on and discuss PEDESTRIAN LANES. It has two types: the
signalized and non-signalized. THE SIGNALIZED PEDESTRIAN LANES
consists of signal displays, line markings and traffic lights. This gives priority
to vehicles, and only allows pedestrians to cross when the traffic light sign is
turned on. Meanwhile, the NON-SIGNALIZED PEDESTRIAN LANE does not
have traffic light signals. As a result, vehicles must give way to pedestrians
and stop before the pedestrian lane marking. We see these pedestrian lanes
more often in our country. Here, we prioritize the safety of pedestrians. Also
keep in mind that it is forbidden to block the pedestrian lane when you make a
stop here. And that ends our two-part discussion on Pavement Markings.

Topic 10: Pavement Markings and Signals Part 2

Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) VOL. 1, PAGE 99

Good day to you, Student Driver!

Now let's continue our discussion about Pavement Markings. This is the
TURN LINE. It is used to guide vehicles in turning at intersections in order to
avoid going to the opposite lane.

LOADING AND UNLOADING BAY LANE LINE is used to indicate the correct
location where passengers can ride or get off the vehicle, especially for public
utility vehicles. It is a solid white or yellow line on the side of the road that
gives space for the vehicle and the unloading area.

Most of the time there are continuity lines that can also be seen in this part of
the road. This is the markings for PARKING BAY. The lines are for the smooth
and efficient use of the dedicated parking area. There are also parking spaces
reserved only for Persons with Disabilities.

APPROACH PAVEMENT MARKINGS FOR ISLANDS AND OBSTRUCTIONS

are the oblique markings on the road. These guide the vehicles to their
desired paths of travel and to avoid the island or any obstruction. The length
of the transition line depends on the width of the island or obstruction.

RUMBLE STRIPS are horizontal white lines on the road that are slightly
raised and are used to alert drivers through vibration, as if the vehicle is being
shaken, while passing on it. It gives warning on traffic hazards ahead, such as
dangerous curves, accident prone areas or merging traffic.

The CURB STRIPING or painting is used in drop-offs and pick-up zones. This
is for the parking and other curb rules to be clear to the road users.

YELLOW CURB PAINTING means NO PARKING. Temporary stop to load or

unload passengers is allowed but the driver must stay inside the vehicle.

Meanwhile, RED CURBPAINTING means NO PARKING and NO LOADING

and UNLOADING. It is often seen on the streets with heavy traffic flow or
areas with fire hydrants. Red curb pavement markings are also used for
designated FIRE LANES. This is for the rapid mobility of firefighters and
rescue personnel. No vehicle except fire trucks and rescue vehicles can park
here.

The RAILROAD CROSSING AHEAD pavement marking has a white, X-

shaped sign or “crossbuck" and painted letters "RR'. These markings warn
you to be aware of the crossing ahead and to pay particular attention to the
possible approach of a train.

PAVEMENT ARROWS are the white arrows on the road used for lane control.
It points to the direction in which the vehicle should be headed. The vehicle
should just go straight, turn or make a U-turn. So when you're driving in a
lane, make sure the pavement marking is in accordance with the direction you
want to go.

In the SPEED LIMIT MARKING, the number stated on the pavement is the set
limit for the speed of vehicles in an area. This is a reminder in addition to other
speed limit road signs that can also be seen on the road.

So, what are the other markers we see on the road?

Here’s more...

OBJECT MARKINGS are used to mark obstructions on or across the road

that may disrupt your driving. It is usually reflectorized or painted with black
and white or yellow stripes so you can easily notice it. We also see roadway
objects such as barriers and traffic cones. These are used for separating the
lanes and guiding the traffic to move in one direction.

RAISED PAVEMENT MARKING is a safety device used on the road which

replaces lane lines. It is usually made of plastic, ceramic, thermoplastic paint,
glass or metal that differs in shape and color. Some of these markings are
reflectorized so it is easy to see them at night. An example of this is the CAT'S
EYES. Also on the streets, we see BUS AND PUV LANE pavement markings.
These are the unbroken yellow lines on the road that are used to separate
designated lanes for buses and Public Utility Jeepneys from other vehicles. At
times, raised pavement markers such as steel bollards and barriers are
placed on these lanes.

There are also pavement markings for MOTORCYCLE LANES. It is to mark

the designated lanes to serve as a guide for motorists and also to prevent
accidents. BICYCLE LANE pavement marking is a solid white line that means
only bicycles can use this lane.

Do you now understand the meaning of the different pavement markings?

Now let's talk about TRAFFIC LIGHTS and the meaning of its signals.

TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNS are road signals for directing traffic using color lights.
It is also called a stoplight or traffic signal. GREEN SIGNAL means “go”
wherein vehicles can continue driving, just make sure there are no
pedestrians or other road users crossing before proceeding. FLASHING
GREEN SIGNAL ORARROW means the vehicle facing this green signal can
go straight, turn right or left as long as itis done with caution.

YELLOW SIGNAL means the red light is about to light up. So vehicles should
safely stop or slow down if they are not inside the intersection. FLASHING
YELLOW SIGNAL is a reminder that motorists may continue to drive but with
caution.

The RED SIGNAL means that vehicles must stop at the clearly marked line.
FLASHING REDSIGNAL means the vehicle should stop and only proceed
driving if it is already safe and allowed.
These are the proper hand signals you need to learn in driving. This is used to
alert drivers behind you in case you will make a turn, slow down or stop.

How to use them?

If you are turning left, just extend your arm straight out the window. If turning
right, extend your arm out the driver’s window with your elbow bent and point
your hand upward. And to stop, extend your amount the window and point
your arm down with your fingers extended. Remember that this can only be
used in case of emergencies and if your vehicle signal lights are not working.
If this is the case, it should be fixed immediately because vehicles with
defective signal lights are not allowed on the road.

Topic 11: Rules on Turning and Overtaking

Learning Objectives

 Learn the rules on turning and overtaking

 Learn the specifics of when and when not to overtake

TOPIC CONTENT

SECTION 37. Driving on Right Side of Highway - …every person operating

a motor vehicle or an animal-drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to the
right when meeting persons or vehicles coming toward him, and to the left
when overtaking persons or vehicles going the same direction.

-…when turning to the left in going from one highway to another, every vehicle
shall be conducted to the right of the center of the intersection of the highway.

SECTION 39. Overtaking a Vehicle – The driver of any motor vehicle

overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a
safe distance to the left thereof.

Cutting an overtaken vehicle - No driver shall drive to the right side of the
highway after overtaking before his motor vehicle is safely clear of such
overtaken vehicle.

SECTION 40. Driver to Give Way to Overtaking Vehicle. – The driver of a

vehicle about to be overtaken and passed by another vehicle approaching
from the rear shall give way to the overtaking vehicle on suitable and audible
signal being given by the driver of the overtaking vehicle
- … shall not increase the speed of his vehicle until completely passed by the
overtaking vehicle

SECTION 40. Restrictions on Overtaking and Passing.

(a) The driver of a vehicle shall not drive to the left side of the center line of a
highway in overtaking or passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction, unless such left side is clearly visible, and is free of oncoming traffic
for a sufficient distance ahead to permit such overtaking or passing to be
made in safety.

(b) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, when approaching the crest of a grade, not
upon a curve in the highway, where the driver’s view along the highway is
obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet ahead, except on a highway
having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction where the
driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass another vehicle: Provided, That on a
highway within a business or residential district, having two or more lanes for
movement of traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle may overtake or
pass another vehicle on the right.

(c) No driver shall overtake at any railway grade crossing overtaking or pass
another vehicle proceeding in the same direction at any railway grade
crossing.

Overtaking at an intersection - No driver shall overtake or pass another

vehicle in the same direction at any intersection of highways except on a
highway having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction
where the driver of a vehicle may overtake another vehicle on the right.

Topic 12: Right of Way Rules

Learning Objectives

 Learn the rules on right of way

 Learn the rules on parking
 Learn other driving rules under RA 4136

TOPIC CONTENT:

SECTION 42. Right of Way. – (a) When two vehicles approach or enter an
intersection at approximately the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the
left shall yield the right of way to the vehicle on the right, except as otherwise
hereinafter provided. The driver of any vehicle traveling at an unlawful speed
shall forfeit any right of way which he might otherwise have hereunder.

(b) The driver of a vehicle approaching but not having entered an intersection,
shall yield the right of way to a vehicle within such intersection or turning
therein to the left across the line of travel of such first-mentioned vehicle,
provided the driver of the vehicle turning left has given a plainly visible signal
of intention to turn as required in this Act.

(c) The driver of any vehicle upon a highway within a business or residential
district shall yield the right of way to a pedestrian crossing such highway
within a crosswalk, except at intersections where the movement of traffic is
being regulated by a peace officer or by traffic signal. Every pedestrian
crossing a highway within a business or residential district, at any point other
than a crosswalk shall yield the right of way to vehicles upon the highway.

Right of Way on “through highway” or railroad crossing - The driver of a

vehicle upon a highway shall bring to a full stop such vehicle before traversing
any “through highway” or railroad crossing: Provided, that when it is apparent
that no hazard exists, the vehicle may be slowed down to five miles per hour
(8kph)instead of bringing it to a full stop. (Section 42 d & 43 c)

SECTION 43. Exception to the Right of Way Rule. – (a) The driver of a
vehicle entering a highway from a private road or drive shall yield the right of
way to all vehicles approaching on such highway.

(b) The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of way to police
or fire department vehicles and ambulances when such vehicles are operated
on official business and the drivers thereof sound audible signal of their
approach.

SECTION 45. Turning at Intersections.

(a) Vehicles turning right must go to the rightmost lane and stay on the right
lane after turning

(b) Vehicles turning left must choose the leftmost lane and stay on the left
lane after turning

(c) The center of the intersection shall mean the meeting point of the medial
lines of the highways intersecting one another, except when it is occupied by
a monument, grass plot or any permanent structure, other than a traffic control
device.

Yellow box prohibitions:

 Do not block the intersection even when making a turn

 Do not make a U-turn
 Yield the right-of-way to those inside the yellow box
 Never communicate or exchange pleasantries with fellow motorists or
road users
 Do not park within 6 meters upon intersections
 Do not load/ unload passengers or goods

SECTION 46. Parking Prohibited in Specified Places –

1. In an intersection
2. On a crosswalk
3. Within 6 meters of the intersection
4. 4 meters from the driveway entrance
5. Within 4 meters from a fire hydrant
6. In front of a private driveway
7. On the roadway side of any unmoving or parked MV at the curb or edge
of the highway
8. At any place where signs of prohibitions have been installed

SECTION 47. Parked Vehicle. – Whenever a motor vehicle is parked

unattended on any highway, the driver thereof must turn off the ignition switch
and stop the motor and notch effectively the hand brake.

SECTION 51. Hitching to a Vehicle. – No person shall hang on to, or ride on,
the outside or the rear end of any vehicle, and no person on a bicycle, roller
skate or other similar device, shall hold fast to or hitch on to any moving
vehicle, and no driver shall knowingly permit any person to hang on to or ride,
the outside or rear end of his vehicle or allow any person on a bicycle, roller
skate or other similar device to hold fast or hitch to his vehicle.

Use of Red Flag

Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than one meter beyond the
bed or body thereof, there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such
load a red flag not less than thirty centimeters both in length and width.

Red lights may be used in lieu of the required red flags. These lights should
be visible at least fifty meters away. Red flag lights should also be switched on
not later than one-half hour after sunset and until at least one-half hour before
sunrise. Also, whenever weather conditions requires it, these lights should be
turned on as well.

Mufflers

Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine shall be

equipped with a muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes through a
street of any city, municipality, or thickly populated district or barrio, the
muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or
disagreeable odor, smoke or noise.

Tires of Motor Vehicles

No motor vehicle with metallic tires shall be operated upon any public
highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be of sufficient thickness to
prevent the metal rims thereof from coming in direct contact with the road.

Duty of Driver in Case of Accident.

In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the operation of a
motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver present, shall:

 show his driver's license,

 give his true name and address
 give the true name and address of the owner of the motor vehicle.

No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident shall leave the

scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under any of the
following circumstances:

1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or

persons by reason of the accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or
 3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

Section 52. No person shall drive or park a motor vehicle upon or along any
sidewalk, path or alley not intended for vehicular traffic or parking.

Section 54. No person shall drive his motor vehicle in such a manner as to
obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle, nor, while discharging or
taking on passengers or loading or unloading freight, obstruct the free
passage of other vehicles on the highway.

Topic 13: Expressway Rules

Learning Objectives

 Learn what an expressway is

 Understand the designated use of the different lanes on the expressway
 Learn the different expressway signs

TOPIC CONTENT:

Expressway - a high speed road with controlled entry and exit. It has lane
dividers to divide both directions of traffic and usually has two or more lanes in
each direction of traffic. Also called tollways because most of the time, drivers
have to pay to pass through it.

These include:

 South Luzon Expressway (SLEX)

 North Luzon Expressway (NLEX)
 Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR Tollway)
 Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX)
 Tarlac Pangasinan La Union Expressway (TPLEX)
 Manila Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX)

Two-lane expressway

 Lane 1 (left lane) – passing lane

  Lane 2 (right lane) – all vehicles

Three-lane expressway

 Lane 1 (left lane) – passing lane

 Lane 2 (center lane) – cars, buses and freight vehicles with cargo of
less than one and a half tons
 Lane 3 (outer right lane) - freight vehicles with cargo higher than one
and a half tons, as well as for special and construction equipment
vehicles

Four-lane expressway

 Lane 1 (left lane) – passing lane

 Lane 2 (inner left lane) – cars, medium buses and freight vehicles with
cargo of less than one and a half tons
 Lane 3 (inner right lane) – large passenger buses and freight vehicles
with cargo higher than a ton and a half
 Lane 4 (outer right lane) – special and construction equipment vehicles

Expressway Road Signs

 Direction to expressway signs – tell the direction in which the road

enters an expressway
 Prohibition signs – tell what vehicles are not allowed on the expressway
such as "driving bicycles and motorcycles," prohibiting vehicles from
entering without taillight, and so on
 Proper lane direction signs – inform the driver the correct lane to be at
so he can take the right exit depending on his destination
 Special signs (usually 200 m from toll exit)

1. Wrong way – Turn Back

2. Reduce speed now
3. Check brakes – means to reduce speed now; step on the brakes a little
when you see it

 Toll road signs- inform drivers that vehicle is approaching the toll plaza.
There are also preliminary warning signs to identify the appropriate toll
lane for the toll fee payment and to determine the toll rates to be paid

Topic 14: Motorcycle Guidelines and Parts

Learning Objectives

 Identify all pertinent switches and controls before and while on the road
at any given weather condition.
 Identify common features of panel instrument or dashboard.
 Identify the functions of foot pegs, shifting lever and other driving
mechanisms of a motorcycle
 Apply various transportation laws, rules and regulations as discussed in
other Modules before the actual driving instructions

TOPIC CONTENT

Pertinent Laws and Regulations –

 One (1) passenger only

 The rider and passenger must wear standard safety helmets
 No passenger may ride in front of the driver

Proper Use of Accessories for Motorcycles

Top Box - a motorcycle accessory, are subject for inspection and must be
securely attached to the motorcycle with a maximum capacity of two (2) full
faced helmets.

Custom-made Top Box - for fast food deliveries and the likes, must not
exceed 2ft x 2ft x 2ft and must not impede or obstruct the view of the rider
from the side mirrors. It must be registered with LTO with a penalty of P5,000
if violated.

Saddle Box or Bag - located on the rear side of a motorcycle, must not be
higher than the seat of the motorcycle, must not exceed 14 inches from the
side, and the length must not exceed the tail end of the motorcycle. CUSTOM-
MADE SADDLE must be registered with LTO with a penalty of P5,000 if
violated.

Children or Minor Passengers (provision under RA 10666)

Not allowed if:

 In areas 60 kph or higher speed limit

 Heavy traffic flow with high speed vehicles
Allowed if:

 The child passenger’s feet can comfortably reach the standard foot peg
of the motorcycle
 The child can reach around and grasp the waist of the motorcycle rider
 The child is wearing a standard protective helmet

Installation of Auxiliary Headlamps or LEDs

 Must have its own electrical wirings and switches separate from the
original headlight switch.
 Must be pointing on the ground but not pointing on the left of the
vehicle.
 Must be white or yellow in color only.
 Must not be affected by any vibration from any source.
 Must not be used in broad daylight or well-lighted streets or when
meeting another vehicle from the opposite direction
 Must not exceed two auxiliary lamps
 Must not exceed 6 bulbs for each auxiliary lamp
 Must not light more than 10 meters forward
 Must not exceed the handle bar of motorcycle
 Must not be used as replacement to the headlamp

Essential Components of a Motorcycle

Common Motorcycle Types

 Scooter – full automatic clutch; has front brake lever and rear brake
lever on the handle grips
 Underbone – semi-automatic clutch; has rear wheel foot brake pedal
and front brake lever on the right hand grip
 Backbone – Manual clutch; has rear wheel foot brake pedal, front brake
lever on the right hand grip and a clutch lever on the left hand grip

Common Dashboard Instruments

 Speedometer - shows your current running speed from zero to the

fastest speed your vehicle can run
 Headlight indicator – shows if headlights are turned on
 Odometer - shows the total distance traveled by the motorcycle
 Fuel gauge – shows the fuel level of the motorcycle
 Engine check – lights up when motorcycle engine has a problem
  Signal light indicator - shows which signal lights are on

Common Switches

 High and low headlight switch

 Turn signal switch
 Horn button
 Headlight switch
 Starting switch
 Engine kill switch
 Engine choke lever - often seen in manual clutches and semi-
automatic clutches; used to reduce the air entering the engine to make
the motorcycle easier to operate; must be returned to original position
when engine is running; DO NOT operate motorcycle when engine
choke is ON

Brakes

 Drum brake -
 Disc brake

Types of Motorcycle Drives

 Chain – the most common motorcycle we see here in the Philippines;

uses a chain running through a sprocket; easiest to use and maintain;
cheapest or most affordable.
 Belt – uses a belt instead of a chain; often seen on backbone type
motorcycles; does not loosen quickly but takes up more space
compared to chain drives.
 Propeller – also known as direct drive or shaft drive; propeller shaft
runs the rear wheel by transferring the rotation via a 90-degree
differential.

Types of Motorcycle Stand

 Center stand – used when the motorcycle will be parked for a longer
time.
 Side stand – used if driver needs to stop driving the motorcycle
momentarily.

Topic 15: Initial Operation of Motorcycles

Learning Objectives

 Learn and apply the proper procedure of checking the overall condition
of a motorcycle before riding
 Know the basics of handling handle bar, proper shifting and smooth
braking
 Know the procedures and considerations when turning, stopping or
parking
 Know the principles of loading and unloading passengers or cargoes

TOPIC CONTENT:

Maintenance

Lights

 Ensure all lights such as signal lights, headlights and brake lights are
working
 Replace busted bulbs

Drive Chain and Sprocket

 clean and oil every 600-1000 km

Brakes

 brake line must be kept clean and leak free

 brake pads are kept in good condition and not too tight
 no leak in brake hose
 change brake fluid every 2 years and brake hose every 4 years

Tires

 correct tire pressure

 check tire wear indicator

Engine oil

 check for leaks

 change engine oil every 3000 km for regular oil, 6000 km for synthetic
oil and 10000 for fully synthetic oil

Front and Rear Suspension

  keep clean
 check for damage

Gas and Clutch Cables

 replace every 2 years

 replace when they start to break or separate

Starting

 Put down side stand

 Use the key switch on the vehicle
 For semi-automatic and manual motorcycles

o First turn on the choke lever

o Check gear indicator is at “N” which means neutral
 Start the engine

oPress ignition switch is battery is sufficiently charged

o Use kickstart if battery is not sufficiently charged or if ignition
switch fails to start motorcycle
 Switch back choke lever to “OFF” position once engine is running

Moving and Proper Shifting

 Disengage side stand

 Check side mirrors (check left and right if there are no oncoming
vehicles)
 Fully automatic clutch
o Slowly roll “ON” the throttle
 Semi-automatic
o Shift to desired gear then slowly roll “ON” the throttle (shift to 1st
gear when moving from a stop position)
 Manual clutch
o Squeeze the clutch lever “IN”
o Shift to the desired gear (shift to 1st gear when moving from a
stop position)
o Slowly Roll “ON” the throttle while slowly releasing the clutch lever

Braking

 Manual Clutch and Semi Automatic Clutch

 o Release the throttle
o Simultaneously squeeze “ON” the hand brake and the pedal
brake
o Be aware of speed; shifting gear may be required
 Full Automatic Clutch
o Release the throttle
o Simultaneously squeeze “ON” the hand brakes

Proper Hand Signals

 Change to left lane – stretch left arm to the left

 Stopping – left arm makes a 90-degree position with forearm pointed
down
 Change to right lane – left arm makes a 90-degree position with forearm
pointed up

Overtaking or Changing Lanes

 Signal your intention.

 Make sure that you have enough power and speed when trying to
overtake.
 Avoid eye-to-eye contact with other driver while overtaking. Eyes on the
road.
 Do not force to overtake. Give way if in doubt.
 Follow the rules on OVERTAKING AND CHANGING LANE under RA
4136.

Safety Tips While Driving

 Do not play with the handlebar

 Do not play with the brakes or signal lights
 Avoid eye contact with other motorists. Concentrate on the road
 Follow rules of RIGHT OF WAY

Things to Avoid When Changing Lanes

 Not using hand or light signal

 Disregarding road markings or “counterflowing”
 Frequent changing lanes
 Overtaking when the road is not clear
 Overtaking at an intersection
 Overtaking while turning
  Disregarding traffic signs and signals

Bad Habits to Avoid

 Not following yellow box rule

 Not following rule of precedence at intersections
 Not giving way to emergency vehicles (firetrucks, ambulances, police
cars)
 Tailing emergency vehicles
 Disregarding pedestrians
 Ignoring STOP signs
 Disregarding traffic lights
 Racing with fellow drivers

Loading and Unloading Passenger or Cargo

Loading

 Ideally, the weight of the rider must not be less than 1/3 of motorcycle
and additional load
 Make sure that the load is properly secured
 Advise the passenger to follow the driver’s body at all times
 Advise the passenger to hold tight while the motorcycle is moving
 Advise the passenger not to remove the feet from foot pegs except
when dismounting

Unloading or Dismounting

 Passenger first
 Avoid unloading a passenger on a downhill

Common Loading Violations

 Having more than one passenger and in some cases allowing a child to
ride in between, even without a safety helmet and not yet capable of
reaching the footrests.
 Large objects that block the view of the side mirrors or rear view mirrors
 Not securing load properly on the motorcycle.

Parking

 Avoid parking downhill

  Do not leave the motorcycle parked with the engine still running
 Park the motorcycle in a well-lit area
 Do not park…
 in front of a private garage or drive way
 at the sidewalk
 within six meters of intersection
 within four meters of fire hydrant
 in front of hospital/emergency gate
 in a no parking zone
 in a zone not intended for motorcycles

Topic 16: Motor Vehicle Rules and Parts

Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) VOL. 1, PAGE 104

Good day to you, Student Driver!

In this topic we will discuss the different parts of a vehicle.

Let’s start with the exterior lights or lights that can be seen outside of the
vehicle.

First are the headlights or headlamps with white or yellowish light. One
headlight each is attached to the right and left front side of the vehicle. Drivers
are advised to open it from thirty minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before
sunrise or whenever necessary. This also depends on the weather conditions
such as heavy rain or thick smoke or fog which may be encountered when
traveling on the road.

Remember that there should be no red light facing forward. Vehicle exterior
lights also include the front and rear signal lights which are usually yellow,
amber, or orange. The front and rear signal lights must be lit at the same time
when the vehicle turns on the road. Both right of the front and rear signal
lights will light up when turning right, and both left of the front and rear signal
lights will light up when turning left. Vehicle signal lights are also used as
hazard warning lights or flashers. But instead of just the right or left signal
lights, both the front and rear lights of the vehicle light up simultaneously if it is
used as hazard warning lights to alert other motorists on any traffic problem.

Tail lamps and brake lights are exterior lights located at the rear of the vehicle.
The taillamp light and the brake light are both red and are usually located on
only one side. The brake light is always brighter than the tail lamp. To make
sure your driving is safe, make sure your brake light is working properly. Just
turn on the light and step on the brakes to see the brake lights. It’s also
important that your vehicle’s reverse or backing lights are bright and are
working well. These lights only light up when the vehicle is backing or
reversing. It cannot be lit when the vehicle is moving forward.

And the last kind of exterior light of a vehicle is the plate lamp. Remember that
the plate lamp used to illuminate the vehicle number plate must only be white.

Here are the other exterior parts of the vehicle. This includes:

 side mirrors on the right and left side of the vehicle,

 windshield or the large glass in front of the vehicle,
 and the wipers which are used to clean the windshield of the vehicle.

There are some vehicle models, like SUVs and AUVs, that also have rear
wipers. It is used to clean the flat rear glass or windshield and wipe rainwater
that was not blown off by the wind. Vehicles usually have two or four doors.
For some vehicle models, there is an additional door at the back. Swinging
doors are often seen in vehicles while others, such as vans, have a sliding
door design. All vehicles have an engine hood that is usually located in front
and is used to cover the vehicle’s engine.

Lastly, the luggage compartment hood. It is usually at the back where the
luggage compartment is but for vehicles with engine at the back, the luggage
compartment and the hood are in front of the vehicle. If your vehicle is an SUV
or AUV, the rear portion of the vehicle can be considered as the luggage
compartment hood or fifth door.

Another part of the exterior of the vehicle is the fuel tank cap. Make sure it is
properly closed so that the fuel tank of your vehicle will be protected and will
not easily open.

The under chassis of the vehicle refers to the vehicle parts that can be seen
under the vehicle or when the hood of the vehicle is raised. This includes the
car engine which is usually in the front while in vans it is located under the
driver’s seat. This also includes the vehicle’s transmission which is connected
to the engine and to the vehicle’s wheels. The under chassis of the vehicle
also has linkages and joints that connect various parts of the vehicle such as
the underchassis, the molye of a vehicle, and its wheels to properly turn the
vehicle.
The rear axle and differential can also be seen in the underchassis. If the
vehicle is front wheel drive, it no longer has a rear axle. Rear-wheel drives
such as large vehicles require a rear axle and differential to transmit engine
power from the front to the rear of the vehicle.

The muffler and silencer are also located under the vehicle. These helps
reduce the noise emitted by the vehicle. Remember that removing the vehicle
muffler is prohibited since it causes noise pollution.

Can you still follow? Come on, let's proceed.

Let’s find out what the various numbers written on the car tires mean as a
measure to ensure the safety of the driver and his passengers. These small
numbers written on the tire are safety measures that specify the maximum or
the heaviest load that the tire can carry and the maximum tire pressure.

As shown in this picture of a sample tire, its maximum tire load is 670kg or
1447 pounds and the maximum air pressure is 340 kilopascals or 50 psi.
Remember not to exceed these limits since it can cause your tire to explode
but this does not mean that these limits should be reached. As for the
recommended tire air or tire pressure, it is best to base it on your vehicle’s
manual.

Also, there are numbers and letters on the vehicle, similar to what is shown in
this photo225/50 R 17 [Link] numbers refer to the type of vehicle that
matches the particular tire.

Usually there is a letter written before the first set of numbers whose meaning
is as follows:

P for Passenger Car,

LT for Light Truck,
ST for Special Trailer, and
T for Temporary.

If the numbers do not include letters, it is often a passenger car. The first
setoff numbers after the letter, wherein for this example is 225, refers to tire
width sidewall to sidewall. The next set of numbers, wherein for this example
is 50, is the aspect ratio or the proportion of the width to the height of the
wheel.

The next letter refers to the construction of the tire:

R for Radial,
D for diagonal, and
B for bias which is the most popular.

The next two numbers, wherein for this example is 17, refer to how many
inches the inner diameter of the tire is or the measurement of the tire, from top
to bottom.

In the last part, you can see the numbers and letters that refer to the load
index and speed symbol of the vehicle, wherein for our example is 98H. The
98 index means that the heaviest load the tire can carry is at 750 kilograms
and the H means that the fastest speed that the vehicle can travel is at 210
kilometers per hour.

Use this guide and make sure you do not exceed the given limits. If you need
to change a tire, make sure these sets of numbers and letters are the same as
those on your new tire.

Now let’s take a look at the interior parts of the vehicle. Let's first discuss the
steering wheel. It can be noticed that on newer vehicle models there are many
control panels located on the steering wheel. But the most important thing
here is the horn which is usually seen in the middle of the steering wheel.
Other control panels also seen on the steering wheel depend on the vehicle
model. It could be for controlling the radio or car windows and many others.

The headlight switch and the wiper switch can be found behind the steering
wheel. The headlight switch is usually on the right and is used to turn on and
off the headlights. It is usually located together with the turn signal switch. The
wiper switch, that is usually on the left, is used to control the front wiper and
also the rear wiper, if the vehicle has one. The ignition switch is also located in
the interior of the vehicle. It is more common in older vehicle models to use a
key that is inserted into the ignition.

To start a vehicle, you must first put the switch to “accessory”, then to "on",
and then to “start”. While in more modern vehicles the key is no longer used,
and instead the driver simply presses a button to start or stop the vehicle’s
engine. The key of such vehicle models is called the fob.

The gear selector level can also be seen in the interior part of the vehicle,
which has two types that are common in the country. First is the manual or
stick shifting where you can put in 1st gear, 2nd gear, 3rd gear, 4th gear, 5th
gear and reverse your vehicle and also use the clutch for manual selection.
The other type is called automatic gear shifting in which you can put your
vehicle in park, reverse, neutral, drive, level 3, 2, and low drive conditions.

Pedals such as the clutch pedal, brake pedal, and gas or accelerator pedal
can be seen at the lower part of the vehicle's interior. Only the manual vehicle
has a clutch pedal. The brake and gas or accelerator pedals are only present
in automatic vehicles. It is also important to note the difference between the
brake pedal and the gas or accelerator pedal to avoid any confusion that can
cause road accidents. The gas pedals generally narrower and more elongated
compared to the brake pedal which is shorter and wider.

The vehicle has two types of parking levers: the hand parking brake lever and
the foot parking brake lever. The hand parking brake lever or emergency
brake is usually located next to the driver, which is just pulled if to be used. To
release the hand parking brake lever, just press the button located at the end
of the lever and then push it downward. The foot parking brake lever is only
seen on automatic vehicles. It isa smaller foot pedal located on the floor to the
left of the standard brake pedal. Just step on the pedal to activate and step on
it again to release.

Also located next to the driver is the driver control console where the door lock
switches and control of the vehicle windows are located. Older vehicle models
may not have such features.

In the middle portion of the vehicle, you can see the hazard switch that is used
to turnon or off the hazard lights. In the interior of the vehicle there are the
cabin lights and its switches which are usually installed close to each other.

Now, let us learn the various instruments that can be found on the dashboard
of your vehicle.

First is the tachometer which measures the working speed of a car engine or
revolutions per minute. Here you can also see the speedometer which
measures the speed of the vehicle or kilometers per hour. Also the fuel gauge
which measures the fuel level of the vehicle and the radiator temperature
gauge which in turn measures the temperature of the engine coolant to
prevent overheating. Also remember these warning lights that may flash on
your dashboard: brake warning light, air bag warning light, door ajar or open,
oil warning light, anti-lock braking system or ABS caution light, seat belt
warning light, coolant warning light, battery warning light, hazard warning light,
and check engine light. These warning lights indicate if there is an issue with
the vehicle that you need to fix. Also located in the interior of the vehicle is the
air-conditioning control panel, with three controls: the setting, thermostat, and
airflow. The setting control is used to adjust the fan power of the vehicle air-
conditioner. For thermostat, the cooling function is often used according to the
weather here in the Philippines. But there are some vehicles in the country
that also have heater functions with thermostat control. The airflow control is
adjustable according to your desired aircon settings.

The safety features of the vehicle are as follows:

First are the seat belts which are located on all car seats. There are also
airbags installed inside the vehicle that only open if the vehicle collides in front
or behind it. Airbags are usually installed at the front part of the vehicle but
there are also other vehicle models with airbags installed on the sides. The
window lock is a safety feature that is ideal to use when there is a child
passenger. It locks the car windows so that they cannot be opened easily
during the ride. Head restraints on car seats not only serve as head rests but
are a safety feature as well. These will reduce the risk of causing neck injuries
to the driver and the passengers, in case the vehicle gets involved in an
accident. Child restraint is not a built-in safety feature in vehicles but under the
law it is required to be used if there is a child passenger. The child lock is a
safety feature placed behind the car doors. It is used to prevent child
passengers from opening the door while the vehicle is moving.

Topic 17: Initial Operation of the Vehicle Part 1

Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) VOL. 1, PAGE 100 - 103

Good day! Welcome to SafeRoadsPH.

In this topic, we will discuss the pre-driving orientation for motor vehicles.

These are the things you need to do before driving a vehicle.

The Walk Around Check is a visual inspection of your vehicle. It is good to

check the important parts of your vehicle before driving it on the road. First is
to check the lights and lamps of your vehicle. Make sure there are no burned-
out bulbs and damaged lamps. Next, check the mirrors and windows of your
vehicle. Inspect for any cracks or damages. Also check carefully if your
vehicle has body scratches that you are not aware of. Since there are
instances wherein an untoward incident happened to your vehicle while you
are away.
The tires should also be checked before riding your vehicle. Check for any
cracks in the side walls of the tires. See if they are flat or with worn-out tread.
Also make sure there is no tire bulge on the sidewall of the vehicle’s tires.
Also check if the tire rims are not damaged.

Next is to check the underchassis of your vehicle. It's best to check for any
damage or see if the suspension is worn-out which could cause your vehicle
to collapse while traveling on the road. In checking the underchassis, you
should also inspect if your vehicle has leaks of either engine oil, transmission
fluid, gasoline, Radiator coolant or Brake fluid. If any leak is detected,
determine if it is still safe to drive the vehicle or should the damage be
repaired first.

Before riding, also check underneath the vehicle if there is a wheel stopper or
wedge that you failed to remove, a person repairing or resting under the
vehicle, pets, toys, and debris or anything that might get rolled on.

To make sure the ride is safe, make it a habit do a walk-around check before
driving.

Now let us learn the pre-start routine before driving your vehicle. For light
vehicles, always correct the position of your seat to make sure your position is
comfortable, you can reach the pedals and steering wheel properly, and that
you can see the road well while driving.

Adjust the seat height, the seat distance to the pedals and steering wheel and
also the lean angle. Ensure proper driving position and distance in a way that
you should be able to reach the pedals and steering wheel without stretching
your legs and arms. Fix your car's side view mirrors and rear view mirrors.
Newer vehicles usually have a mirror adjustment console next to the driver.
Adjust them to partially see the side of your vehicle as well as those behind it.
Always abide by the Anti-Distracted Driving Act regarding the placement of
gadgets on the dashboard of your vehicle. If it is unavoidable to place
gadgets, make sure they do not exceed the designated 4-inch safe zone and
do not interfere with the driver’s line of sight or vision. Make sure the locks are
tight and the vehicle doors are locked. Always wear a seatbelt and remind
passengers to wear it as well.

After doing these you are ready to drive. You can now Switch “on” the ignition
or Position your key fob. Rotate it clockwise. For manual clutch vehicles, first
make sure that the vehicle gear is in neutral position before starting the
engine. If the gear is engaged when starting the engine, the vehicle may move
unexpectedly then stall which may damage its gearbox. For automatic
vehicles, first make sure the shifting lever is at “P” for park or “N” for neutral,
depending on what is stated in the user manual of your vehicle.

It is also a good practice to step on the brakes while starting the vehicle. To
start the engine, turn the key clockwise or place the key fob and press the
engine start button. Just keep in mind that there are newer car models that do
not start until you have stepped on the brake or on the clutch pedal or on both
pedals. Also do not “over start” the engine. Once the engine starts running,
you can release the key or the engine start button. Also avoid turning the key
after the engine is running, because if you do, you will hear a grinding sound
that can damage the starter motor.

Now here are the driving skills that you will accomplish in the practical part of
your learning in a driving school. For manual vehicles, fully step on the clutch
and brake pedals first. Second, place the lever in 1st gear and then release
the parking brakelever. Then slowly release the clutch pedal while also
releasing the brake pedal. You will feel a very slight vibration indicating that
the engine and transmission of the vehicle are already engaged.

Take a quick look at the vehicle’s path, step on the brake and clutch pedals if
there is any obstruction. At this point your vehicle will move slowly. Gently
step on the gas pedal and completely release the clutch pedal. At first, you
may find it complicated but surely you’ll be able to practice it well during the
practical part of your learning in a driving school.

Now let us learn about shifting gears.

In a normal shifting lever or stick: one stands for first gear, two for second
gear, three for third gear, four for fourth gear, five for fifth gear, and “R” is for
reverse. The center line is usually marked with “N”, which means neutral.
Remember that the higher the gear, the faster the vehicle gets. Shifting or
changing gears depends primarily on the following considerations: speed of
the vehicle, RPM or revolutions per minute of the engine, capability of the
vehicle, type of road whether it is flat, uphill, or downhill; also depends on
weather condition, and on the driver’s skills.

To change gears while the vehicle is moving, step on the clutch pedal and at
the same time release the gas pedal. Place the shifting lever in the desired
and appropriate gear and gently release the clutch pedal while gently stepping
on the gas pedal. If you want to brake, step on the brake pedal first and then
step on the clutch pedal. If you mistakenly step on the clutch before stepping
on the brake, the vehicle's engine and transmission will disengage and it will
be difficult for the brakes to slow down your vehicle. Step on the clutch pedal,
if necessary, to downshift gears or when bringing the vehicle to a stop.

For operating automatic vehicles, first put the shifting lever in D position.
Then, release the parking brakes. Slowly release the brakes and this will
make the vehicle move slowly. Step on the gas pedal to speed up. And then
step on the brake pedal to slowdown or stop. Just an important reminder,
never use the left foot for braking. Also, do not step on two pedals at the same
time using the same foot. Stepping on the pedals may be tiring at first. But just
like in walking, your legs will get stronger as you get used to driving. You will
soon be completely ready to drive!

Topic 18: Initial Operation of the Vehicle Part 2

Filipino Driver's Manual (FDM) VOL. 1, PAGE 107

Good day to you, Student Driver!

This is the continuation of our discussion on the things you should learn about
the initial operation of a motor vehicle.

The steering wheel is used to control the vehicle in the right direction of travel.
Always use both hands to control the steering wheel for optimum control of
the vehicle. It is best to position both hands in the 9 o’clock and 3 o’clock
positions or in the 10 o’clock and 2o’clock positions.

Tracking is a method of steering that allows you to keep your vehicle on the
intended path of travel. To do this, look toward the center of the lane and
make slight movements with the steering wheel.

There are three ways to hold the steering wheel if you want to turn the vehicle.

First is the hand over hand turning wherein both hands work on moving the
wheel, with one hand crossing over the other to continue the turn. This is the
easiest way since you turn the steering wheel in a constant motion to turn the
vehicle but this is not recommended on vehicles with airbags. In the event that
the vehicle is involved in an accident while in the act of turning, the airbag on
the steering wheel may open and cause injury to the driver’s arm.

For more modern vehicles, hand to hand steering is more recommended

when turning the vehicle where the hands on the steering wheel do not cross
each other. For example, when turning right, the right hand will begin at the
top of the steering wheel and then the same hand will pull the steering wheel
downward, as you lower your lefthand. When your right hand meets your left
hand in the 6 o'clock position you may continue to move the steering wheel
upward with your left hand. Do this with the other hand when turning left. This
way your hands will not cross each other and your arm will not block the
center of the steering wheel where the airbag is.

The third way to hold the steering wheel when turning the vehicle is one hand
steering. One hand steering is the smoothest way of turning but the driver has
lesser control over the vehicle. This method is recommended for turning while
the vehicle is in reverse and the driver is looking at the rear view. While the
left hand is on the steering wheel, the right hand can rest on the shifting lever
or on the passenger seat. It is important to think carefully about what to do
before turning or crossing a lane on the road. To ensure safe driving, always
be alert of your surroundings and current situation before you decide to turn or
switch lanes.

Before turning or switching lanes on the road, first look in your side mirrors
and rearview mirror. Make sure no vehicles or people are blocking your
direction of travel. Also don’t forget to signal your intention to turn right or left.
Turn on the appropriate vehicle signal lights to let surrounding vehicles know
what you intend to do. Once done, look again to check if it is already safe to
proceed and if there are no road obstructions along your direction of turn or
change of lane.

Now here are the proper steps in overtaking the vehicle in front. It is important
to make sure your vehicle has enough power and speed when trying to
overtake. Avoid making eye to eye contact with the driver of the vehicle being
overtaken so as not to lose focus or cause a misunderstanding on the road.
When you have passed the vehicle in front, return immediately to your original
lane. Also, do not force yourself to overtake if you are in doubt. Just wait for a
better opportunity to be able to overtake, if really necessary.

The driver may commit mistakes in turning the vehicle such as understeering
and oversteering. Understeering happens when the driver fails to steer
enough. This may be due to the driver's incorrect timing or lack of grip on the
steering wheel. Oversteering, on the other hand, happens when the driver
steers too much than the path of the vehicle. Wet roads can also cause
understeering and oversteering, same as the presence of obstructions or
debris on the road. That’s why tracking is important to be able to adjust using
the steering wheel as the vehicle turns. Remember that once the driver
releases his grip on the steering wheel the vehicle will automatically return to
its original straight path.

Now let us discuss the proper steps in steering the vehicle backwards.

First, step on the brake and put the shifting lever in reverse. Next, turn your
body to the right to look at the rear of the vehicle. This is better than looking at
the rear of the car using only the rearview and side mirrors. Place your left
hand on top of the steering wheel in the 12 o’clock position and your right
hand on the passenger seat. Release pressure from the brake and slowly
release the clutch pedal to drive the vehicle slowly as you would when driving
the vehicle forward. Turn the steering wheel towards your desired location.
And keep your foot on the brake without stepping on it while making sure
there is no obstruction along your path of travel. This way you can quickly step
on the brake necessaries is important to remember the following to ensure
safety when reversing. The turn radius of the front wheels is greater compared
to that of the back wheels of the vehicle.

The front will swing out farther than the back when turning so also look after
the front of your vehicle to avoid collision. When backing up to the left or right,
just turn the steering wheel in the desired direction you are backing. If backing
to the left, turn the wheel to the left and if backing to the right, turn the wheel
to the right.

Now here are the proper steps for stopping and parking a vehicle. If you want
to stop the vehicle, slowly take your right foot off the accelerator or gas pedal
and move your right foot on the brake pedal and then step on it gently. For
manual vehicles, step on the clutch pedal with your left foot before the vehicle
comes to a complete stop. Do not step on the brakes abruptly and forcefully to
make sure the vehicle stops smoothly. When the vehicle is stopped, keep
your foot on the brake pedal and place the shifting lever in “neutral” for
manual vehicles or in “park” for automatic vehicles. Pull the handbrake or park
brake before releasing your foot from the brake and then turn the engine off.

There are three ways to park a vehicle.

One of these is the nose in parking which is considered the simplest of the
three. If the parking area is spacious, simply turn the vehicle towards the
parking slot. But if the parking area is crowded, this is how the nose in parking
should be done: First, turn the vehicle in the direction of the parking spot until
you reach this position. Drive in reverse while turning the vehicle in the other
direction until the vehicle is facing directly opposite the desired parking slot
and then enter the vehicle into the parking space.

The second method of parking a vehicle is called reverse parking. Find a safe
and unobstructed spot to do this. First set an imaginary reference point near
the vehicle parked next to the selected parking spot. Turn away from the
parking slot and advance until the back of your car is aligned with the
imaginary reference point. Next, use the side and rear view mirrors while
slowly reversing into the parking spot so as not to collide with vehicles parked
next to it. In the beginning this is hard to do but it will definitely become easier
once you get used to it.

The third method of parking a vehicle is called parallel parking. If no other

vehicle is parked in the selected area, only align the vehicle parallel or
according to the flow of traffic. But if the selected parking spot is in between
other parked vehicles, first, pull up alongside the parked vehicle in front of
your chosen parking spot. Align your rear bumper with that of the parked
vehicle and set it as your imaginary reference point. Then turn the steering
wheel sharply in the direction of the parking spot and begin to back up slowly.
When your steering wheel is already even with your imaginary reference point
or the rear bumper of the other vehicle, straighten out the steering wheel and
maneuver toward your parking spot. Do this while looking at the back of the
vehicle but make repeated glances to make sure your front bumper is clear.

If parked on a flat road, straighten the steering wheel before turning off the car
engine. Here are the things to do when parked on a downhill or uphill road. If
parked on a downhill road, turn the steering wheel to the side of the road even
with or without a curb available.

When the parking spot is on an uphill road, turn the steering wheel to the side
of the road if there is no curb. If there is a curb, turn the steering wheel to the
middle of the road. This is done to prevent the vehicle from moving to the
center of the road in case of parking brake or gear malfunction. Instead, the
vehicle will land on the side of the road or the curb will prevent it from moving.

Now here are the parking signs you need to remember.

A blue parking sign with the letter “P” can be seen in areas designated for
vehicle parking. The letter P inside the red circle with a slash in the middle can
be seen in areas where parking is prohibited. The third parking sign is for
reserved parking or parking spaces reserved for selected individuals only.
Some examples are parking lots reserved for employees of an establishment
or for emergency vehicles. There are corresponding penalties for not following
these parking signs which include towing of your vehicle.

Let us now learn the reminders regarding the proper loading and unloading of
passenger or cargo vehicles: Pick up and drop off passengers and equipment
only in designated zones. Make it a habit to check and double check the rear
view and sideview mirrors of the vehicle before opening the vehicle doors to
make sure not to hit other vehicles or cyclists. Allow adult passengers to alight
first. If loading or unloading passengers or equipment will cause obstruction or
inconvenience, it is advisable to turn on the vehicle’s hazard warning light.
Avoid further communication after unloading the passengers. Make sure all
doors are closed properly after unloading passengers. Switch the turn signal
and check the side and rear view mirrors of the vehicle before moving off.
Now here is the post driving routine that a driver should practice. Check
important documents, gadgets, and other vehicle equipment. If there is an
intention to leave them inside the vehicle, it is better to place them in the
section not visible from the outside of the vehicle. Also check if all passengers
alight from the vehicle, especially young passengers who may have fallen
asleep and failed to get out of the vehicle. Turn off switches, lights, and other
vehicle controls. Turn off the engine and remove the car key.

Also don't forget to lock the vehicle once you get off. Do the walk around
check again before leaving your vehicle.

It is also good to know and remember the important laws related to driving.

First is the Republic Act 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code
which we discussed in the first part of this module. Also other laws such as
RA 10913 or Anti-Distracted Driving Act, RA 10586 or Anti-Drunk and
Drugged Driving Act of 2013, RA 8750 or Seat Belts Use Act of 1999, RA
8749 or Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, and the RA 11229 or Child Safety in
Motor Vehicles Act which we will discuss in Module 2.

Module 2
Topic 1: Defensive Driving Part 1
Human factors that affect driving:
 Attitude - a feeling, belief or opinion of approval or disapproval towards
something
 o Positives: prioritizing safety first and calm even in traffic
 Behavior - an action or reaction that occurs in response to an event or
stimuli.
"Behavior is the action we take based on attitude."
Qualities a defensive driver should possess:
1. Positive attitude on road safety
- control emotion
- use defensive driving techniques.
- His main concern is his safety and other road users.
- responsible with decisions
2. Physically and mentally fit to drive.
- body can handle driving.
- no condition which may cause driver to stop driving like sleepiness or
losing consciousness, and heart attack.
- focus on driving.
- make sound decisions.
3. Received proper training before driving.
4. Applies basic knowledge of vehicle maintenance.
Defensive Driving Methods:
1. Search
2. Identify
3. Predict
4. Decide
5. Execute

Topic 2: Defensive Driving Part 2

Keys to attain an effective defensive driving:
> concentation
- dynamic mechanism which coordinates activates our physical and mental
capacities to develop and maintin goal-oriented behavior.
- more alert.
> driving plans and decisions
- route planning
- guide for emergencies and stop-overs.
> view from the vehicles
- comfortable position to see front, back and side view clearly.
- position should let you see pavement markings, road signs and hazards
clearly.
> speed
- vehicles at high speed are more difficult to control
- high speed shortens time to make right decisions
- follow speed limits and do not be an obstruction to others on the road.
> fatigue management
- lower driving performance
- caused by lack of sleep, long working hours, monotonous tasks, physical
limitation and medical conditions
- be sure to be in optimum condition before driving
> following the laws, rules and regulations
- laws are not there to limit us but to put order on the road
- laws put in place for everyone's safety

defensive driving techniques

1. proper use of breaks
- less experienced drivers keep banging on brake pedal every now and then.
- skidding is caused by sudden and violent braking.
- a driver must know is the vehicles is equipped with conventional brake or
anti-lock braking system. Conventional braking system may require
continuous pump while ABS equipped vehicles require a firm press on the
brake pedal.
- provide enough space for a complete stop.
2. correct steering
- comfortable position of hand and relaxed body.
- a firm, not a tight, grip tightly on a slippery road.
- correct hand positioning.
- free from obstruction (elbows and hands).
- gradual changing of lane.
3. timely changing of gear
- untimely and improper changing of gear may result to high fuel consumption
or worst engine failure.
- change of gear depends on the speed, capability and load of the vehicle.
- engine break
- slowing down vehicle by shifting to lower gears instead of using brakes
- use for downhills, especially during long travels
- can be used during emergencies in case brake fails
4. safe reversing, maneuvering and changing of lanes
- proper use of side and rear view mirrors is a must. look at the side mirrors
quick enough to decide on whatever action to make.
- always be aware of blind spots. moving or not moving.

Module 3
Topic 1: JAO NPDL
Joint Administrative Order (JAO) No. 2014-01 dated June 02, 2014
I. Violations in connection with Licensing.
A. Driving without a valid driver’s license/conductor’s permit. – PHP
3,000.00 and 1-year disqualification to get a license.
B. Driving motor vehicles is used in the commission of a crime. –
PHP 10,000.00 and perpetually disqualification to have a license.
C. Commission of a crime in the course of apprehension and upon
conviction by a regular court of competent jurisdiction. – PHP
10,000.00 and disqualified to have a license for 5 years.
D. Driving motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol,
dangerous drugs and/or similar substance upon conviction by a
regular court o component jurisdiction (Section 12, R.A. 10586)
1) If the violation did not result in physical injuries of homicide
– 3 months imprisonment, and a fine ranging from PHP
20,000.00 to PHP 80,000.00.
2) If the violation resulted in physical injuries – Penalty
provided in Article 263 of the RPC and a fine ranging from
PHP 100,000.00 to PHP 200,000.00 shall be imposed.
3) If the violation resulted in homicide – Penalty provided in
Article 249 of the RPC and a fine ranging from PHP
300.000.00 to PHP 500,000.00 shall be imposed.
Non-Professional driver’s license of any person to have violated
the law shall also be:
1st conviction Confiscated and suspended for a
period of twelve (12) months.
nd
2 conviction Perpetually revoked
Professional driver’s license shall also be:
1st conviction Confiscated and perpetually revoked.
The perpetual revocation of a driver’s license shall disqualify the
person from being granted any kind of driver’s license.
E. Reckless Driving
1) 1st offense – PHP 2,000
2) 2nd offense – PHP 3,000 plus 3 months suspension
3) 3rd offense – PHP 10,000 plus 6 months suspension
4) Subsequent offense – Revocation for 2 years NPDL /
Permanent revocation PDL
SUSPENSION STARTS AT PAYMENT OF FINE
F. Submission of fake documents in relation to the application for a
driver’s license (new/renewal) – PHP 3,000 plus disqualification to
have license and drive for 1 year plus criminal charges.
G. Failure to wear the prescribed seat belt device.
1) 1st offense – PHP 1,000
2) 2nd offense – PHP 2,000
3) 3rd offense – PHP 5,000
H. Failure to require his/her passenger/s to wear the prescribed seat
belt device (Section 12, R.A. 8750) – PHP 3,000 PUV both driver
and operator.
I. Failure to wear the standard protective motorcycle helmet (rider
and back rider)
1) 1st offense – PHP 1,500
2) 2nd offense – PHP 3,000
3) 3rd offense – PHP 5,000
4) 4th and succeeding offenses – PHP 10,000
J. Failure to carry Driver’s License, OR/CR - PHP 1,000
K. All other violation of traffic rules and regulations – PHP 1,000
 Illegal Parking
 Disregarding Traffic Signs
 Allowing passengers on top or cover of a motor vehicle except
as a truck helper.
 Failure to provide canvas cover to cover to cargos or freight of
trucks.
 Permitting passengers to ride on running board, step board or
mudguard.
 Failure to dim headlights when approaching another motor
vehicle.
 Driving in a place not intended for traffic or parking in a place
not allowed for parking.
 Hitching permitting a person or a bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle
or skate roller to hitch.
 Driving against traffic.
 Illegal turn
 Illegal overtaking
 Overtaking an overtaken vehicle
 Failure to give way to an overtaking vehicle.
 Increasing speed when being overtaken.
 Overtaking when the left side is not visible or clear of oncoming
traffic.
 Overtaking upon a crest of a grade.
 Overtaking upon a curve.
 Overtaking at any railway grade crossing.
 Overtaking at an intersection.
 Overtaking on “men working” or “caution” signs.
 Overtaking at no overtaking zone
 Failure to yield right of way:
o Of a vehicle on the left to yield the “right of way” to the
vehicle on the right when these vehicles approach or
enter an intersection at the same time.
o Of a vehicle approaching but have not entered an
intersection, to yield the right of way to a vehicle within
such intersection.
o Of a driver of any vehicle upon a highway within a
business or residential district to yield the right of way to
pedestrian crossing.
o Of a vehicle entering a highway from a private road or
driver upon a highway to yield the right of way to all
vehicles approaching such highway.
o To ambulance, police or fire department vehicles.
o At a “through highway” or a “stop intersection”.
 Failure to give the appropriate signal.
 Illegal turn – failure of the driver of a motor vehicle intending to
run to the right of an intersection to keep as close as possible
to the right-hand curve or edge of the highway.
 Illegal turn – failure of the driver of a vehicle intending to turn to
the left to pass to the left of the center of the intersection
except on a one-way highway.
 Failure to turn off the ignition switch and stop the motor and
notch effectively the handbrake when parking a motor vehicle
unattended.
 Unsafe towing
 Obstruction – obstructing the free passage of other vehicles on
the highway while discharging or taking passengers or loading
and unloading freight or driving a motor vehicle in such a
manner as to obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle.
 MC carrying more passenger other than the back rider or cargo
other than the saddle bags and luggage carriers.
 Refusal to render service to the public or convey passenger to
destination.
 Overcharging.
  No franchise/certificate of Public Convenience or evidence of
franchise presented during apprehension or carried inside the
motor vehicle.
 Presentation of fake and spurious CPC, OR/CR, plates,
stickers, and tags.
 Operating the unit/s with defective parts and accessories.
 Failure to provide fare discount to those entitled under existing
laws and pertinent Memorandum Circulars of the LTFRB.
 Fast, tampered, defective taximeter or operating without or with
an old seal taximeter.
 Tampered, broken, joined, reconnected, fake or altered sealing
wire.
 No signboard.
 Pick and drop of passengers outside the terminal.
 Carrying of illegal and/or prohibited cargoes.
 Failure to provide fire extinguisher and required “STOP and
GO” signage for use of each vehicle.
 Trip cutting
 Failure to display fare matrix.
 Breach of franchise conditions under 2011 Revised Terms and
Conditions of CPC not otherwise herein provided.
II. Violations in connection with Motor Vehicle Registration/Renewal/
Operation.
A. Driving an unregistered motor vehicle – PHP 10,000
B. Unauthorized motor vehicle modification – PHP 5,000
C. Operating a right-hand drive motor vehicle – PHP 50,000
D. Motor vehicle operating without or with
defective/improper/unauthorized accessories, devices, equipment
and parts – PHP 5,000
E. Failure to attach or improper attachment/tampering of authorized
motor vehicle license plates and/or third plate sticker. – PHP
5,000
F. Smoke Belching
1) 1st offense – fine not exceed PHP 2,000
2) 2nd offense – fine not exceed PHP 4,000
3) 3rd offense – 1 year suspension of MVR and a fine not
more than PHP 6,000
4) Succeeding offenses – 1 year suspension of MVR
 G. Fraud in relation to the registration of the motor vehicle and/or its
renewal – PHP 3,000
H. All other violation connection with motor
vehicle/registration/renewal/operation – PHP 2,000

Topic 2: JAO PDL

Dimension, Specifications, Weight, and Load Limits
III. Violations in connection with Dimensions, Specifications Weight
and Load Limits
A. Load extending beyond projected width without permit – PHP
1,000 (Fine shall be imposed upon the driver of the motor vehicle
for with any part of the load extending beyond the projected width
of the vehicle without permit)
B. Axle overloading – An amount equivalent to 25%of MVUC at the
time of infringement on owner/operator or driver of trucks and
trailers for loading beyond their registers gross weight, vehicle
weight. The penalty shall be waived for loads exceeding the
registered GVW by a tolerance of less than 5%. No motor vehicle
shall be allowed to proceed on the roadway if either a dual-wheel
load shall exceed thirteen thousand five hundred (13,500.00)
kilograms (kgs.) or the vehicle load exceeds 150% of the
maximum allowable gross weight. To be computed based on
formula.
C. Operating a passenger bus/truck with cargo exceeding 160
kilograms – PHP 1,000 (Fine shall be imposed upon the driver
and conductor of the motor vehicle)
IV. Violations in connection with Franchise
1. Colorum Violation
Type of Fine Minimum Status of CPC
Vehicle Impounding
Period
Bus PHP 1 3 months 1. Revocation of the entire CPC
million where the apprehended vehicle is
Truck PHP 3 months with private/green plate;
200,000 2. Blacklisting of the apprehended
Jeepney PHP 3 months vehicle and all other authorized
 50,000 units included in the CPC from
Van PHP 3 months being used as a public utility
200,000 vehicle; and
Sedan PHP 3 months 3. Revocation of the registration of
120,000 the apprehended vehicle and all
MC PHP 6,000 3 months other authorized units included in
the franchise.

For the 2nd offense, the penalty shall be:

A. Revocation of ALL CPCs (entire fleet) of the operator.
B. Disqualification of the operator, and in the case of a corporation, all its
stockholders and directors, to operate any kind of public land
transportation.
C. Blacklisting of all authorized units (entire fleet) of the operator being
used as public utility vehicle; and
D. Revocation of the registration of ALL authorized units (entire fleet) of the
operator.
2. Refusal to render service to the 1st offense – PHP 5,000
public or convey passenger to 2nd offense – PHP 10,000 and
destination impounding of unit for 30 days
3. Overcharging/Undercharging of 3rd and subsequent offenses – PHP
fare 15,000 and cancellation of CPC
4. Failure to provide proper body where the unit is authorized.
marking
5. No franchise/Certificate of Public
Convenience or evidence of
franchise presented during
apprehension or carried inside the
motor vehicle.

6. Fraud and falsities such as Revocation/Cancellation of the

presentation of fake and spurious franchise/Certificate of Public
CPC, OR/CR, plates, stickers and Convenience, after due notice of
tags hearing pursuant to the
Memorandum Circular No. 2013-003
7. Employing reckless, insolent, 1st offense – PHP 5,000
discourteous or arrogant drivers 2nd offense – PHP 10,000 and
[Link] an unauthorized driver to impounding of unit for 30 days.
drive PUV or allowing a driver to 3rd and subsequent offenses – PHP
drive PUV without brining his/her 15,000 and cancellation of CPC
driver’s license where the unit is authorized
9. Operating unit/s with defective
parts and accessories
10. Failure to provide fare discount to
those entitled under existing laws
and pertinent Memorandum Circulars
of the LTFRB
11. Failure to provide the Board with
completely correct, and updated
operator’s information (such as, but
not limited to, address, contact
numbers, list of drivers, etc.) and
other forms of misrepresentation.
12. Failure to display “No Smoking”
signage and/or allowing personnel or
passenger to smoke inside vehicle.