ITWD

Q=1(15 ,1-5)
1 A block of Address is granted to small
organization. We know that one of the address is
[Link]/27. Find
i. The number of address in the network 224
ii. The first address64
iii. The last address95
1’s Subne 0’s(2n- Power of
2
ts ) 2
Block size
0 255 8 256 00000000
-
1 128 7 128 0111111
2 192 6 64 10000000
-
3 224 5 32 1011111
4 240 4 16 11000000
-
5 248 3 8 1101111
6 256 2 4 11100000
-
7 254 1 2 11101111
8 255 0 1 11110000 A=/
- 8=[Link]

11111111
B=/16=[Link]
C=/24=[Link]

2 Draw OSI reference model with each layer name. Write in brief
about the tasks performed by Network layer.
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model with each layer labeled:
Layer Working Protocol Protocols
Data Unit
1– Establishing Bits USB, SONET/SDH,
Physical Physical etc.
Layer Connections
between Devices.
2 – Data Node to Node Frames Ethernet, PPP, etc.
Link Layer Delivery of
Message.
3– Transmission of Packets IP, ICMP, IGMP, OSPF
Network data from one , etc.
Layer host to another,
located in
different
networks.
4– Take Service Segments TCP, UDP, SCTP, etc.
Transport from Network (for TCP)
Layer Layer and or
provide it to the Datagram
Application Layer. s (for UDP)
5– Establishes Data NetBIOS, RPC, PPTP,
Session Connection, etc.
Layer Maintenance,
Ensures
Authentication
and Ensures
security.
6– Data from the Data TLS/SSL, MIME, JPEG,
Presentati application layer PNG, ASCII, etc.
on Layer is extracted and
manipulated in
the required
format for
transmission.
7– Helps in Data FTP, SMTP, DNS, DH
Applicatio identifying the CP, etc.
n Layer client and
 synchronizing
communication.

Difference Between OSI and TCP/IP Model

OSI Model TCP/IP Model
OSI stands for Open Systems TCP/IP stands for Transmission
Interconnection. Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
OSI model has 7 layers. TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers.
Package delivery is guaranteed in Package delivery is not guaranteed
OSI Model. in the TCP/IP Model.
In the OSI model, Only layers 1,2 All layers of the TCP/IP model are
and 3 are necessary for data needed for data transmission.
transmission.
Protocols at each layer is Layers are integrated, some layers
independent of the other layer. are required by other layers of
TCP/IP model.
OSI Model is a conceptual Widely used in actual networks like
framework, less used in practical Internet and Communication
applications. Systems.

3 What is Internet? Who owns internet? Who manages internet?

Write any two application name of Internet
The Internet is a vast global network of interconnected computers and devices that
communicate with each other using standard protocols. It enables the sharing of information,
data, and resources across the world, allowing people to access websites, send emails, stream
videos, and much more.

Ownership of the Internet

No single person or organization owns the entire Internet. It's a decentralized network made up
of various interconnected networks and entities, including Internet Service Providers (ISPs),
governments, businesses, and individuals. Ownership of specific parts of the Internet, such as
domain names and servers, is distributed among various entities.

Management of the Internet

The Internet is managed collaboratively by multiple organizations and groups that develop and
enforce standards, protocols, and policies. Some key organizations involved in Internet
management include:

 ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers): Responsible for
coordinating the global domain name system (DNS) and IP address allocation.
 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): Develops and promotes voluntary Internet
standards and protocols, such as HTTP and TCP/IP.
 ISOC (Internet Society): Advocates for Internet policies and standards and supports
Internet development and education initiatives.
 RIRs (Regional Internet Registries): Allocate and manage IP address resources within
specific regions (e.g., ARIN, RIPE NCC, APNIC).

Applications of the Internet

Two examples of Internet applications include:

1. Email: A widely used method of exchanging digital messages across the Internet.
Popular email services include Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo Mail.
2. Social Media: Platforms that enable users to create, share, and interact with content and
connect with others. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

4 Write any two application name of Internet

Two Applications of the Internet:

1. Online Banking: This allows users to perform financial transactions and manage their
bank accounts over the Internet. Examples include accessing account balances,
transferring money, and paying bills.
2. Video Conferencing: Platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet enable
users to hold virtual meetings and communicate with others through video, audio, and
text chat.

5 What things you should keep in mind when you choose an ISP?
Things to Keep in Mind When Choosing an ISP (Internet Service Provider):

1. Speed and Bandwidth: Consider the download and upload speeds offered by the ISP.
Make sure they meet your needs for activities like streaming, gaming, and remote work.
Higher bandwidth is essential for a seamless online experience, especially in households
with multiple users.
 2. Reliability and Uptime: Choose an ISP with a reputation for consistent and reliable
service. Frequent outages or connectivity issues can be frustrating, especially if you rely
on the Internet for work or important tasks.

Q=2(10 , 1-2)
1. Attempt the following (any five) Write the full
form of I. SLIP [Link]
 Full form of:

 SLIP: Serial Line Internet Protocol

 PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol

2. Write any two domain name of Internet

 Two domain names of the Internet:

 .com (Commercial)
 .org (Organization)

3. Write full form of RFC. What does it hold?

 Full form of RFC:

 RFC: Request for Comments

 What does it hold: RFCs are documents that describe methods, behaviors, research, or
innovations applicable to the Internet and Internet-connected systems. They are used to
develop and define standards, protocols, procedures, and best practices.

4. Write the two characteristics of block level

element of HTML.
 Two characteristics of block-level elements in HTML:

 Starts on a New Line: Block-level elements always start on a new line, taking up the full
width available (by default) and pushing subsequent content to the next line.
  Contain Other Elements: They can contain other block-level elements or inline
elements and can be styled using CSS properties like width, height, margins, and
padding.

5. What is difference between cellpadding and

cellspacing for HTML table?
 Difference between cellpadding and cellspacing in an HTML table:

 Cellpadding: Specifies the amount of space between the cell content and the cell border.
It adds padding inside each cell.
 Cellspacing: Specifies the amount of space between the cells in a table. It adds space
between the cells themselves.

6. Write the full form of I. HTML II. CSS

 Full form of:

 HTML: HyperText Markup Language

 CSS: Cascading Style Sheets

7. Who is making the Web standards? Write the tag

name to break the line.
 Who is making the Web standards?

 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main organization responsible for
developing and maintaining web standards.
 Tag name to break the line: <br>

Q=3(15, 1-5)

1. Explain: How search engine works.

How Search Engines Work
Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo use complex algorithms to search the vast amount
of information on the Internet and provide relevant results for user queries. Here's a simplified
overview of the process:

1. Crawling: Search engines use web crawlers (bots) to visit and scan web pages. They
follow links from one page to another, collecting data and indexing the content they find.
2. Indexing: The data collected by the crawlers is organized and stored in a database called
an index. This index allows the search engine to quickly retrieve relevant results when a
user performs a search.
3. Ranking: When a user enters a search query, the search engine retrieves relevant pages
from its index and ranks them based on various factors like relevance, quality, and user
experience. The most relevant and authoritative pages are displayed at the top of the
search results.

2. Write full form of CSS. What are three types of CSS. Write one
small example for each type of CSS.
Full Form and Types of CSS

 Full form of CSS: Cascading Style Sheets

There are three types of CSS:

1. Inline CSS:
o Defined within the HTML element using the style attribute.
o Example:

html

<p style="color: blue;">This is a blue paragraph.</p>

2. Internal CSS:
o Defined within the <style> tag inside the <head> section of the HTML
document.
o Example:

html

<head>
<style>
p {
color: green;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a green paragraph.</p>
 </body>

3. External CSS:
o Defined in an external .css file and linked to the HTML document using the
<link> tag.
o Example:
 HTML:

html

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="[Link]">
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a styled paragraph.</p>
</body>

 [Link]:

css

p {
color: red;
}

3. Explain Event Programming. Write only name of any three

different events and when it occurs in JavaScript.

Event Programming in JavaScript

Event programming allows you to execute code in response to specific events (e.g., user actions).
Three examples of JavaScript events are:

1. click: Occurs when an element is clicked.

2. mouseover: Occurs when the mouse pointer is moved over an element.
3. keydown: Occurs when a key is pressed on the keyboard.
4. Submit: Occurs when a form is submitted.

4. List and explain basic tools used to develop multimedia

Basic Tools Used to Develop Multimedia

Multimedia development involves various tools to create and edit content. Some basic tools
include:
 1. Graphics Software: Programs like Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, and CorelDRAW are used
to create and edit images and graphics.
2. Video Editing Software: Tools like Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, and DaVinci
Resolve allow users to edit and produce videos.
3. Audio Editing Software: Applications like Audacity, Adobe Audition, and GarageBand
are used to record and edit audio files.
4. Animation Software: Software like Adobe Animate, Blender, and Autodesk Maya are
used to create animations and 3D models.

5. Explain Hierarchical, Linear and Webbed organization of web

pages in a web site.

Organization of Web Pages in a Website

Web pages can be organized in different structures to enhance navigation and user experience:

1. Hierarchical Organization:
o Web pages are arranged in a tree-like structure with a clear parent-child
relationship.
o Example: A main page with subpages for different sections (e.g., home, about,
services, contact).
2. Linear Organization:
o Web pages are arranged in a sequential order, like chapters in a book.
o Example: An online course with pages that must be viewed in a specific order.
3. Webbed Organization:
o Web pages are interconnected with no strict hierarchy, allowing users to navigate
freely.
o Example: A blog where posts link to each other based on related topics.

Q=4(10 ,1-2)

[Link] only name of any two Interactivity tools.

 Two Interactivity Tools:

 Adobe Animate
  Unity

2. Write name of any two popular search engine

 Two Popular Search Engines:

 Google
 Bing

3. Write one example of I. half duplex II. full duplex

 Examples:

 Half Duplex: Walkie-talkies

 Full Duplex: Telephone calls

4. Write full form of 1. VRML 2. OCR

 Full Forms:

 VRML: Virtual Reality Modeling Language

 OCR: Optical Character Recognition

5. Write any two features name of chrome browser.

 Two Features of Chrome Browser:

 Incognito Mode
 Extensions and Add-ons

6. Write only name of any two levels of Internet

Connectivity
 Two Levels of Internet Connectivity:

 Dial-up
 Broadband

7. Write only name of any four data types which

are supported by java script.
 Four Data Types Supported by JavaScript:
  Number
 String
 Boolean
 Object

2022
Q=1

3. Explain packet switching

Packet Switching

Packet switching is a method of data transmission where messages are divided into smaller,
fixed-size packets before being sent over a network. Each packet is transmitted
independently and can take different paths to reach the destination. Once all the packets
arrive, they are reassembled into the original message. Packet switching is the foundation
of the Internet and other modern communication networks.

Key Characteristics:

 Efficiency: It optimizes network use by dynamically routing packets based on

current network conditions.
 Reliability: Packets can be retransmitted if lost or corrupted during transmission.
 Scalability: It allows for efficient use of available bandwidth and can handle large
volumes of data.

4. Explain various classes of Network with one example of each

class.
Classes of Networks

Networks are categorized into different classes based on their size, range, and purpose.
Here are the primary classes of networks with examples:

1. Local Area Network (LAN):

o Description: A LAN covers a small geographical area, such as a single
building or a campus. It is used to connect computers and devices within a
limited area for resource sharing and communication.
o Example: Office network connecting computers, printers, and servers within
a building.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN):
 o Description: A WAN spans a large geographical area, often connecting
multiple LANs. It is used to facilitate communication and data transfer over
long distances.
o Example: The Internet, which connects networks globally.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
o Description: A MAN covers a city or a large campus. It is larger than a LAN
but smaller than a WAN and is used to connect multiple LANs within a
metropolitan area.
o Example: A city's municipal network connecting various government offices
and institutions.
4. Personal Area Network (PAN):
o Description: A PAN is a network used for communication among devices
close to one person, typically within a range of a few meters.
o Example: Bluetooth connection between a smartphone and a wireless
headset.

5. Explain unicasting and broadcasting.

Unicasting and Broadcasting

Unicasting:

 Description: Unicasting is a communication method where data is sent from one

sender to a single receiver. It is a one-to-one communication model.
 Example: Sending an email to a specific recipient.

Broadcasting:

 Description: Broadcasting is a communication method where data is sent from one

sender to all devices on a network. It is a one-to-many communication model.
 Example: Sending a network-wide announcement or a broadcast message to all
devices in a local network.

Q=2

1. Explain half duplex and full duplex communication with

appropriate example.
Half Duplex and Full Duplex Communication

 Half Duplex:
o Description: Communication occurs in both directions, but not simultaneously.
Only one party can transmit data at a time while the other party receives.
o Example: Walkie-talkies, where one person speaks and the other listens, and they
take turns to respond.
  Full Duplex:
o Description: Communication occurs in both directions simultaneously, allowing
for continuous two-way communication.
o Example: Telephone calls, where both parties can speak and listen at the same
time without interruptions.

2. Write one example of Non-Geographic domain and Geographic

domain.
Examples of Domains

 Non-Geographic Domain:
o Example: .com (Commercial)
 Geographic Domain:
o Example: .in (India)

3. Write only name of any E-commerce categories.

E-commerce Categories (Name Only)

 B2C (Business to Consumer)

 B2B (Business to Business)

4. Write any two-application name of Internet.

Two Applications of the Internet

 Online Banking
 Video Conferencing

5. What do you mean by serial transmission? USB uses serial

transmission or parallel transmission?
Serial Transmission and USB

 Serial Transmission:
o Description: Data is transmitted one bit at a time over a single channel. It is
simpler and more cost-effective for long-distance communication.
o Example: Universal Serial Bus (USB) uses serial transmission to transfer data
between devices.

6. Write only name of any two service provider who provides

broadband services.
Two Broadband Service Providers

 Airtel
 Jio

7. Write full form of RFC. What does it hold?

Full Form of RFC and Its Purpose

 Full form of RFC: Request for Comments

 What does it hold: RFCs are documents that describe methods, behaviors, research, or
innovations related to the Internet and Internet-connected systems. They are used to
develop and define standards, protocols, procedures, and best practices.

Q=3

1. What are things you can perform with JavaScript?

Things You Can Perform with JavaScript

JavaScript is a versatile programming language that can be used for various tasks, including:

 Web Development: Creating interactive web pages by manipulating HTML and CSS.
 Form Validation: Checking user input in forms before submission.
 Animations: Creating animations and visual effects on web pages.
 Event Handling: Responding to user actions like clicks, mouse movements, and key
presses.
 Asynchronous Programming: Making asynchronous requests to servers using AJAX
and Fetch API.
 Building Web Applications: Developing single-page applications (SPAs) using
frameworks like React, Angular, and [Link].
 Server-Side Development: Using [Link] to build server-side applications and APIs.
 Game Development: Creating browser-based games.

4. Write only name of any two-search engine. Explain: How search

engine works?
Two Search Engines and How They Work

 Two Search Engines:

o Google
o Bing
How Search Engines Work:

1. Crawling: Search engines use automated programs called web crawlers or spiders to
browse the web and collect information about web pages. These crawlers follow links
from one page to another, scanning and indexing content.
2. Indexing: The collected data is organized and stored in a database called an index. This
index contains information about the content of web pages, keywords, and metadata. It
allows the search engine to quickly retrieve relevant results for user queries.
3. Ranking: When a user performs a search, the search engine retrieves relevant pages from
its index and ranks them based on various factors like keyword relevance, page quality,
user experience, and backlinks. The most relevant and authoritative pages are displayed
at the top of the search results.

5. Write full form of DOM. Only draw diagram of HTML DOM

tree of objects.
Full Form of DOM and HTML DOM Tree

 Full form of DOM: Document Object Model

HTML DOM Tree of Objects: Below is a simplified diagram of an HTML DOM tree for a
basic web page:

<html>
├── <head>
│ ├── <title>
│ └── <meta>
└── <body>
├── <h1>
├── <p>
│ ├── <strong>
└── <div>
└── <a>

This diagram shows the hierarchical structure of HTML elements, with the root <html> element
at the top and child elements nested within their parent elements.

Q=4

1. What are the differences between block-level and in-line element

in HTML?
Differences Between Block-Level and Inline Elements in HTML
  Block-Level Elements:
o Start on a new line and take up the full width available.
o Examples: <div>, <h1>, <p>, <section>
o Can contain other block-level and inline elements.
 Inline Elements:
o Do not start on a new line and only take up as much width as necessary.
o Examples: <span>, <a>, <img>, <strong>
o Can only contain other inline elements.

2. What is the use of history list in browser?

Use of History List in Browser

The history list in a browser keeps track of all the web pages that a user has visited during a
browsing session. This allows users to navigate back and forth between previously visited pages
using the back and forward buttons.

4. Explain with example: How you can create anarray in javascript?

Creating an Array in JavaScript

You can create an array in JavaScript using square brackets []. Here's an example:

javascript
// Creating an array of numbers
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

// Creating an array of strings

let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];

[Link](numbers); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[Link](fruits); // Output: ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]

5. Explain with example: typeof operator in javascript,

typeof Operator in JavaScript

The typeof operator is used to determine the type of a variable or expression. Here's an
example:

javascript
let age = 25;
let name = "Alice";
let isStudent = true;
[Link](typeof age); // Output: "number"
[Link](typeof name); // Output: "string"
[Link](typeof isStudent); // Output: "boolean"

6. Explain the following HTML tag with example including

mandatory attribute(s) if any i. IMG
Explanation of the <img> Tag in HTML

The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML document. It has mandatory attributes
such as src (source) and alt (alternative text).

html
<img src="path/to/[Link]" alt="Description of the image">

7. Write one example of absolute path and relative path for

prvodining hyperlink in HTML.
Examples of Absolute and Relative Paths for Hyperlinks in HTML

 Absolute Path:

html

<a href="[Link] Example</a>

 Relative Path:

html

<a href="/[Link]">About Us</a>