Explain when an external flow is two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and What is the difference between skin friction drag and

tion drag and pressure

axisymmetric. What type of flow is the flow of air over a car? The flow over a drag? Which is usually more significant for slender bodies such as Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at an angle of attack of 5°. Will the (a) lift
body is said to be two-dimensional when the body is very long and of airfoils? The part of drag that is due directly to wall shear and (b) drag acting on the airfoil be zero or nonzero? When air flows past a
constant cross section, and the flow is normal to the body There is no stress τw is called the skin friction drag FD, friction since symmetrical airfoil at an angle of attack of 5°, both the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on
significant flow along the axis of the body. The flow along a body that it is caused by frictional effects, and the part that is due the airfoil are nonzero.
possesses symmetry along an axis in the flow direction is said to be directly to pressure P and depends strongly on the shape We are to define and discuss stall. Analysis The decrease of lift with an increase in
axisymmetric Flow over a body that cannot be modeled as two- of the body is called the pressure drag FD, pressure. For the angle of attack is called stall. When the flow separates over nearly the entire
dimensional or axisymmetric is three-dimensional. The flow over a car is slender bodies such as airfoils, the friction drag is usually upper half of the airfoil, the lift is reduced dramatically ,is caused by flow
three-dimensional. What is the difference between the upstream velocity and more significant separation and the formation of a wide wake region over the top surface of the
the free-stream velocity? For what types of flow are these two velocities equal to
how does the drag coefficient vary with the Reynolds number at airfoil. Commercial aircraft are not allowed to fly at velocities near the stall velocity
each other? The velocity of the fluid relative to the immersed solid body (a) low and moderate Reynolds numbers and (b) at high Reynolds for safety reasons. Airfoils stall at high angles of attack. If a plane stalls, it loses
sufficiently far away from a body is called the free-stream velocity, V. The numbers (Re 10^4)? the drag coefficient decreases with
upstream velocity V is the velocity of the approaching fluid far ahead of Reynolds number at low and moderate Reynolds
mush of its lift, and it can crash.
the body. These two velocities are equal if the flow is uniform and the he takeoff speed of an aircraft when it is fully loaded is given. The required
numbers. (b) The drag coefficient is nearly independent takeoff speed when the weight of the aircraft is increased by 20% as a result of
body is small relative to the scale of the free-stream flow. What is the
of Reynolds number at high Re overloading is to be determined.
difference between streamlined and blunt bodies? Is a tennis ball a
Why is the contribution of viscous effects to lift usually negligible
streamlined or blunt body? A body is said to be streamlined if a conscious
for airfoils? The contribution of viscous effects to lift is
effort is made to align its shape with the anticipated streamlines in the
usually negligible for airfoils since the wall shear is
flow. Otherwise, a body tends to block the flow, and is said to be blunt. A
nearly parallel to the surfaces of such devices and thus
tennis ball is a blunt body .What is drag? What causes it? Why do we
usually try to minimize it? The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in nearly normal to the direction of lift.
What is the effect of streamlining on friction drag and pressure
the flow direction is called drag. Drag is caused by friction between the
drag? Does the total drag acting on a body necessarily decrease as
fluid and the solid surface, and the pressure difference between the front a result of streamlining? Explain
and back of the body. We try to minimize drag in order to reduce fuel as a result of streamlining, friction drag increases,
consumption in vehicles, improve safety and durability of structures pressure drag decreases, and total drag decreases at high
subjected to high winds, and to reduce noise and vibration. What is lift?
Reynolds numbers but increases at very low Reynolds
What causes it? Does wall shear con tribute to the lift? The force a
numbers since the friction drag dominates at low
flowing fluid exerts on a body in the normal direction to flow that tends
Reynolds numbers. (1 m/s = 3.6 km/h ) Is it possible to accelerate a fluid to supersonic velocities with a velocity other than
to move the body in that direction is called lift. It is caused by the
(If Re >2300 turbulant flow or <2300 laminar ) the sonic velocity at the throat? Explain No, if the flow in the throat is subsonic. If the
components of the pressure and wall shear forces in the direction normal
to the flow. The wall shear contributes to lift (unless the body is very power : velocity at the throat is subsonic, the diverging section would act like a diffuser and
slim), but its contribution is usually small. “A” The frontal area of a body is : Deux force decelerate the flow. Yes, if the flow in the throat is already supersonic, the diverging
Coefficient DRAG/ LIFT : the area seen by a person when opposée ou /2 section would accelerate the flow to even higher Mach number.
looking from The frontal area is concave convexe (Torque =couple) Can a shock wave develop in the converging section of a converging–diverging nozzle?
appropriate to use in drag and lift Explain. No, because the flow must be supersonic before a shock wave can occur. The
Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at zero angle of attack. Will
We are to define and discuss drafting. Analysis Drafting is when a the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on the air foil be zero or nonzero? flow in the converging section of a nozzle is always subsonic.
moving body follows another moving body by staying close behind in When air flows past a symmetrical airfoil at zero angle of attack, (a) Can the Mach number of a fluid be greater than 1 after a normal shock wave? Explain.
order to reduce drag. It reduces the pressure drag and thus the drag the lift is zero, but (b) the drag acting on the airfoil is nonzero No, the second law of thermodynamics requires the flow after the shock to be subsonic.
coefficient for the drafted body by taking advantage of the low because of symmetry, there is no lift, but there is still skin friction A normal shock wave always goes from supersonic to subsonic in the flow direction.
pressure wake region of the moving body in front. drag, along with a small amount of pressure drag. .
We are to discuss the effect of a normal shock wave on several properties. velocity
stagnation refers to a point or region where the fluid's velocity is zero, Air is flowing past a nonsymmetrical airfoil at zero angle of attack. decreases static temperature increases, (c) stagnation temperature remains the same,
effectively halting its movement. This occurs when the kinetic energy of Will the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on the air foil be zero or nonzero? static pressure increases, and stagnation pressure decreases .the Mach number goes
When air flows past a nonsymmetrical airfoil at zero angle of attack,
the fluid is converted into pressure, causing the flow to momentarily
both the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on the airfoil are nonzero. from supersonic (Ma > 1) to subsonic (Ma < 1).
stop at a stagnation point