CLASSIFICATION
VERTEBRATES
BY CATHLEEN
Vertebrates
Overview
[Link] are vertebrates?
[Link] are features of
vertebrates?
[Link] are the two blood
temperatures?
[Link] are the 5 classes of
vertebrates and their features?
VERTEBRATES
What are they?
Animals which have a vertebral column
key points
key points
Vertebral Column Skull Blood temperature
Key points of Vertebrate
Vertebral
Column
(spinal column / spine)
consist of a chain of cylindrical bones
(vertebrae) joined end to end
vertebral
each vertebrae carries an arch of column
bone on its dorsal surface
↓
protects spinal cord
arch oh bone
Key points of Vertebrate
jaw
row of teeth Skull
row of teeth
jaw
Function : encloses and protects
brain (expanded from front end of
spinal cord)
has a pair of jaw
jaw (beak) most of the time, contains rows of
teeth
Key points of Vertebrate
Blood
temperature
Cold-blooded vertebrates Warm-blooded vertebrates
body temperature depends on body temperature is constant and
surrounding’s temperature higher than surrounding’s
animal activity depends on the temperature
surrounding’s temperature have internal regulatory
Speed and reactions affected mechanism
animal’s activity not dependent
on the surrounding’s temperature
Vertebrate
5 Classes
BIRD
N
IA
FIS H A M P HI
B
PTILE
RE
MA A L
MM
gills
Vertebrates (covered by
operculum)
Fish
___
______
____ pectoral fin
dorsal
Features _________ scales
fin
cold-blooded
____
smooth, streamlined shaped body ____
→ enables it to move through water easily
____ pelvic fin
overlapping scales and fins
→ important for movement/balance
filamentous gills protected by operculum
→ for breathing underwater
reproduces sexually
fertilization happens externally
tail fin ____
→ female lays eggs first
→ male sheds sperm on them after
Vertebrates
Fish
Features
produce jelly-covered eggs in water
has eyes
no ears
has lateral lining along body
→ for detecting vibrations in water
Example of fish : sharks, rays, slamon
Vertebrates
Amphibia
Features
cold-blooded moist skin
four limbs, no scales
live in water (only for laying eggs) and land
carnivorous
nostril
moist skin with numerous capillaries
→ for the exchange of oxygen and carbon mouth ____
dioxide in water or land
lungs used for breathing too
→ can be inflated with swallowing action
webbed
no diaphragm or ribs feet hind limb
Vertebrates
Amphibia
Features
reproduce sexually
→ male and female are close in contact to
ensure successful external fertilization
external fertilization
→ female lay eggs
→ male immediately releases sperm over
them
produce jelly-covered eggs in water
has eyes and ears
Examples of amphibians : axolotl, salamander, frogs
Vertebrates
Amphibia
Groups
Frogs : Toads : Newts :
web skin between toes web skin between toes swim by wriggling, fish-
→ provide large surface → provide large surface like movement
area to push against area to push against has a tail
water water moist skin
no tail no tail
moist skin drier skin than frogs
→ release chemical to put
off predators
Vertebrates
Reptile
dry, scaly skin
Features
land living
not limited to damp habitats five-toed
cold-blooded limbs
→ can regulate body temperature
→ lays under the sun until warmed up to
increase energy
dry, scaly skin
→ help reduce water loss
don’t need water to breed
reproduce sexually
Vertebrates
Reptile
Features
fertilization is internal
→ male and female mate
→ sperm is passed to the female’s body
lay rubbery, water-proof shelled eggs
has eyes and ears
Examples of reptile : iguana, chameleon, gecko
Vertebrates
Reptile
Groups
Lizards : Crocodiles : Snakes :
four limbs, five toes four limbs, five toes no limbs
some have traces of
limbs and girdles
Turtles : Tortoise :
four limbs, five toes four limbs, five toes
Vertebrates
Birds
Features
warm-blooded
vertebral column in neck is flexible
rest of vertebrae is a rigid structure beak
→ adaptation to flight, wings muscles need
body covered
rigid frame by feathers
body covered in feathers
→ fluffy down feathers = insulation wings
→ contour feathers = cover body and give (forelimbs)
shape and coloration
→ large quill feathers = flight scales
legs and toes covered in scales
Vertebrates
Birds
Features
four limbs (forelimbs modified to wings)
four toes with claws
→ help bird to perch, scratch for seeds or capture prey
upper and lower jaw extended to form beaks
→ used in feeding
has eyes and ears
sexually reproduce
fertilization is internal
female lay hard-shelled eggs
female incubates eggs in nest
→ to keep them warm and safe
Examples of birds : chicken, parrot, owl
Vertebrates
Mammal
Features
warm-blooded
have four limbs
have hairs
have eyes and ears with a pinna
have diaphragm
→ for breathing
have mammary glands four limbs
fur (hair)
→ produce milk for their young to suckle on
give birth to fully formed young
→ may be blind and helpless at first
→ may be able to stand up and move soon
after birth
Vertebrates
Mammal
Features
fertilization is internal
eggs undergo a period of development in
uterus
youngster’s first food = milk from mother’s
teats
→ contain all nutrients youngster needs
→ later on, youngster will eat the same food
as parents
Examples of mammals : whale, kangaroo, horse
Animal Kingdom
arthropods
Vertebrates
Fish Amphibia Reptile Birds Mammal
cold-blooded cold-blooded cold-blooded warm-blooded warm-blooded
scales moist skin dry, scaly skin feathers fur
jelly-covered jelly-covered rubbery, water- hard-shelled live young
eggs eggs proof eggs eggs
4 limbs
fins 4 limbs 4 legs 2 wings, 2 legs
eyes, ears
eyes, no ears eyes, ears eyes, ears eyes, ears
Vertebrates
Q&A
1. Which class of vertebrate does not have rows of teeth on their jaw?
2. Why do frogs and toads have web-skinned between their toes?
3. How does being “cold-blooded” have an affect on the animal?
4. Why do fish have a streamlined shape body?
5. Where does a mammal’s young get their nutrients?
6. What do reptiles do to regulate their body temperature?
THANK YOU