CHEMISTRY 20

SOLUTIONS
Chapter 5: Pages 190-231 .

Ernest Manning High School

0
Solubility of Selected Molecular Compounds (pg. 201 in text)

You will need to memorize these or use the molecular polarity to

determine solubility. ( polar molecule=high solubility in water)

High Solubility

ammonia NH3 (g)

hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (l)

methanol CH3OH (l)

ethanol C2H5OH (l)

glucose C6H12O6 (s)

sucrose C12H22O11 (s)

Low Solubility

methane CH4 (g)

propane C3H8 (g)

octane C8H18 (l)

nitrogen N2 (g)

1
 Intro to Solutions

1. Classify the following as heterogeneous or homogeneous.

a. Fresh squeezed orange juice

b. white vinegar
c. clouds
d. milk
e. pop
f. salt dissolved in water

2. Which of the above mixtures are solutions?

3. Describe what the state “aqueous” means.

4. What types of solutions are electrolytes? What is an electrolyte?

5. Classify the following solutions as ionic, molecular, acidic, or basic.

a. Sodium fluoride
b. Sucrose (C12H22O11)
c. Calcium chloride
d. Ethanol (C2H5OH)
e. Sodium hydroxide
f. HCl
g. Ammonium chloride
h. NaHCO3
i. NH3
j. CH3COOH

6. From the list above, list the letters for which substances will be electrolytes.

2
7. Write the chemical formula for each of the following acids.

a. phosphoric acid
b. sulfurous acid
c. nitric acid
d. acetic acid
e. hydroiodic acid
f. carbonic acid

8. Write the acid name for the following acids

a. H2SO4(aq)
b. H2S(aq)
c. HClO(aq)
d. C6H5COOH(aq)

9. Based on the information below determine which of the solutions labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4
is hydrobromic acid, ammonium sulfate, lithium hydroxide, and methanol.

Solution Litmus test Conductivity

1 No change None
2 Blue to red High
3 No change High
4 Red to blue high

Analysis: Solution 1 is
Solution 2 is
Solution 3 is
Solution 4 is

10. With our ionic, acidic and basic substances it is easier to predict whether or not they will
mix with water. For our molecular substances we must rely on the idea that “likes
dissolve like” (polar will dissolve in polar, non polar in non polar). Use this idea to
predict whether the following molecular substances will mix with water.
a. CH3OH (methanol) d. ammonia

b. Methane e. C25H52v (wax)

c. C6H12O6 (glucose) f. C12H22O11 (sucrose)

3
 Explaining Solutions
1. Compare ionization and dissociation by explaining a similarity and a difference

2. Decide whether the following chemicals would dissociate, ionize, dissolve, or do nothing
in water (hint: are they ionic, molecular, acidic, or basic?). Write “ionizes”,
“dissociates”, “does nothing”, or “dissolves” to the left of each, then write the
equation to show what happens.
a. sodium chloride

b. hydrobromic acid

c. sodium hydroxide

d. nitrogen gas

e. potassium acetate

f. lithium fluoride

g. nitric acid

h. iron (III) hydroxide

i. paraffin wax C25H52(s)

j. copper (II) sulphate

k. glucose

l. BaCO3

m. acetic acid

n. Zn(C2H3O2)2

o. K3PO4

p. HClO4

q. ammonium acetate

r. calcium carbonate

s. iron (III) chloride

4
3. Given the list below, assume each substance is placed in water. List the chemical
entities that will be present in the water. Chemical entities are the ions and
molecules that would be present when each substance is placed in water. Also
include water.

Example: sodium chloride Na+(aq), Cl-(aq), H2o(l)

a. zinc b. sodium bromide

c. methanol (CH3OH) d. acetic acid

e. silver chloride f. nitric acid

g. potassium dichromate h. oxygen

5
 DISSOCIATION/IONIZATION AND MAJOR ENTITIES IN WATER

Part A: Write equations to explain what happens when each of the following is
placed in water.

1. aluminum oxalate

2. hydrogen fluoride

3. magnesium phosphate

4. nitrous acid

5. sodium sulfite

6. methanol (CH3OH(l))

7. scandium perchlorate

8. lithium flouride

9. aluminum nitrate

10. glucose (C6H12O6(s))

11. copper (II) sulfate

12. calcium hydroxide

6
Net Ionic Equations: Worksheet 1

Write the nonionic, complete ionic and net ionic equations to represent the following
reactions.

1. A zinc strip is dipped into an aqueous solution of silver nitrate

2. Solutions of lead(II)nitrate and potassium chloride are mixed

3. Barium hydroxide is used to neutralize sulfuric acid.

4. Chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium iodide.

5. Aqueous solutions of aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide are mixed.

6. An iron nail is dropped into a beaker of sulfuric acid.

7
Net Ionic Equations: Worksheet 2

For each of the following, write the balanced equation, the total ionic equation and the
net ionic equation.

1. Silver nitrate and calcium chloride solutions.

2. Solution of sodium sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen sulfide
gas and a solution of sodium chloride.

3. sulfuric acid is neutralized by ammonium hydroxide solution.

4. Strontium hydroxide solution combines with iron (III) phosphate.

5. Acetic acid combines with silver nitrate solution.

8
6. A solution of calcium chlorate is added to aqueous potassium sulfate.

7. Cobalt (III) chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions.

8. Strontium nitrate solution is added to a solution of sodium carbonate to produce a

strontium compound to be used in flares.

9. A precipitate of lead (II) silicate is produced when a solution of sodium silicate is

added to aqueous lead (II) nitrate.

10. Bromine can be produced by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of sodium
bromide.

9
 CHAPTER 5
Calculations Involving Percent by
Mass, Volume and ppm

1. What is the concentration of a solution in percent m/m given that 83.62 g of a salt
have been added to water to make 400.0 g of solution? (20.91%)

2. In a lab, 6.48 g of table salt are added to 90.00 mL of water. What is the concentration
of this solution expressed in percent by mass? (Note: 1mL = 1g) (6.72%)

3. What mass of solute is dissolved in 1.200 kg of a 5.20% (m/m) solution? (62.4g)

4. On the label of a bottle of water it is stated that there are 0.48 mg Na + per 250 mL of
water. What is the concentration expressed in ppm? (1.9ppm)

5. What is the concentration of 0.125 g of solute dissolved in 0.500L of distilled water.

Express the answer in ppm?
10
6. Determine the volume of water which has 0.340g of NaCl dissolved into it giving a
concentration of 1200ppm.

7. Determine the mass of sodium fluoride that could be isolated from a 170 g tube of
1500 ppm fluoride toothpaste. (0.255g)

8. A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.13g of salt to make 20.0mL of solution. What is

the concentration expressed in %mass/volume? (15.7%)

9. Calculate the number of grams of solute needed to make the following solution:

a) 2.5 L of 0.90% (m/V sodium chloride) (22.5g)

b) How many moles of sodium chloride is this? (0.39mol)

11
Molar Concentration ( c=n/v)

1. What is the molar concentration of a solution in which 0.240 mol of washing

soda, Na2CO3 10 H2O, is dissolved in water to make 0.500 L of a solution for
softening water.

2. What is the molar concentration of 500 mL of a solution that contains 12.7 g of

swimming pool chlorinator, calcium hypochlorite?

3. How many moles of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate would be needed to make
0.100 L of a 0.600 mol/L solution suitable for use as an antacid?

4. What mass of sodium hydroxide (lye) must be added to 1.50 L of water in order
to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.0750 mol/L?

5. Calculate the volume of 0.100 mol/L solution that can be prepared from 3.60
mmol of caustic soda.

12
6. What volume of 0.700 mol/L brush cleaning solution can be prepared from 126 g
of sodium phosphate, Na3PO4(s)?

7. Calculate the molar concentration of an ink solution that contains 0.210 mol of
iron(II) sulphate dissolved in 480 mL of water.

8. The protective coating on a car battery terminal can be prepared by dissolving

0.240 kg of sodium silicate in water to make 250 mL of solution. What is the
molar concentration of this solution?

9. Sodium phosphate can be used to remove scale deposits from a car radiator.
What volume of a 0.075 mol/L solution would contain 1.10 mol of sodium
phosphate?

10. A 0.100 mol/L solution of zinc nitrate is needed for a chemistry lab. What is the
mass of zinc nitrate necessary to produce 250 mL of this solution?

13
Mixed Concentration Practice

1. Cow’s milk contains 4.5 g of lactose per 100 mL of milk. What mass of lactose is
present in 250 mL ( one glass ) of milk?

2. A 10% W/V salt solution is used for making pickles. What mass of salt is present
in 750 mL of this solution?

3. A 250 mL measuring cup of cleaning solution contains 1.2 mol of dissolved

ammonia. What is the molar concentration of the solution?

4. Fish require a concentration of about 4.5 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in water.

What volume of water would contain 100 mg of oxygen?

5. What volume of concentrated, 14.6 mol/L, phosphoric acid would contain 2.00
mol of solute?

6. Hard water contains at least 120 ppm of dissolved minerals. If 12.0 L of hard
water in a kettle is boiled to dryness, what mass of minerals would be obtained?

7. What amount of table salt is needed to prepare 12.0 L of a 5.20 mol/L solution?

14
15
Solution Preparation
1. A hydrate of sodium thiosulphate known as hypo (Na2S2O3 5 H2O) is used as a fixer
in photography because it readily dissolves silver compounds. Describe how to
prepare 100 mL of a 0.120 mol/L hypo solution.

2. Sodium bicarbonate is used in baking as baking soda, or as one of the components of

baking powder. Describe how to prepare 250 mL of a 0.821 mol/L solution of
sodium bicarbonate.

3. Ammonium carbonate is a suitable replacement for the aqueous solution of

ammonia as a household cleaning agent. Describe how to prepare 1.00 L of a 0.450
mol/L solution of ammonium carbonate.

4. Pots, kettles and frying pans and other non-aluminum household utensils can be
economically cleaned of grease by using a solution of lye (sodium hydroxide).
Describe how to prepare 2.50 L of a 0.100 mol/L solution of lye.

16
19

17
18
19
Dilution of Solutions
1. Determine the volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid (11.6 mol/L) required to
prepare 10.0 L of a 0.200 mol/L solution.

2. What volume of 14.8 mol/L ammonia is required to prepare 2.0 L of a 1.0 mol/L
solution?

3. What is the molar concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution prepared when 10 L

of 19.1 mol/L solution is diluted to 400 L?

4. To what volume must 10.0 mL of 17.2 mol/L ethanol be diluted in order to prepare a
10.3 mol/L ethanol solution?

5. What is the molar concentration of household ammonia solution if 7.5 mL are

diluted to 0.250 L to make a 0.021 mol/L solution?

6. To what volume must 60 L of a 2.50 mol/L toxic solution be diluted to in order to

make the final concentration 1.00  106 mol/L (a fairly safe concentration)?

20
Qualitative Analysis
1. Identify each of the following ions based on the information given (use data
booklets to help you):
(a) the transition metal with a blue colour in solution and a blue flame colour
(b) alkali metal with a yellow flame
(c) transition metal with no flame colour but a purple colour in solution
(d) metal with a blue-white flame but no solution colour

2. How could you tell the difference between the following solutions by looking at
them?
(a) FeCl3(aq) and FeCl2(aq)

(b) Cr(NO3)3(aq) and Cr(NO3)2(aq)

(c) K2Cr2O7(aq) and K2CrO4(aq)

(d) MnCl2(aq) and KMnO4(aq)

3. What solution could you choose in each case to distinguish between each of the
pairs of solutions given by using precipitation?
(a) NaNO3(aq) and Ca(NO3)2(aq)

(b) AgClO3(aq) and NaClO3(aq)

(c) NaCl(aq) and Na2SO4(aq)

(d) KOH(aq) and KCl(aq)

21
4. A solution which contains only one of the following anions: I - , SO42- , or OH- is tested
with various reagents and the following results are obtained:

Which anion is present in the solution?

5. A solution which contains only one of the following anions: OH- , SO42- , or Cl-- is
tested with various reagents and the following results are obtained:

Which anion is present in the solution?

6. A solution which contains only one of the following cations: Mg 2+, Pb2+, or NH4+ is
tested with various reagents and the following results are obtained:

Reagent Results
0.2M Na2SO4 Precipitate
0.2M NaF precipitate
0.2M NaNO3 No Precipitate

Which cation is present in the solution?

7. A solution which contains only one of the following cations: Ca 2+, Cu+, or Sr2+ is tested
with various reagents and the following results are obtained:

Which cation is present in the solution?

22
 Chemistry 20: Identifying Solutions Dry Lab

Design: Using Conductivity, Litmus paper, flame tests, and colour of solution, substances will be identified after
evidences are collected.

Procedure: You will be supplied with solutions of 10 chemicals. Using empirical evidence determine the identity
of the 10 solutions from the list of possibilities below. (You may only use each chemical once)
lithium chloride nickel (II) chloride barium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide potassium permanganate sulphuric acid
iron (III) chloride calcium chloride glucose
strontium chloride copper (II) chloride sodium hydroxide
acetic acid potassium chloride

Evidence:
Title:__________________________________________________________

Solution Name Formula Conductivity Red Blue Flame Solution

Litmus Litmus Test Colour
1.
Yellow
Yes R B none
brown
2.
Yes R B Blue green Blue

3.
Yes R B Violet none

4.
No R B None none

5.
yellowish
Yes R B none
red
6.
Yes R B red none

7.
Yes R B purple
violet
8.
Yellowish
Yes B B none
green
9.
Yes R B red none

10.
Weak R R none none

23
Concentration of Ions in Solution
1. Calculate the ion concentrations in a 0.090 mol/L solution of Na3PO4.

2. Calculate the ion concentrations in a 0.0143 mol/L solution of NaHCO3.

3. Calculate the ion concentrations in a 2.50 mol/L solution of calcium hydroxide.

4. Calculate the ion concentrations in a solution prepared by dissolving 800 g of zinc chloride
in 4.50 L of water.

5. Calculate the ion concentrations in a solution prepared by dissolving 7.50 mg of aluminum

sulphate in 1.00 L of water.

24
6. Calculate the concentration of dissolved Na2CO3 necessary to give a 0.500 mol/L CO32(aq)
concentration.

7. Calculate the concentration of dissolved (NH4)2SO4 necessary to give a 1.20 mol/L NH4+(aq)
concentration.

8. Calculate the concentration of dissolved K2Cr2O7 necessary to give a 0.600 mol/L Cr2O72(aq)
concentration.

9. What mass of calcium chloride is required to prepare 2.000 L of 0.120 mol/L Cl(aq) solution?

25
 Solubility of Chloride Compounds
Chemistry 20 – Solutions

Create an appropriate line graph representing the following solubility data. From your graph,
answer the questions below.

Solubility (g/100mL)
Temperature
ammonium potassium sodium
(oC)
chloride chloride chloride
0 29.4 28.1 35.7
10 33.3 31.2 35.8
20 37.2 34.2 36.0
40 45.8 40.0 36.6
60 55.2 45.8 37.3
80 65.6 51.3 38.4
100 77.3 56.3 39.8

1. What is the solubility of potassium chloride at 35oC?

2. What is the solubility of ammonium chloride at 90 oC?

3. Which salt has the highest solubility overall?

4. Which of the three ionic compounds’ solubility is most affected by an increase in

temperature?

26
27