Image Transforms
NEED FOR IMAGE TRANSFORMS
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Spatial Frequencies in Image Processing
• ‘spatial frequency’ is used to describe the rate
of change of pixel intensity of an image in
space. It can be visualized using the line
profile of the image in any row or column.
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Example of Image Profile
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Types of image transforms
• Essentially there are two categories of
transforms available
1. Orthogonal and
2. Non-sinusoidal.
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Transforms
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• The 2D discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a separable transform. This
means that it can be decomposed into a sequence of 1D DCTs.
• To perform a 2D DCT on an image, we first perform a 1D DCT on each row
of the image. This gives us a new image with the same number of
columns, but the rows now contain the DCT coefficients of the original
image.
• We then perform a 1D DCT on each column of the new image. This gives
us the final DCT coefficients of the original image.
• The 2D DCT is a separable transform because the 1D DCTs can be
performed independently of each other. This makes the 2D DCT
computationally efficient, and it can be easily implemented in hardware.
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Other Separable Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
Basis function matrix
x
1/ 2 1/ 2 L 1/ 2
u
cos / 2N cos3 / 2N L cos(2N −1) / 2N
cos 2 / 2N cos 6 / 2N L cos 2(2N −1) / 2N
2
CN = cos 3 / 2N cos9 / 2N L cos 3(2N −1) / 2N
N
cos 4 / 2N cos12 / 2N L cos 4(2N −1) / 2N
⁝ ⁝ ⋱ ⁝
cos(N −1) / 2N cos3(N −1) / 2N L cos(2N −1)(N −1) / 2N
Other Separable Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
The 1-DCT basis function for N=8
Other Separable Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
DCT_1D N=64
Other Separable Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
The 2-D DCT pair is given by the expression
(2x +1)u (2 y +1)v
C(u, v) = a(u)a(v)
N −1 N −1
f (x, y) cos 2N cos 2N
x=0 y=0
u,v=0,1,…N-1
N −1 N −1
(2x +1)u (2 y +1)v
f (x, y) = a(u)a(v)C(u,v) cos cos
u =0 v=0 2N 2N
x,y=0,1,…N-1
Other Separable Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
u
The 2D-DCT basis images for N=4
Image Transforms
Examples of DCT
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Other Separable Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
Relationship between DFT and DCT
DCT
DFT
Other Separable Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
Relationship between DFT and DCT
Shifted DFT
DCT
DFT
Discrete cosine Transform
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Example
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Two Dimensional DCT
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Example
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Discrete Sine Transform
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Two-Dimensional DST
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Walsh Transform
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Hadamard Transform
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2D Hadamard Transform
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Haar Transform
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Haar Transform
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Slant Transform
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SVD Transform
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Illustration of SVD
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KL Transform
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Summary
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