Bicol University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

DIRECT CURRENT (DC) CIRCUITS

BASIC ELECTRICITY

RESISTANCE
It may be defined as the property of a material due to which it opposes (or restricts) the flow of electricity
(i.e., electrons) through it.

Resistivity is defined as the measure of the resistance a material imposes on current flow. The resistance of
a given length of conductor depends upon the resistivity of that material, the length of the conductor, and the cross-
sectional area of the conductor.

𝑳 𝑳𝟐 𝑽
𝑹=𝝆 = 𝝆 =𝝆 𝟐
𝑨 𝑽 𝑨

Where: R = resistance of conductor, 𝛺 𝜌 = specific resistance or resistivity, 𝛺 ∙CM/ft or 𝛺 ∙ m

L = length of conductor, ft or m A = cross-sectional area of conductor, CM or m2
V = volume of the material, m3 or ft 3

RESISTANCE VARIATION DUE TO TEMPERATURE

The resistance of a metallic material varies directly as the temperature. With an increase in temperature
however, the resistance of electrolytes, insulators and partial conductors are reduced

𝐑 𝟐 = 𝐑 𝟏 [𝟏 + 𝛂𝟏 𝚫𝐭]
𝐑 𝟐 |𝐓| + 𝐭 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝛂𝟏 = ⁄℃
𝐑 𝟏 |𝐓| + 𝐭 𝟏 |𝐓| + 𝐭 𝟏

𝟏
|𝐓| =
𝛂𝟎

Where: R = resistance at t1
t1 = initial temperature, ℃
t 2 = final temperature, ℃
α1 = temperature coefficient of resistance at t1 (positive for conductor, negative for insulator and conductors
and approximately zero for some alloys)
∆t = change in temperature (℃) = t 2 − t1
T = inferred absolute zero temperature= -234.5oC for annealed copper

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

OHM’S LAW, WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

A. OHM’S LAW
The ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on a conductor to the current (I) flowing between
them, is constant, provided the temperature of the conductor does not change.

𝐕 𝐕
= 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝒐𝒓 = 𝑹
𝐈 𝐈

B. ENERGY
Electrical energy = power× time

WE = P(t)

The amount of heat produced electrically is given by:

𝑾
𝑯= 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐓𝐔
𝑱

where: J is the mechanical equivalent of heat

J = 4.186 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 778 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏/𝐵𝑇𝑈

NOTE: 1 Joule = 107 ergs= 0.24 gm-calorie

C. POWER

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

Electrical Power (P or W) in an electrical circuit is given by the product of potential difference (E or V) and current I,
the unit of power is the watt, P or W.

SERIES CIRCUIT

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝒏

𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑 = ⋯ 𝑰𝒏

𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑽 𝒏

𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑷𝒏

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + + ⋯+
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝒏

𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒏

𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 = ⋯ = 𝑽𝒏

𝑷 𝑻 = 𝑷 𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷 𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑷 𝒏

VOLTAGE DIVISION THEOREM

If two resistors, 𝑅1 and𝑅2 are in series with E as the total circuit voltage then,

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

𝐑𝟏
V1 = 𝐑 E
𝟏 + 𝐑𝟐

𝐑𝟐
V2 = 𝐑 E
𝟏 + 𝐑𝟐

E = V1 + V2

CURRENT DIVISION THEOREM

In a two-branched parallel circuit, 𝑅1 and𝑅2 are the branch resistances, with I as the total circuit current,

𝐑𝟐
I1 = 𝐑 I
𝟏 + 𝐑𝟐

𝐑𝟏
I2 = 𝐑 + 𝐑𝟐
I
𝟏

I = I 1 + I2

NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREM

A network is defined as the interconnection of components such as resistors and batteries forming a
complicated circuit.

➢ A branch (b) represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor

➢ A node (n) is the point of connection between two or more branches.
➢ A loop (l) is any closed path in a circuit.

A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.

The fundamental theorem of network topology is given by

b=I+n-1

This network cannot be solved easily without the following laws and theorems. The first solution is by
Kirchhoff’s laws (formulated by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1847) using the famous current and voltage laws. These
laws are considered the fundamental laws of network in addition to the Ohm’s law. The second solution is by the so-

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

called nodal method which is utilizing the current law. The third is by Maxwell’s method involving the second law KVL.
The remaining solutions are using theorems like the superposition theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’ theorem and
the Millman’s theorem.

A. KIRCHOFF’s LAWS

Kirchhoff’s laws state:

“In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a point (or junction) is zero” states
the first law. This law was based from the law of conservation of charge. The law can also be stated as “incoming
currents to a junction or point = outgoing currents from that junction or point”. To make the sum of entering and
leaving currents zero the sign convention followed is that entering or incoming current is positive and leaving
or outgoing current is negative.

According to the second law “the algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in each of the
conductors in any closed path (or mesh) in a network plus the algebraic sum of the emfs in that path is zero.”
The statement can be mathematically expressed by the following equation:

(a) Current Law. At any junction in an electric circuit, the total current flowing towards that junction is equal to
the total current flowing away from the junction, i.e.

(b) Voltage Law. In any closed loop in a network, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops (i.e. products of current
and resistance) taken around the loop is equal to the resultant e.m.f. acting in that loop.

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

B. NODAL METHOD

This method offers the advantage of requiring minimum number of equations needed to be written to
determine desired quantities. This method is using the current law alone.

“Every junction in the network that represents a connection of three or more branches is regarded a s a node.
One node is always considered a reference node or zero-potential point, and then current equations are written for the
remaining junctions using Kirchhoff’s current-law; thus; a solution is possible with n -1 equation, where n is the number
of nodes.”

Steps to determine node voltages;

1. Select the node as reference node. Assign voltages to the remaining n-1 nodes. These voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use Ohm’s aw to express the branch currents in terms of
node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.

C. MAXWELL’S LOOP (MESH) METHOD OR METHOD OF MESH CURRENT

This method was first proposed by Maxwell using the voltage law only. The method involves a set of
independent loop currents assigned to as many meshes as exist in the circuit, and these currents are employed in
connection with appropriate resistances when the Kirchhoff voltage law equation are written. The arbitrarily assumed
loop current may or may not exist in the various resistor but when determined will readily yield the desired values by
equations need be written to solve a given problem.

Steps to determine mesh currents;

1. Assign mesh current to the meshes. A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

D. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

The superposition theorem states that “the voltage across ot current through an element in a linear circuit is
the algebraic sum of the voltages across or currents through that nt due to each independent source acting alone”.

The idea of the theorem lies on the linearity property.

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

Steps to apply superposition theorem;

1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or Current) due to the active
source using conventional techniques like Ohm’s law and voltage and current division theorems.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all contributions due to the independent sources.

E. THEVENIN’S THEOREM

The Thevenin’s theorem states that “ any network with two open terminals a and b can be replaced by a
single source VTH in series with a single resistance, RO..” This theorem was developed by M. Leon Thevenin in 1883,
a French Telegraph engineer. Below is the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit which is simple series circuit.

where: VTH or VOC = Thevenin’s voltage or open circuit voltage

RO = looking back resistance

F. NORTON’S THEOREM
The Norton’s theorem states that “any network with 2 open terminals a and b can be replaced by a single
current source, ISC in parallel with a single resistance, RO. “This theorem is basically similar to the Thevenin’s theorem.
This was proposed by E. L. Norton in 1926, an American engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories. The Norton’s
equivalent circuit, a parallel circuit, is shown below.

ISC

where: ISC = short-circuit current RO = looking back resistance

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

G. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION METHOD (THEVENIN – TO – NORTON CONVERSION)

The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit (a voltage source) can be transformed to a Norton’s equivalent circuit ( a
current source) using the formulas below.

RNorton = RThevenin = RO
V
ISC = RTh ; VTh = ISCRTh
Th

H. MILLMAN’S THEOREM
“When any number of voltage sources of arbitrarily generated voltage and finite internal resistance difference
from zero are connected in parallel, the resulting voltage across the parallel combination is the ratio of the algebraic
sum of the currents that each source individually delivers when short-circuited to the algebraic sum of the internal
conductance.”

Millman’s circuit equivalent:

The common node voltage between the parallel branches is given by

E1 E2 E3
+ +
R1 R2 R3
Vab = 1 1 1
+ +
I. RECIPROCITY THEOREM R1 R2 R3

“ If any emf in a circuit A produces a current in a circuit B, then the same emf in circuit B produces the same
current in circuit A.”

J. COMPENSATION THEOREM

In its simplest form, this theorem asserts that “ any resistance R in a branch of a network in which a current I
is flowing can be replaced for the purpose of calculation, by a voltage equal to IR.”

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

K. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

“The maximum power transferred to a load resistor occurs when it has a value equal to the resistance of the
network looking back from the load terminals with all the sources of voltage replaced by their internal resistances. “
under the condition of maximum power transfer, the efficiency is only 50%.

Transformation or Conversions

Delta (∆) to Wye (Y) or Pi to T

“If the delta is to be electrically equivalent to the star or wye, the resistance between any pair of terminals on
the delta must be equal to the resistance of the corresponding terminals on the star or wye.”

AB
x = A+B+C

y=
BC
A+B+C

AC
Z = A+B+C

In general,

Product of adjacent R in ∆
RT = ∑ of all R in ∆

Wye (Y) to Delta (∆) or Pi to T

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

xy+yz+xz
A= y

xy+yz+xz
B= z

xy+yz+xz
C= x

In general,
∑ of cross products in Y
R1 =
Opposite R in Y

Note: It is advisable to memorize only the general formula for conversion not the derived formulas for they are figure-
dependent. Different arrangements of letter would result into different formulas. The general formula is not figure
dependent so applicable to whatever arrangement of letters as labels to resistor elements.

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

ELECTROSTATICS/CAPACITANCE

ELECTROSTATICS is that branch of science which deals with the phenomena associated with electricity at rest.

CHARGE is the total deficiency or excess of electrons in a body.

COULOMB’S LAW

The force of attraction or repulsion between two electrically charged bodies is proportional to the magnitude of their
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.

𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝟏
𝑭∝ 𝑭=𝒌 𝒌= ≈ 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐍 ∙ 𝐦𝟐 /𝐂 𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎

Every medium is supposed to possess two permittivities:

(i) absolute permittivity (ε) and (ii) relative permittivity (εr )
For measuring relative permittivity, vacuum or free space is chosen as the reference medium. It has an absolute
permittivity of 8.854 x 10-12F/m and relative permittivity of 1.

For any other medium, the absolute permittivity can be expressed as

𝜺 = 𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓

ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH (E)

This is given by the force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that [Link] may also be defined as equal to the lines of
force passing normally through a unit cross-section at that point.
It may be given by any of the following equations:

𝑭 𝒌𝒒 𝒒 𝑫
𝑬= 𝐍/𝐂 𝑬= 𝐍/𝐂 𝑬= 𝐯/𝐦 𝑬= 𝐯/𝐦
𝒒 𝒅𝟐 𝜺𝑨 𝜺

For the electric field strength between two parallel conducting plates,

𝑽
𝑬= 𝐯/𝐦
𝒅

Note:Electric field is also called the potential gradient.

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY/ ELECTRIC DISPLACEMENT (D)

or
𝜳 𝑫 = 𝜺𝑬 𝐂/𝐦𝟐
𝑫= 𝐂/𝐦𝟐
𝑨

Potential at a point d meters from charge q Coulombs

𝒌𝒒
𝑽= 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝜺𝒓 𝒅

Work Done in moving a point charge q Coulombs d meters

𝒌𝒒
𝑾= 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝒅

BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

DIELECTRIC - is a substance within which there are no mobile electrons necessary for electric conduction. However, when the
voltage applied to such an insulator exceeds a certain value, then it breaks down and allows a heavy electric current (much
larger than the usual leakage current) to flow through it.

BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE -is the minimum voltage required by an insulator or dielectric to break it down.

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH - is given by the maximum potential difference which a unit thickness of the medium can withstand
without breaking down.

Note: It is obvious that the electric intensity, potential gradient and dielectric strength are DIMENSIONALLY EQUAL.

SAFETY FACTOR OF A DIELECTRIC (k) - given by the ratio of the dielectric strength 𝐸𝑏𝑑 of the insulator and the electric field
intensity established in it.

𝑬𝒃𝒅
𝒌=
𝑬

CAPACITANCE

𝒒 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞
𝑪= = 𝐅𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐬 (𝐅)
𝑬 𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

For an isolated sphere of radius r

𝑪 = 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒓

For a parallel-plate capacitor

Uniform dielectric medium Medium partly air Composite medium

𝜺𝟎 𝑨 𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝜺𝑨 𝑪= 𝑪=
𝑪= 𝒕 𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝒕 𝒕
𝒅 [𝒅 − (𝒕 − )] [ + + 𝟑 + ⋯+ 𝒏 ]
𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒓𝟏 𝜺𝒓𝟐 𝜺𝒓𝟑 𝜺𝒓𝒏

Where: d – distance between the parallel plates

t – thickness of the dielectric medium
𝜀𝑟 – relative permittivity/ dielectric constant

For a multiple-plate capacitor

(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝜺𝑨 Where: n – number of plates of the capacitor

𝑪= d – spacing between plates
𝒅

For cylindrical capacitors (cables)

Where: 𝑙– length of the cable or cylindrical capacitor

𝟐𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓 𝒍
𝑪= 𝑟1 – radius of outer cylinder
𝒓
𝐥𝐧 ( 𝟏 ) 𝑟2 – radius of inner cylinder
𝒓𝟐

Capacitance between two parallel wires

𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓 𝒍 Where: 𝑙 – length of the wires

𝑪=
𝒅 𝑑 – distance between centers of the wires
𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝒓 𝑟 – radius of each wire

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

CAPACITORS IN SERIES

𝑽 𝑻 = 𝑽 𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + +⋯+
𝑪𝑻 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 𝑪𝒏

𝑸𝑻 = 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 = ⋯ = 𝑸𝒏

CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL

𝑪𝑻 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝒏

𝑽 𝑻 = 𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 = ⋯ = 𝑽𝒏

𝑸𝑻 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑸𝒏

ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝑸𝟐
𝑬= 𝑪𝑽 = 𝑸𝑽 = 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝑪

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

MAGNETISM/ ELECTROMAGNETISM/ ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Magnetism –is a natural phenomenon whereby attraction takes place.

Electromagnetism –is a phenomenon in which magnetic field is produced due to the presence of electric current
rather than by a magnet.

The phenomena of magnetism and electromagnetism are dependent upon a certain property of the medium
called its permeability. Every medium is supposed to possess two permeabilities:

a. absolute permeability (𝝁)

b. relative permeability (𝝁𝒓 )with respect to the free space or vacuum

The absolute permeability of free space or vacuum 𝝁𝟎 has been given the value 4𝜋 × 10−7 H/m.
Following are equations related to permeability:

𝝁 = 𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝟎

𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍

𝝁𝒓 =
𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎

The Law of Magnetic Forceas applied to a medium is given by

𝒎𝟏 𝒎 𝟐
𝑭= 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑵)
𝟒𝝅𝝁𝒅𝟐

The magnetic field strength or the magnetizing force (H) at a point d meters from a NorthPole of m Wb is

𝒎
𝑯= 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟(𝑵/𝑾𝒃)
𝟒𝝅𝝁𝒅𝟐

NOTE: A magnetic pole of 1 Weber radiates a magnetic flux of 1 Weber.

Magnetic flux density (B) is given by the magnetic flux per unit area.

𝝓
𝑩= 𝑾𝒃⁄𝒎𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎 (𝑻)
𝑨

The relation between the magnetic flux density (B) and magnetic field strength (H) is

𝑩 = 𝝁𝑯

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

When a current-carrying conductor lies in a magnetic field, it is subjected to a mechanical force as given by

𝑭 = 𝑩𝑰𝑳 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑵)

Magnetomotive force (mmfor𝕴) is the cause of the existence of a magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. It is given by

𝕴 = 𝑵𝑰 = 𝑯𝒍 𝐴𝑚𝑝 ∙ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠(S.I.) 𝕴 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝝅𝑵𝑰 𝐺𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑠 (cgs)

The magnetic field intensity and the flux densityof an infinitely long straight conductor are

𝑰 𝝁𝑰
𝑯= 𝑨𝑻/𝒎 𝑩= 𝑾𝒃/𝒎𝟐
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅𝒓

The magnitude of the force between two long straight current-carrying conductors is

𝝁𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒍
𝑭= 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑵)
𝟐𝝅𝒅

Or alternatively,

𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒍
𝑭 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑵)
𝒅

OHM’S LAW FOR MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝕴 𝒍
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = = 𝑾𝒃 𝕽= 𝑨𝑻/𝑾𝒃
𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝕽 𝝁𝑨

Hence,
𝝁𝑨𝑵𝑰
𝝓= 𝑾𝒃
𝒍

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

The magnitude of flux surrounding a straight conductor is given by

𝑹
𝝓 = 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑰𝒍 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒓

Where: 𝑰 = current flowing in the conductor

𝒍 = length of conductor (ft)
𝑹 = radius of the desired limiting cylinder
𝒓 = radius of the conductor

FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The magnitude of the emf induced in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages of the circuit.

𝒅𝝓
𝒆 = −𝑵 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 (𝑽)
𝒅𝒕

When a conductor 𝒍 meters is moved at an angle of 𝜽 with the direction of the flux of flux density B and with
a velocity of v meters per second, the dynamically induced emf is given by

𝒆 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 (𝑽)

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The coefficient of self-induction is given by the following:

𝑵𝝓 𝝁𝑨𝑵𝟐
𝑳= 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦 (𝑯) 𝑳= 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦 (𝑯)
𝑰 𝑰

Induced emf in a coil of inductance Lis given by

𝒅𝑰
𝒆 = −𝑳
𝒅𝒕

Where: dI/dt is the rate of change of the current

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

The coefficient of Mutual induction is given by

𝑵𝟐 𝝓𝟏
𝑴= 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦 (𝑯)
𝑰𝟏

Where: 𝑵𝟐 – the number of turns of the coil in the second coil

𝝓𝟏 – the flux from the main coil
𝑰𝟏 – the current in the first coil (main coil)

The mutually induced emf in the second coil

𝒅𝑰𝟏
𝒆 = −𝑴
𝒅𝒕

The coefficient of coupling, 𝒌is given by

𝑴
𝒌=
√𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐

When two coils having self-inductances of L1 and L2 and mutual inductance of M are connected in series,
the combined inductance is given by:

𝑳 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + 𝟐𝑴 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 − 𝒂𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 and 𝑳 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 − 𝟐𝑴, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈

When two coils having self-inductances of L1 and L2 and mutual inductance M are connected in parallel the
combined inductance is given by:

𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 − 𝑴𝟐 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 − 𝑴𝟐
𝑳= , (𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆) 𝑳= , (𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + 𝟐𝑴 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 − 𝟐𝑴

AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW

This law establishes the fact that the algebraic sum of the rises and drops of mmf around a closed loop of a
magnetic circuit is equal to zero.

𝕴𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 = 𝛟𝕽 = 𝑯𝒍

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

Total reluctance in series Total flux in series

𝕽𝑻 = 𝕽𝟏 + 𝕽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝕽𝒏 𝝓𝑻 = 𝝓𝟏 = 𝝓𝟐 = ⋯ = 𝝓𝒏

PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

Total reluctance in parallel Total flux in parallel

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝓𝑻 = 𝝓𝟏 + 𝝓𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝝓𝒏
= + +⋯+
𝕽𝑻 𝕽𝟏 𝕽𝟐 𝕽𝒏

ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

𝟏
𝑾= 𝕽𝝓𝟐
𝟐

Where: W – energy stored in Joule

MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS

The characteristic of magnetic materials that causes the trajectory of the flux density vs. field intensity curve
as the intensity is increased to be different from that when the intensity is decreased, giving rise to a loss, which is
proportional to the area enclosed by the two trajectories.

STEINMETZ’ EMPIRICAL LAW FOR HYSTERESIS LOSS

The value of x depends on the value of the maximum flux

𝑾𝒉 = 𝜼𝑩𝒙𝒎𝒂𝒙 , Joule⁄m3 /cycle density Bmax. Its value is 1.6 when Bmaxlies between 0.1 and 1.2
Wb/m2.

The Hysteresis Loss is also given by 𝑾𝒉 = (𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔 𝑳𝒐𝒐𝒑) , Joule⁄m3 /cycle

If V m3 of a magnetic material is subjected to f reversals of magnetization per second, then the hysteresis loss is

𝑾𝒉 = 𝜼𝑩𝟏.𝟔
𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒇 , Joules/ sec or Watt

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

The energy stored in a magnetic field of a coil of self-inductance L and carrying a current of I amperes is

𝟏 𝟐
𝑬= 𝑳𝑰 , Joules
𝟐

Energy stored per unit volume of the magnetic field is

𝑩𝟐
𝑬= , Joules/m3
𝟐𝝁

Lifting or tractive force of an electromagnet is given by

𝑨𝑩𝟐
𝑭= , Newton
𝟐𝝁𝟎

SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT MAGNETIC QUANTITIES: SYMBOLS AND UNITS

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

PROBLEM SETS

A. Basic Electrical Concepts

1. One KWHR is equal to ______ BTU.

A. 360 B. 3413 C. 3600 D. 1000

2. Ten (10) kW is equal to _________ gram-cal/sec.

A. 156 B. 436 C. 2,388 D. 425

3. What is 1012 ergs/sec in kW?

A. 100 kW B. 1000 kW C. 10 kW D. 10,000 kW

4. One (1) kW is equal to ___________ hp.

A. 0.746 B. 1.34 C. 550 D. 1.5

5. How many calories does an electric heater of 100 watts generate per second?
A. 10 . B. 1000 C. 23.88 D. 42.25

6. In a certain process water is heated at rate of 2 liters per minute. The water enters an electric heater at
25oC and exists at 50oC. Assuming no heat loss, calculate the wattage of the heater.
A. 2420 B. 3488 C. 6520 D. 5125

7. A 100 liters of water is heated form 20oC to 40 oC. How many kWHR of electricity is needed assuming
no heat loss?
A. 4.2 B. 2.3 C. 5.6 D. 3.7

8. A 360 kilojoules per minute output at 4°C from the refrigerator is obtained. What is the energy efficiency
ratio (EER) if the required input is 2 kW?
A. 10.24 B. 11.73 C. 13.62 D. 15.42

9. An ampere is how many abamperes?

A. 0.4 B. 0.3 C. 0.1 D. 0.2

10. In the American Wire Gauge, as the number of gauge increase, the diameter of wire __________.
A. increases B. decreases C. does not change D. become twice

11. A round wire has 250,000 CM. Find its diameter in inches.
A. 1/2 B. 1/4 C. 0.16 D. 0.08

12. A conductor has a radius of 0.1625 in. What is the area in circular mils?
A. 26,406.25 B. 82,957.68 C. 100,000 D.105,625

13. What is the area in circular mils (CM) of a conductor whose diameter is 0.25 inch?
A. 65,000 B. 62,500 C. 70,000 D. 67,500

14. What is the size in square millimeter (mm²) is the cable of 250 MCM size?
A. 118.656 mm² B. 112.565 mm² C. 126.675 mm² D. 132.348 mm²

15. In CGS, what is the unit of emf when I is in abampere and P is in erg per second?
A. Milivolt B. Kilovolt C. Abvolt D. Volt

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

B. Resistance

1. The specific resistance depends upon

A. The area of cross-section and the length of the conductor
B. The material of the conductor, its area of cross-sectional and length
C. The nature of the material of the conductor only
D. The area of cross-section of the conductor.

2. A copper bar has a length of 20 ft, width of 4 inches and thickness of 0.5 inch. If the resistivity of copper
is 10.37 Ω-CM/ft. what is the resistance of the bar?
A. 81.4 μΩ B. 8.14 μΩ C. 814 μΩ D. 0.814 μΩ

3. Suppose that you wish to fabricate a uniform out of 1.00 g of copper. If the wire is to have a resistance
of 0.50 ohm, and if all the copper is to be used, what will be the diameter of this wire? resistivity of
copper is 1.70 x 10-8 Ω-m. Mass density is 8.92 x 103 kg/m3.
A. 270μm B. 260μm C. 290μm D. 280μm

4. A piece of wire 1 foot long with a cross sectional area of 10 -5 square inch has a resistance of 0.75 ohm.
What is the resistance of 200 ft of wire of the same material with a cross sectional area of 3 x 10 -5
square inch?
A. 100 ohms B. 200 ohms C. 150 ohms D. 50 ohms

5. Determine the resistance of a bus bar made of copper if the length is 10 m long and the cross-section is
a 4 x 4 cm². Use 1.7241 micro 0hm-cm as the resistivity.
A. 2.121 x 10-4 ohm B.3.431 x 10-5 ohm C. 4.312 x 10-4 ohm D. 1.078 x 10-4 Ω

6. The substation bus bar is made up of 2 inches round copper bars 20 ft. Long. What is the resistance of
each bar if resistivity is 1.724 x 10-6 ohm-cm.
A. 7.21 x 10-5 ohm B. 5.185 x 10-5 ohm C. 13.8 x 10-6 ohm D. 2.96 x 10-5 Ω

7. Find the resistance of 50 m. tungsten (ᵖ = 5.5 x 10-8 Ω-m) wire having a diameter of 0.8 mm at 20 degree
centigrade?
A. 4.38 Ω B. 5.47 Ω C. 4.92 Ω D. 5.91 Ω

8. An aluminum wire has a diameter of 2 mm. What must be the diameter of copper wire of the same
resistance and length as aluminum?
A. 1.33 mm B. 1.45 mm C. 1.56 mm D. 1.75 mm

9. If 750 m of 3.0 mm diameter wire have a resistance of 27.6 ohms, what length of similar wire 5.0 mm
diameter will have the same resistance?
A. 1,250 m B. 208 m. C. 125 m D. 2,083 m.

10. A wire has a resistance of 1 ohm. If the length of the is increased four times and the area is doubled
the original, find new resistance of the wire?
A. 5 ohm B. 2 ohm C. 1 ohm D. 0.5 ohm

11. A coil has 6,000 turns of wire and a resistance of 380 ohms. The coil is rewound with the same quantity
(weight) of wire but has 13,400 turns. How many ohms will the new coil have?
A. 1895 ohms B. 1825 ohms C. 1792 ohms D. 1905 ohms

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

12. A kilometer of wire having a diameter of 11.7 mm and a resistance of 0.031 ohm is drawn down so that
its diameter is 5.0 mm. What does its resistance become?
A. 0.85 ohm B. 0.93 ohm C. 0.78 ohm D. 0.81 ohm

13. A copper wire of unknown length has a resistance of 0.8 ohm. By successive passes through drawing
dies, the length of the w ire is increased to 2 ½ times its original value. Assuming that resistivity
remains unchanged during the drawing process, determine the new value of its resistance.
A. 4 Ω B. 3 Ω C. 5 Ω D. 6 Ω

14. A one-meter rod of 2-cm diameter is drawn until its resistance is 100 times the initial resistance. Its
length after afterward is?
A. 10 m B. 100 m C. 12.5 m D. 5 m

15. A certain wire has a resistance R. The resistance of another wire identical with the first except for having
twice its diameter is
A. 4R B. ½ R C. 2R D. ¼ R

16. A copper transmission line is to be replaced by one of aluminum having the same total resistance. If
the cross-sectional area of the copper wire is 500 MCM, what would be the cross-sectional area of
the new aluminum wire?
A. 800 MCM B. 820 MCM C. 850 MCM D. 900 MCM

C. Resistance & Temperature

1. A length of copper telephone line has a resistance of 24 ohms at 20-degree C. What is its resistance on
hot summer day when its temperature rises to 36 degree C?
A. 26.5 Ω B. 24.5 Ω C. 25.5 Ω D. 27.5 Ω

2. The resistance of a wire is 126.48 ohms at 100 ⁰C and 100 ohms at 30⁰C. Determine the temperature
coefficient of copper at 0⁰C.
A. 0.00427 B. 0.0256 C. 0.00615 D. 0.0356

3. Two heating elements which is 500 ohms, and 250 ohms are connected in series with temperature
coefficients of 0.001and 0.003 ohms per ⁰C, respectively at 20⁰C. Calculate the effective temperature
coefficient of the combination.
A. 0.00215 B. 0.00626 C. 0.00712 D. 0.00167

4. The resistance of a copper wire at 30⁰C is 50 ohms. If the temperature coefficient of copper at 0⁰C is
0.00427, what is the resistance at 100⁰C?
A. 72.26 ohms B. 63.24 ohms C. 54.25 ohms D. 58.15 ohms

5. A copper wire whose resistivity is 0.0043/˚C at 0˚C has its resistance increases by 25% of its initial value
at 20˚C. What is the operating temperature?
A. 56.8˚C B. 83.1˚C C. 52.5˚C D. 78.3˚C

6. The resistance of a copper wire at 30ᵅC is 50Ω. If the temperature coefficient of copper at 0ᵅC is 0.00427,
what is the resistance at 100ᵅC?
A. 72.26 Ω B. 63.24 Ω C. 54.25 Ω D. 58.15 Ω

7. A wire having a resistance of 7 ohms at 0 degree centigrade has a resistance of 8 ohms when its
temperature increases to 50˚C. What is the temperature coefficient of the wire at 0˚C?

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

A. 0.00286/ ˚C B. 0.00385/˚C C. 0.00428/˚C D. 0.00485/˚C

8. The resistance of the field winding of a DC machine is 0.25 Ω at 25 oC. When operating at full load, the
temperature of the winding is 75oC. The temperature coefficient of resistance of copper is 0.00427 per
o
C at 0oC. Find the resistance of the field winding at full load?
A. 0.298 Ω B. 0.315 Ω C. 0512 Ω D. 0.271 Ω

D. Ohm’s Law and Equivalent Resistance

1. The condition in Ohm’s Law is that

A. Ratio V/I should be constant B. current should be proportional to voltage
C. the temperature should remain constant D. the temperature should vary

2. A 110-v dc motor draws a current of 30 A and it is located 500 ft. from the power source. What is the
supply voltage if the diameter of copper wire is 0.25 inch?
A. 119 B. 117 C. 121 D. 115

3. A switch is connected across a 120 V supply. What is the voltage across the switch if it is closed?
A. 120 V B. 0 C. Infinity D. 60 V

4. Twelve similar wires each of resistance 2 ohms are connected so as to form a cube. Find the resistance
between the two corners of the same edge.
A. 1.133 Ω B. 1.102 Ω C. 1.125 Ω D. 1.167 Ω

5. A circuit of three resistors rated 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms are connected in delta. What would be
the resistances of the equivalent wye-connected load?
A. 5.55 Ω, 6.66 Ω, & 7.77 Ω B. 4.44 Ω, 3.33 Ω, & 6.66 Ω
C. 3.33 Ω, 4.44 Ω, & 5.55 Ω D. 4.44 Ω, 6.66 Ω, & 8.88 Ω

6. Twelve identical wires of resistance 6 ohms each are arranged to form the edge of a cube. A current of
40 mA is led into the cube at one corner and out at the other diagonally opposite corner. Calculate the
potential difference developed between these corners.
A. 0.20 V B. 0.28 V C. 0.22 V D. 0.24 V

7. A 12 volts has a 50 ampere-hour capacity. The internal resistant is 0.1 ohm. A 5 – ohm load is connected
for 5 hours. How many ampere –hour are still left?
A. 28.51 B. 41.4 C. 38.23 D. 35.92

E. Electrical Circuits

1. Two resistors of 90 Ω and 10 Ω are connected in series across a 3 –volt source. What is the voltage
across the 10 Ω resistors?
A. 0.3 v B. 0.5 v C. 0.6 v D. 0.7 v

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

2. What is the value of Rx in K ohms to be connected in parallel to a 75 Kohms to reduce the value of total
resistance to 10 K ohms?
A. 11.7 B. 15.7 C. 7.5 D. 12.7

3. Two equal resistors when connected in series across a supply draws a total power of 20 watts. What is
the total power drawn when the two resistors are connected in parallel across the same supply?
A. 20 watts B. 40 watts C. 60 watts D. 80 watts

4. Five 20-ohm resistor are connected is series across a dc source voltage. If the voltage across one of the
resistors is 25 volts, what is the source voltage in volts?
A. 150 B. 175 C. 200 D. 125

5. A series circuit consists of three resistors R1, R2, and R3 which are connected to a 240 V source. If the
voltage drop across R1 is 60 V when the current is 4 A and R2 = 1.5 R3, what is the ohmic resistance
R3?
A. 15 Ω B. 18 Ω C. 27 Ω D. 28 Ω

6. A voltage divider circuit of two resistors is designed with a total resistance of the two resistors equal to
100 ohms. If the output voltage is 20% of the input, what are the values of the two resistors (ohms) in
the circuit?
A. 15 and 85 B. 20 and 80 C. 10 and 90 D. 2 and 98

7. A voltage divider circuit of two resistors is designed with a total resistance of the two resistors equal to
100 ohms. If the output voltage is 20% of the input, what are the values of the two resistors (ohms) in
the circuit?
A. 15 and 85 B. 20 and 80 C. 10 and 90 D. 2 and 98

8. A 100-watt bulb draws 0.833 A and a 200-watt bulb draws 1.666 A. when connected across a 20-volt
source. If the two bulbs are connected in series across a 240 –volt source, what is the common current
in amperes?
A. 2.51 B. 2.11 C. 1.11 D. 1.52

9. Two resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel. R1 is twice of R2. If the current in R1 is I, what is the
current in R2?
A. I B. 2I C. 4I D. I/2

10. A total current of 60 A is divided among 3 parallel branches having a resistance of 10 Ω, 6 Ω, and 12
Ω, respectively. What is the current that flows through the branch with 10 Ω resistances?
A. 17.1 A B. 28.6 A C. 14.3 A D. 42.9 A

11. A 36 Ω resistor is connected in parallel with an unknown resistor R. Their combination is then connected
in series with a 12 Ω resistor. Find the value of R such that power drawn by the parallel combination of
36 Ω and R is equal to the power in the 12 ohm resistor.
A. 48 Ω B. 24 Ω C. 18 Ω D. 6 Ω

12. A dozen cell with an emf of 1.5 V an internal resistance of 0.15 ohm each are joined in parallel and
connected to an external resistor of 1.9875 ohms. What is the current drawn by the external resistor?
A. 0.85 A B. 0.75 A C. 0.60 A D. 0.50 A

13. The resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel across a 120 volts source. The total current of
the circuit is 12 amperes. The resistance R2 is twice then value of R1 and the resistance R3 is the thrice
the value of R1. Find the resistance of R2.
A. 40 B. 33 C. 37 D. 25

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

14. Two 24-volt battery supply power to a 20 Ω load. One battery has 0.2 Ω internal resistance while the
other has 0.4 Ω. What power does the load draws?
A. 28.4 w B. 22.2 w C. 30.8 w D. 18.6 w
15. A 12 V battery of 0.05-ohm resistance and another battery of 12 V and 0.075 ohm resistance supply
power to a 2-ohm resistor. What is the current through the load?
A. 5.85 A B. 5.63 A C. 5.72 A D. 5.91 A

16. The lead storage batteries A and B are connected in parallel. A has an open circuit voltage of 12 V and
an internal resistance of 0.2 ohm. Battery B has an open circuit voltage of 12.2 V and an internal
resistance of 0.3 ohm. The two batteries together deliver power to a 0.5 ohm power resistor. Neglecting
effects of temperature, how much current is contributed by battery A?
A. 29.62 A B. 16.00 A C. 12. 85 A D. 25.24 A

17. A lead storage battery is rated at 12 V. If the internal resistance is 0.01 ohm, what is the maximum
power that can be delivered to the load?
A. 1,200 W B. 3,600 W C. 7,200 W D. 1,800 W

18. A 120-V battery having an internal resistance of 0.5 ohm is connected through a line resistance of 9.5
ohms to a variable load resistor. What maximum power will the battery deliver to the load resistor?
A. 36 watts B. 63 watts C. 630 watts D. 360 watts

Charge and Coulombs Law

1. A 220-v bulb draws a current of 10 A. How much charge (in kC) will pass through the bulb in two hours
period?
A. 7.2 B. 3.6 C. 36 D. 72

2. Two electrons have force of 3.46 x 10^-6 N. What is the distance between them?
A. 8.1 x 10^-7 m B. 1.8 x 10^-7 m C. 8.1 x 10^-12 m D. 1.8 x 10^-12 m.

3. Two equally charged spheres repel each other with a force of 0.1 kg. If their centers are 20 cm. apart,
find the charge on each.
A. 2.09 x 10-6 c B. 2.09 x 106 c C. 2.00 x 10-6 c D. 2.00 x 106 c

4. How many electrons must be placed on each of two spheres separated by 4mm in order to produce a
repulsive force of 500 N?
A. 5.89 x 1012 B. 5.27 x 1012 C. 6.42 x 1012 D. 6.97 x 1012

5. What is the force between a point charge of 2 x 10 -5 coulomb and another of 3 x 10-6 coulomb when
they are 10 cm apart in a vacuum?
A. 53.95 kg B. 395 x 10-3 kg C. 5.5 kg D. 45.5 kg

6. Two metallic plates separated by 1 cm are connected across a 12 V battery. A certain plastic
material is inserted completely filling the space and the charge on each plate is observed to double.
What is the dielectric constant of then plastic material?
A. 0.5 B. 4 C. 2 D. 6

7. A charge of 20 units is placed 5 cm from a like charge of 3 units in mica. The force of repulsion is 0.52
dynes. Find the dielectric constant of mica.
A. 2.4 B. 4.61 C. 6.6 D. 1.25

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

8. Two-point charges 10 cm apart exert a force of 1 x 10 3g on each other. If the charges are of the same
value, what is the charge in stat coulombs?
A. 8.9 stats coulombs B. 9.90 stats coulombs C. 6.90 stats coulombs D. 7.90 stats coulombs

Capacitor and Capacitance

1. A multi-plate capacitor is made up of 501 sheets of aluminum 25 cm x 30 cm with an insulation of

paraffin paper 0.0015 cm thick. What is the capacitance in microfarads of the capacitor? (k for paraffin
paper is 3)
A. 50 B. 55 C. 35 D. 67

2. A two parallel plate capacitor charged to 15 KV has a capacitance of 4.5 x 10 -4. If the plates of the
capacitor of 200 square centimeter each are separated by 1 mm, what is the permittivity of the dielectric
medium?
A. 2.8 B. 2.65 C. 2.55 D. 2.54

3. The area of one plate of a two-plate mica capacitor is 0.0025 m2 and the separation between plates is
0.02 m. If the dielectric constant of mica is 5, what is the capacitance of the capacitor?
A. 5.53 µF B. 5.53 pF C. 7.74 µF D. 7.74 pF

4. A capacitor is charged to 0.0018 coulomb. If the voltage across it is 120 volts, what is the capacitance
in microfarad?
A. 15 B. 20 C. 25 D. 10

5. If the charge accumulated on two parallel conductors charged to 4 V is 500 pC, what is the capacitance
of the parallel conductors?
A. 1,000 pF B. 2,000 pF C. 250 pF D. 125 pF

6. Three (3) 10 µF capacitors are connected in series. What is the total capacitance?
A. 3.33 B. 30 C. 6.66 D. 60

7. Two capacitors C1 = 50 and C2 = 30 are connected in series. Find the equivalent capacitance in
microfarad.
A. 187.5 B. 18.75 C. 1.875 D. 1875

8. Three capacitors are connected in parallel, C1 = 12μF, C2 = 10μF, and C3 = 40μF. What is the total
capacitance?
B. 45μF B. 5 μF C. 10 μF D. 62 μF

9. Three capacitances 4 μF, 6 μF, and 5 μF are connected in series across a 110-volt dc source. Find the
charge passing through each capacitor.
A. 1,650 μC B. 69 μC C. 178 μC D. 7.33 μC

10. A 12 µF capacitor charged at 500 volts and a 6 µF capacitor charged at 250 volts are connected in
parallel. What is the potential difference of the combination?
A. 750 V B. 500 V C. 375 V D. 417 V

11. A 50 µF capacitor with an initial charge of -12 volts was then charged to a constant current source of
25µA. What is the voltage of the capacitor after 30 seconds?
A. -3 V B. -6 V C. 3 V D. 6 V

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

12. A capacitor is used to charge the lamp of the flash of a camera. If the source voltage is 6 v, how long
will it take to charge the capacitor of 10 μF if it takes 10 μA current?
A. 4 sec B. 8 sec C. 6 sec D. 10 sec

13. An uncharged 100 µF capacitor is charged to a constant current of 1 mA. Determine the voltage across
the capacitor after 4 seconds.
A. 50 V B. 40 V C. 30 V D. 20 V

14. A 10-microfarad capacitor is charged by a constant current source and its voltage is increased to 2
volts in 5 seconds. Calculate the value of the constant current source in microamperes.
A. 5 B. 6 C. 4 D. 3
15. An isolated capacitor of unknown capacitance has been charged to a potential difference of 100 v.
When charged capacitor is then connected in parallel to an uncharged 10-microdfared capacitor, the
potential difference is 30 v. Find the unknown capacitance in microfarad.
A. 6.67 B. 3.33 C. 4.29 D. 5.38

Inductor and Inductance

1. Two inductors of 20 mH and 10 mH are connected in series carrying a current of 1 A. Find the total
energy stored.
A. 15 mJ B. 20 mJ C. 30 mJ D. 60 mJ

2. A 20 mH inductor and a 12 mH inductor are connected in series with a 1.50 A current source. Find
the total energy stored.
A. 36 mJ B. 16 mJ C. 32 mJ D. 64 mJ

3. Two identical coupled coils have an equivalent inductance of 100 mH connected series aiding and
50 mH in series opposing. What is the value of the self-inductance L1 and L2?
A. 3.75 mH B. 375 mH C. 0.375 mH D. 37.50 mH

4. Two identical coupled have an equivalent inductance of 40 mH when connected in series aiding and
17.5 mH in series opposing. What is the value of the mutual inductance?
A. 0.5625 mH B. 562.5 mH C. 5.626 mH D. 56.25 mH

5. Two coils in a network are positioned such that there is 100% coupling between them. If the inductance
of one coil is 12 mH and the mutual inductance is 6 mH, find the inductance of the other coil.
A. 3.6 mH B. 3 mH C. 4 ml D. 4.5 mH

5. Two coils of inductances 4 and 6 henry are connected in parallel. If their mutual inductance is 3 Henry,
calculate the equivalent inductance of the combination if mutual inductance assists and if mutual
inductance opposes the self-inductance respectively.
A. 2.4 H & 1.4 H B. 3.75 H & 0.94 H C. 6.25 H & 2.75 H D. 16 H & 4 H

6. The total inductance of two coils, A and B when connected in series aiding is 0.5 H and 0.2 H when
connected in series opposing. Coil A, when isolated from coil B has a self-inductance of 0.2 H.
Calculate the self-inductance of coil B.
A. 0.16 H B. 0.12 H C. 0.20 H D. 0.15 H

7. What is the coefficient of coupling of two coils whose mutual inductance is 1 H and whose self-
inductance are 1.2 and 2 H?

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

A. 1.549 B. 2.400 C. 0.645 D. 0.912

8. Two coupled coils have self-inductances L1 = 2 H, and L2 = 0.5 H, and a coefficient of coupling k = 0.9.
Determine the turns ratio N1 / N2 of the two coils.
A. 2 B. 0.2 C. 0.5 D. 0.9

9. The energy (Wo) stored in a coil is dependent in the inductance (L) of the coil and the current flowing.
If the inductance were doubled with the same current flowing, what would be the resulting energy
stored?
A. 2.0 Wo B. 0.5 Wo C. 1.0 Wo D. 4.0 Wo

10. A 6.0 H coil whose resistance is 12 ohms is connected in series with a 24 ohms resistor and to a 144
V battery and a switch. The switch is closed at t=0. Determine the energy stored in the magnetic field
at steady state.
A. 50 J B. 48 J C. 52 J D. 46 J

Magnetism

1. What is the counterpart of the magnetic flux in an electric circuit?

A. voltage B. current C. resistance D. conductance

2. It is the unconventional unit of mmf in the CGS system.

A. unit pole B. statvolts C. gilberts D. ampere turns

3. Two opposite poles of strength 160 and 192 units has a force of 1,960 dynes. What is the distance in
cm between them?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

4. A south pole 20 unit pole is placed one inch away from another south pole 35 unit pole. What is the
force between the two poles?
A. 108.5 dynes repulsion C. 70.0 dynes repulsion
B. 108.5 dynes attraction D. 70.0 dynes attraction

5. A DC current of 50 amperes flows through a long straight conductor. Determine the force on a magnetic
pole of 50 unit pole strength placed 5 cm form the conductor.
A.100 dynes B. 1000 dynes C. 100π dynes D. 200 dynes

6. A horizontal powerline carries a current of 90 A. Compute the magnetic field at a point 1.5 m. below
the line.
A. 1.2 x 10-5 T B. 1.2 x 10-4 T C. 1.2 x 10-3 T D. 1.2 x 10-2 T

7. Calculate the AT/m to produce flux of 0.001 Wb/m 2 at the center of a long straight solenoid.
A. 783 B. 796 C. 799 D. 745

8. A 120 cm long conductor is carrying a current of 3.2 A and is situated at right angle to a field with flux
density of 0.85 T. Calculate the force on the conductor.
A. 3.2640 N B. 3.3048 N C. 3.1396 N D. 3.5477 N

9. Wire of length 50 cm is moved in a field of density 1 weber per square meter at a velocity of 30
meters per second. What is the emf induced if the motion is perpendicular to the field?
A. 1.5 v B. 150 v C. 15 v D. 0.15 v

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE

 Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Legazpi City

10. A piece of conductor 10 cm. long moves across a magnetic field of 10,000 gauss at a velocity of 120
cm/sec. What voltage appears across the conductor?
A. 0.24 V B. 0.12 V C. 60 V D. 120 V

11. An infinitely long straight conductor located in air is carrying a current of 100 A. Determine the flux
density at point 0.08 m away from the conductor.
A. 0.50 x 10-3 T B. 0.25 x 10-3 T C. 0.40 x 10-3 T D. 0.33 x 10-3 T

Magnetic Circuit

1. A magnetic coil produces 100,000 maxwells with 2,000 turns and with a current of 2A. The current is
cut-off and the flux collapses in 0.01 sec. What is the average voltage that will appear across the coil?
A. 200 kV B. 200 V C. 2,000 kV D. 2 kV

2. A magnet, which generates 800 maxwells of flux, is inserted through a coil of 1000 turns. It is then
withdrawn within 0.15 sec, what is the voltage that appears across the coil?
A. 0,22 V B. 53.3 V C. 533 V D. 0.0533 V

3. A coil of 500 turns carrying a current of 200 mA has an axial length of 3 cm. If the torque is 0.5 x 10 -4
N-m and the diameter of core is 1 cm, determine the flux density in Tesla. Consider the turns are at
right angle to the flux.
A. 0.1667 B. 1.667 C. 16.67 D. 166.7

4. An iron core has a cross-sectional area of 10-3 square meter and mean circumference of 1 meter. The
relative permeability of the material is 500 and the number of turns is 200. Determine the current
required to set up a flux of 0.001 weber.
A. 7.54 A B. 7.96 A C. 8.19 A D. 8.47 A

5. A magnetic circuit has a length of 100 cm and a cross-sectional area of 5 square cm. The total flux is
10 x 104 webers. The coil has 100 turns and current of 4 amperes. What is the magnetic strength?
A. 500 AT/m B. 400 AT/m C. 350 AT/m D. 450 AT/m

6. An air core toroidal coil has a 120 turns and the length is 12 cm. What is the current required to set up
a flux of 1.2 x 10-6 weber, if the cross-sectional area is 12 square cm?
A. 0.8418 a B. 0.7960 A C. 0.8119 A D. 0.7718 A

7. Two coils having 30 and 600 turns respectively are wound side by side on a closed iron circuit of cross-
section of 100 cm2 and of mean length 150 cm. A current in the first coil grows steadily from zero to
10A in 0.01 second. Find the emf induced in the coil. Relative permeability of iron is 2000.
A. 209.4 v B. 301.6 v C. 299.3 v D. 300.9 v

8. A solenoid has a magnetic reluctance of 2.2 x 10-3. It has 300 turn and a core area of 5 cm 2. What is
the flux density when the current flowing is one ampere?
A. 26,300 gauss B. 34,200 gauss C. 12,200 gauss D. 21,200 gauss

LECTURE NOTES | EE Correlation Course 2 DEMATERA | MAÑAGO | GEALONE