FIRST SEMESTER-QUARTER 1

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 LESSON 7

CHAPTER
1
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 The BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY is the part
of your paper where you inform the reader of the
context of the study.
❖ When we say context, it means the situation
or circumstances within which your research
topic was conceptualized.
❖ It is also in this part of the paper where you
justify the need to conduct a research
study about the topic selected by
establishing the research gap.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 A RESEARCH GAP is an under or unexplored
area of a topic that requires further exploration.
The gap can be in a form of other variables,
conditions, population, methodology, or test
subject.
❑ Reading through the Discussion,
Conclusion, or the Recommendations
sections of the articles will help you know
potential areas of study that need further
attention.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH GAP

[Link] extensive research on diabetes management,

there’s a research gap in terms of understanding the
effectiveness of digital health interventions in rural
populations (compared to urban ones) within Eastern
Europe.

[Link] a wealth of research exists regarding plastic

pollution in oceans, there is significantly less
understanding of microplastic accumulation in freshwater
ecosystems like rivers and lakes, particularly within
Southern Africa.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 While both the Background of the Study and the
Review of Related Literature involve reading past
related studies, they differ in some aspects.
• Background of the Study is at the introductory
part of the paper with the purpose of relaying the
importance of your research study.
• Review of Related Literature is more
comprehensive and thoroughly discusses the
studies mentioned in the background of research.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 Moreover, the background of the study answers
the following questions:

1. What is already known about the topic?

2. What is not known about the topic?
3. Why do you need to address those gaps?
4. What is the purpose of the study?
5. What is the rationale of your study?

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 WHAT IS A RATIONALE?
A research rationale is the explanation of why a
research study is being conducted. It justifies the
study by outlining the existing knowledge, identifying
gaps in that knowledge, and explaining how the
proposed research will address those gaps and
contribute to the field. Essentially, it answers the
"why" behind the research.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 Research Topic: The Effectiveness of Technology Integration Strategies in
Public Schools in the Philippines

Rationale: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the significant digital divide

in the Philippines, exposing the unequal access to technology and internet
connectivity among students. While the government has implemented
various initiatives to promote technology integration in education, the
effectiveness of these strategies in promoting equitable learning outcomes
remains unclear. This study explores the effectiveness of different
technology integration strategies in public schools, considering factors such
as access, teacher training, and curriculum design. The findings will provide
valuable insights into developing more effective and equitable technology
integration strategies that can help bridge the digital divide and improve
access to quality education for all Filipino students.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Research Topic: the Impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
(4Ps) on Household Poverty Levels in Mindanao
Rationale: The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a significant
investment in poverty reduction in the Philippines. While the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) has been subject to evaluation, existing
studies often lack the geographic specificity or methodological rigor needed
to accurately assess its impact on household poverty in Mindanao's diverse
communities. This research will address this knowledge gap by providing a
localized, quantitative assessment of the program's impact. The findings will
not only measure the program's overall effectiveness but also identify
specific areas for improvement in program design and implementation to
better address the unique challenges of poverty in Mindanao. This will lead
to more effective targeting of resources and a more impactful poverty
reduction strategy.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 A RESEARCH QUESTION is the main question that your
study sought or is seeking to answer. It is a clear, concise, and
open-ended question that centers your research for a paper,
project, or literature review.

• It forms the foundation of a research-based

assignment and helps guide the entire research
process.
• A well-made research question is essential to define the
scope and direction of your paper, guiding you in
collecting relevant information for drawing conclusions
later.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Research questions can be generally classified into

two: general and specific.

• The general question of the study is derived from

the research problem while the specific questions
(at least 3) are anchored on the general research
problem.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How many Grade-7 students are enrolled in blended learning

this School Year?
2. Is modular learning or online learning more effective in
Language or Science subjects?
3. Is there a significant relationship in the number of households
and COVID-19 confirmed cases in a Barangay?
4. What are the various social media platforms used by Senior
High Students?
5. How many hours students spend on social media per day?

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM EXAMPLE

This study aims to determine the relationship between the types

of learning delivery mode and students’ learning styles.
Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the different learning delivery modes of the school?

2. What are the various learning styles of the students?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the different learning
delivery modes of the school and the learning styles of its
students?

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM EXAMPLE

This study seeks to determine the relationship between the

frequency of social media use and the academic performance
(GPA) of college students. Specifically, it seeks to answer the
following research questions:

1. What is the average frequency of social media use among

college students?
2. What is the average GPA of college students?
3. Is there a significant correlation between frequency of social
media use and GPA?

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY EXAMPLE

This study aims to determine the relationship between the types

of learning delivery mode and students’ learning styles.
Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following research questions:

1. To determine the different learning delivery modes of the school

2. To identify the various learning styles of the students
3. To assess the significant relationship between the different
learning delivery modes of the school and the learning styles of
its students

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 • The SCOPE specifies the coverage of your
study such as variables, population or
participant, and timeline.

• DELIMITATION cites factors of your

study that are not included or excluded
or those you will not deal in your study.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 SAMPLE of SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to provide information about

students’ knowledge and perception of genetically modified foods
and their family health practices. The study also includes the
student’s personal information and occupation of their parents and
siblings. This study is limited to the 120 Grade 12 Male and
Female enrolled in the First Semester, School Year 2019-2020 of
Gusa Regional Science High School – X. Each of the
respondents is given questionnaire to answer. The students
selected came from six different sections to prevent subjective
perceptions.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 SAMPLE SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study focused only on the writing proficiency level of
students in English in terms of grammar, which included subject-
verb agreement, verbs/tenses of verbs, adjectives, adverb, and
pronoun; mechanics of writing that entailed capitalization,
punctuation and spelling; and organization, which involved unity,
completeness, coherence and order. The Grade 11 HUMSS
students of Koronadal National Comprehensive High School
enrolled in the School Year 2018-2019 were the respondents of the
study. The researcher’s validated questionnaire was used to
assess learners’ writing proficiency level. Only the least learned
area of writing was addressed using the researcher’s
developed contextualized module.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DELIMITATION AND LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY

• DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY refers to the boundaries

set by the researcher. They define the scope of the study—
what will be included and, importantly, what will be
excluded.
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY refers to the constraints or
weaknesses that may affect the validity, reliability, or
generalizability of the research findings. They are often
factors beyond the researcher's control.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY provides information
to the reader on how the study will contribute. It must
be specially stated, however what the study will
contribute and who will benefit from it.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 SOME TIPS WHEN WRITING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY:
[Link] describes the contributions of the study as new
knowledge, make findings more conclusive.
2. It cites the usefulness of the study to the specific
groups.
3. Cite all the persons and groups that benefited on your
study/research.
4. Include a short explanation regarding how those persons
and groups benefited from the study or simply how the
research study will help them.
5. The researchers can include themselves.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction in the Performance of Students in
Asian History and Civilization (Cuenca, 2008)

The findings of this study may provide deeper insights on how teaching can be
made easier and more meaningful by the use of computer-aided instruction.

To the students, the results may serve as an inspiration for them to continuously
improve their skills in using computers because they will realize the comfort that
computer skills offer in complying with the requirements of major subjects in the coming
years.
To the administrators, the results may serve as a guide in the program-planning
and implementation of the IT department so that they can be of great help to the
teachers of the university.
To the teachers, the results may serve as an eye opener for those who are not
comfortable on the use of computers in their class lesson presentations. The findings of
this study may encourage more of them to apply computer-aided instruction in teaching.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 This study is conducted to benefit the following:

Students. This study may serve as a guide and reference for the students
undertaking similar studies.
Administrators and Staffs. This study will help them organize enrollment
procedure and different transactions made in their respective areas.
Professors. This research will aid them their discussions regarding related
lessons. It will be easier for them to tackle related topics about this
research.
Future Researchers. This research will be a useful reference for the
researchers who would plan to make any related study precisely the
standard underlying the Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
program.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK illustrates the structure
or blueprint of the research plan and helps the
researcher formulate relevant research questions.
• The framework consists of the key concepts and
assumes relationships of the research project.
• It is normally used as a guide for researchers so
that they are more focused on the scope of their
studies.
• It can be presented using visual (diagrams,
chart, etc.) and narrative (paragraph stating the
concepts and relationships of the study) forms.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

❑ THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK provides the

foundational theories and concepts that guide a
research study.

❑CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK maps out the

specific variables and relationships within the
study's context.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 DEFINITION OF
TERMS

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 DEFINITION OF TERMS is section in a research
paper that provides clear and concise explanations of
key concepts and terms used in the study.

❖ This section ensures that everyone—including

readers who may not be familiar with the specific
field—understands the meaning of important
words and phrases used throughout the research.
❖ The purpose is to avoid ambiguity and ensure
consistency in the use of terminology.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 1. The CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION is the
meaning of the term that is based on how it is
defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia.

2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION, on the other

hand, is the meaning of the term based on
how it was used in the study.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 GUIDELINES ON HOW TO WRITE THE DEFINITION OF
TERMS
1. Write a brief introductory statement. It must
shortly describe the content of the definition of terms.
2. List/write the words/terms (which are technical) that
would be included (make sure that the variables and
key terms found in the title are included).
3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically.
4. Indention should be applied to each term.
5. The term should be followed with a period.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 GUIDELINES ON HOW TO WRITE THE DEFINITION OF
TERMS
6. It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point).
7. Acronym/initials should be defined clearly.
Complete name should be written first, followed by the
acronym/initials in open-close parenthesis, then the
definition/meaning.
8. Do not overflow with technical terms (only those
relevant and significant to the study).
9. Keep the definition brief and basic. You will
elaborate on it more in the body of your paper.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 SAMPLE OF DEFINITION OF TERMS
In a study on the influence of social pressures on the academic
performance of HUMSS students at NU-Nazareth, some examples of
terms that may be defined include:

Academic Performance. The measure of a student's success in their

academic studies, typically based on grades or other assessment
measures.
Academic Pressure. The expectations or influences that an educational
institution or society places
on an individual related to academic success or achievement.
Coping Strategies. Refers to the actions or methods that individuals use
to manage and deal with
social pressures and their impact on their academic performance

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH