Average value of functions

sinusoidal functions > sing , caso

Full cycle of sing ,

coso >
-
o to 25

Bind a coso

"Ifor
a

- f -
I &

35 251
0 12 5135251 0 T

coso leads sinc

by12 = Sin10+ ye)
*
= 2010

sinc lays behind coso by12 = cos(0-2) = sino

1
.
Full cycle average 10 to 25]

Y Sind
between a sin

res
=

jado
en

8= 0 to 0= 2

y 0 f
=

- I do

T
=
C-coso] ?
[0] ?

= (cos25) -
(-coso)
25 -
0

=
-1 -
1 -

1) 0
=

25
 y = coso

=do
29

a -
(sino]
2015
,

=
sin 25-sing

2T -
0

0 -0
=
= 0
25

c
.
cycle average 10 to st]

y = sing

-
Sunda GET
O
1
T

(
-
-
0

1)
2 637
-
-

=
= = 0 .

coso
y =

Iso Lsinlint-sino o-
a
=
=

T -
O TI

Root Mean Square

y f(x) > yes yes Arms
y
= =
 Bind a coso

"Ifor
a

- f -
I &

35 251
0 12 5135251 0 T
+1
esino sin2o # costo
↑
I
-

O TI I 250 T 27

> coso
-

.
3 Half cycle or full cycle average of sinto or costo

y = sinto

j =.
do
=
&sinado Jesinodo = 0

I do I"do
"
[O]
,

- -cos20] to
T -
0

Ito "caszo to
t

is
=

a since
=

It -0 -(Sin2 -

sin
=
2 T =
+
#costo

j
=.do =
Sosado casodo =

do ! "do "
[O]
,

=
-cos2os to

T -
0

Ito "caszo to
sincet
=
in a 2
o

It
=

-0 -(Sin2 -

sin
=
2 T =
+

Generation of AC

*
·
T

N 210 -
B
> S wo
W

> V= const
⑥
> X x = f(t) =
Xo + Vt

Xo < initial position

p = f(t) = wt + 00
0 > initial angle blu Band
 ↓ the Armature has N turns and A area.
~ Itis placed in i magnetic field.

~ total magnetic thu through it

Ptotal = N = NBA caso

>
-

Potal = NBA cos(wt + 00) =

f(t)

So, Sind =
-dAttal =
d [NBAcos(wt + O]
=> Sind =
-NBA1- Sin It + 00) w]
.

=> Eind =
NBAW Sin (Wt + 50)
NBAW-Peak Voltage
So sin (Wt ) Go
=
+ 0.
=>
Eind =

In general ,
V =
Vo Sin (wt)

1 AC generator converts mechanical energy

to electrical energy
.

2.

Vo < peak Voltage > Um

V = Vo Sin(wt)

Sin (wt) Vo 0 0
v Vo
=
A Full
cycle average
.
=
= =

.
B Half cycle average = v =
Vo Sin (wt) =

20 = 0 .
637V

c .
VMs Voltage =
Voms =
v2
Vosin2(wt)
=

Vo
Vrms =

2 =
v.2.
D peak voltage Vo
Vo
. =

Vo = 0 .

707V
3 .
W > angular frequency of the Ac voltage

w =
25f =

2 -
f =
In India while generating AC voltage f = 50Hz

The armature is revolved within the magnetic

field 50 times
per second

- =
50Hz ,
T=
- =
50 = 0 023
.

there are two standard way of giving AC details

1. V = love Sin (100H -

M/) Volt

Vo =
peak Voltage = 1062 Volt

Vums =o = 10 Volt

w =
1005 = 25f
=> f = 50H2

>
-
T = 0
= 0 .
02 s

2 .
100 Volt an Voltage ,
40He frequency
Vrms = 100 Volt

v Vrms 1002 141 Volt

Vo = =
=

f =
y0H2 ,
T =
! =

40 = 0 025s
.
 v
- Vms
-
3

M
↑
- ems

AC Circuit
component

Readings of Voltmeter or Ammeter in

He circuits give ums values

* 220v ac and 220Vdc < which one is

more dangerous

220V de > constant 220 Volt Voltage

220V al > Vrms = 220 Volt

=>
Vo
= 220
E

=> Vo = 220 = 308 Volt

Average power consumption in AC Circuit

R, L , C
~ I =
to Sin(w + 4) -

v =
Vosin(wt)
consumption any instant
power at

P = IV =
To siwt-4) Vo Sin (wt)
=
toVo [sin(wt) COSA-cos(wt) sing] sin(wt)
=
ToVo cost Sin (Wt) Too Sing Sin(wt) cos(wt)
-
Average power in one full cycle

= ToVo cost sinWe Toro sing Sin(wt) cos(wt)

=
For 2019 Toro Sing .
0 . 0

"TOVCOSA ToVo Fums Vrms coso

=

=
cos =

cost power factor of an AC circuit

Behaviour of Circuit components in AC Circuit

1 .
Resista (R) Av = 0

R = VoSin(wt) -

IR = 0

um
- I - IR =
Vo Sin(wt)
(ht
N >
-

I =
v sin

V =
Vo Sin (wt) - I =
to Sin(wt)

1 .

Fo =
Vo Vo
To
2 .
Current and voltage
are in phase
3 .
4 =
0 cosa = 1
,

U .

Par =
FoVo
=
Irms Vums
 AV = 0
.
2
Capacitor (2)
- Sin (wt) -

a = 0

+a g
ac Vo Sin (wt)
-

=> =

C q
>
-
= Vesin(wt)

d =d [Voc sin(wt)
N
-

V =
Vo Sin (wt)
>
- I =
Voc cos(wt) .
w

X =
1
= Capacitive
We
Reactance => I = VWe Sin (wt +(2)

a Xe
X* I
>
-
I
=wal ·
Sin (Wt +(2)

> I
V sin(wz + <(2)
-

>W

>
-
I = to Sin (wt + (2)
1. Fo = =
vowe

.
2 Current leads voltage by phase

3 .

4 =
-2 , cosa = 0

Y .

Par =
E FoVo cosq = 0
V= Vosin(wt)
-
Vo
an Io
+
E

I = Eosin(wt + <(2)
.
3 Inductors (L) Av = 0

L => Vosin(nt) - 1
&E = 0

nee

L
- I
- = Vosin(wt)
N
Vo
- JI = Sin(wt) de
V =
Vo Sin (wt)

Inductive & JdI = So sin (WH de

Y =
WL
cos(wt]
Reactance

&
W

X2 -
cos(wt)
C

&

L
Xw
=> I =

of sin (wt-
w =
I =
to Sin (wt-E)
1 .

Fo
=
.
2 current lgs behind voltage by phase
.
3 4 = , cos4 = 0

4 .

Par =E toVoCOsq = O

Vo Sin(wt)
-V
=

Vo

Io

I =
to sin (W +
-

E)
 phasor diagram

Resistance V = V
o Sin(wt)
1 = to Sin(wt)
To 7
Vo

>
Fo
> Vo ~ wt

4 = 00

Capacitance v =
Vosin(wt)
I =
to sin(wt + /2)
*

> To
L -
Vo
Io

4 = -

7z Lot

Vo

Inductance V =
Vo Sin(wt)
I =
To Sin (wt -

Y(z)
Vo
-
Vo
4 = + /2
&
Lot
To
>
-

To
 Re circuit
Impetence Triangle
R C R
&
-um
&
Xe
V
~

V =
Vosin(wt) z =
R2 + X

1
4 fant Xc
R,
=

Xe =

We
R

power factor =
cosa =
E
v =
Vo Sin (wt)

I =
Fosin(wt + 4) = sin(wt + 4) 14
"Fo

Par =
EtoVocos4
Vo
Fo

LR Circuit
Impedance Triangle
R
-unee TXL
Z
r4

~
-R
V =
Vosin(wt) (z1 =
R2 + X2

MX = wh .
4 = tant ( ** ]
power Factor =
cosq =
&
v =
vo sin (wt)

I =
to sin (wt -q) = sin(wt -
- Vo
Par =
E For cost
&
↑
to > to
 LCR circuit case I Xo X
aXu

Fin
> R
&

- X =
Xc -
X .

vXc
V =
Vosin(wt)
1z1
#x
=
R2 + X2
wa X = -
= WL
4 = tant ( ** ]
power factor cosa ,
=
&z
Case X Xc
1. circuit is capacitive
a XL
. I
2 =
To Sin(wt + 4)
TnX =
X-Xc .
3 To =
V
&
> R U .
Par = Foro Cost

VXC case = 1 =
Xc
a XL
z =
R2 + xz
*
( r)
Z
4 = fan - R

power factor cosa,

=
Ez 1z1 = R 4 = 0
, ~ Ye
1 .
Circuit is Inductive power factor cost = 1
,

.
2 I =
Fo Sin (wt -

4) 1 Circuit is at Resonance.

.
3 Fo = circuit is
purely resistive.

.
4 Par =
&FoVocosa 2 .
I = to Sin(wt] =
V sin(wt)

3 FoV =Ma