CHAPTER V: Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial and Death
Overview:
In this chapter, students will explore the crucial stage of José Rizal’s life marked by
his exile in Dapitan, his trial and his eventual execution. The lessons highlight how Rizal
continued to serve and uplift the community even in exile, the injustices he faced during his
trial, and the significance of his martyrdom in inspiring Filipino nationalism. By studying
these events, learners will understand not only Rizal’s personal sacrifices but also the
enduring impact of his death on the nation’s struggle for independence.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, learners are expected to:
1. analyze the factors that led to Rizal’s execution; and
2. analyze the effects of Rizal’s execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine
Revolution.
Bitter-Sweet Life in Dapitan
When José Rizal was exiled to Dapitan in 1892, he transformed his punishment into
an opportunity to serve others. Although isolated from political movements, he made his
exile meaningful by devoting himself to education, community service, and civic projects.
He established a small school where he personally taught young boys, focusing on science,
mathematics, languages, and practical skills. His teaching went beyond the classroom,
instilling values of discipline, industry, and love for learning.
As a compassionate doctor, Rizal
treated both rich and poor patients, even
restoring eyesight to several individuals,
including JosephineBracken’s adoptive father.
Beyond medicine, he engaged in farming,
improved Dapitan’s water system, promoted
modern agricultural methods, and continued
his scientific studies by collecting plant and
animal specimens. These efforts reflected his
dedication to public welfare and his
commitment to using knowledge for the
benefit of others, even while in exile.
From Dapitan to Trial in Fort Santiago
In 1896, Rizal sought permission to serve as a volunteer physician in Cuba, where a
deadly epidemic was spreading. With approval from the Spanish authorities, he left Dapitan
on July 31, 1896. However, while traveling through Manila and then Spain, news broke of
the Philippine Revolution led by the Katipunan. Suspected of inspiring the movement
through his writings, Rizal was arrested in Barcelona and ordered to return to Manila. Upon
arrival, Rizal was immediately imprisoned in Fort Santiago. Spanish officials charged him
with rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy, claiming that his nationalist writings had fueled the
Katipunan uprising. Despite his insistence that he opposed violent revolution and had no
direct ties to the group, his statements were disregarded.
His trial was conducted by a military court
rather than a civilian tribunal, denying him a fair
process. Rizal defended himself eloquently,
emphasizing his preference for peaceful reforms
and his lack of involvement in the rebellion. Yet the
court had already decided his fate. He was found
guilty and sentenced to death by firing squad. This
unjust trial exposed the colonial government’s fear
of Rizal’s influence and its determination to silence
him permanently.
Rizal’s Last 25 Hours
On December 29, 1896, José Rizal was officially informed that he would be executed
the following morning. He spent his last day in solitary reflection, but he was also allowed
visits from his family. During these emotional meetings, Rizal demonstrated great composure
and strength. It was also during this time that he married Josephine Bracken in a simple
ceremony, sealing their union just hours before his death.
Throughout the night, Rizal remained busy with writing.
He composed farewell letters and completed his most
famous poem, Mi Último Adiós (“My Last Farewell”),
which he secretly hid inside an oil lamp later retrieved
by his family. The poem expressed his undying love for
the Philippines, his willingness to sacrifice his life, and
his hope for the nation’s future. His writings in those
final hours became lasting testaments of his patriotism.
At dawn on December 30, 1896, Rizal
was escorted from Fort Santiago to
Bagumbayan (now Luneta or Rizal Park).
Walking calmly and with dignity, he refused
blindfolds and requested to face his
executioners. At the final moment, he turned
his body so that he fell facing the sky,
symbolizing that he died for his country
without shame. Rizal’s martyrdom on that day
not only ended his life but also sparked greater
unity among Filipinos, fueling the flames of
the revolution and securing his place as the
nation’s foremost hero.
Learning Activities
Activity 1: Timeline Making
Create a timeline of the key events in Rizal’s exile in Dapitan, his trial in Fort Santiago, and
his last 25 hours. Highlight at least five (5) important events and provide a one-sentence
explanation for each. You may design it on paper (hand-drawn) or digitally (Word,
PowerPoint, Canva, etc.).
Activity 2: Debate
Divide the class into two groups. Debate on the topic:
“Was Rizal’s peaceful reformist approach more effective than an armed revolution?”
Group A will argue in favor of Rizal’s reformist methods.
Group B will argue in favor of the revolutionaries’ armed struggle.
Each group will present their points, rebuttals, and conclusion. The teacher or class will
decide which side presented stronger arguments.
Assessment Task:
o Writing to Rizal
Write a heartfelt letter addressed to Rizal during his last 25 hours. Express what you would
have told him as a fellow Filipino. Can be encouragement, gratitude, or reflection on his
sacrifices.
Length: At least 250 words.
You may write in English or Filipino.
Rubrics:
Content & Thoughtfulness – 40%
Expression & Clarity – 20%
Organization & Structure – 15%
Length & Effort – 10%
Mechanics (Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation) – 15%
Synthesis
Even in exile, José Rizal served his community through education, medicine, and
civic work. His trial showed his unwavering principles, and his ultimate sacrifice inspired
generations to fight for freedom. Rizal’s life teaches that meaningful change can be achieved
not only on the battlefield but also through intellect, service, and steadfast principles.
Key Takeaways
Exile in Dapitan (1892–1896): Rizal used his exile to teach, provide medical care,
agriculture, and community development, showing service beyond politics.
Trial in Fort Santiago: Despite facing unjust charges, Rizal remained calm and
dignified, reinforcing his role as a moral and intellectual leader.
Last 25 Hours and Execution: Rizal’s final hours reflected courage and love for the
Philippines, inspiring future generations to continue the struggle for freedom.
Supplementary Resources
Readings
Mi Último Adiós (My Last Farewell)
- José Rizal’s final poem, written on the eve of his execution, expressing his love for the
Philippines.
[Link]
The Trial and Execution of Dr. José Rizal
- An in-depth look at the circumstances surrounding Rizal’s trial and execution, highlighting
the legal proceedings and the political context of the time.
[Link]
dr-jose-rizal
References
Barretto, A. V. F. (2023, July 17). El deportado: Commemorating Jose Rizal’s arrival in
Dapitan. National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
National Historical Commission of the Philippines. (2023, February 23). Museo ni Jose
Rizal, Dapitan.