Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

Main characteristic of all organism ( MRS GREN )

Movement – ability to change a position or a place

Respiration – involve chemical energy to release energy

Sensitivity – ability to detect and respond to stimuli

Growth – permanently increase in size and mass

Reproduction – produce fertile of same species

Excretion – removal of toxic waste materials from body

Nutrition – use of food for energy and growth

( 1 ) Plant Kingdom
- Multicellular organism
- Have cell wall ( cellulose )
- Have large vacuole
- Have chloroplast / chlorophyll
- Fixed shape ( rectangular shape of cell )
- Autotrophic organism ( make own food by photosynthesis process )

( 2 ) Animal Kingdom
- Multicellular organism
- No cell wall
- No large vacuole
- No fixed shape
- No chlorophyll / chloroplast
- Heterotrophic organism ( feed on by eating other organisms )
Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

( 3 ) Protoctist Kingdom
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Have nucleus
- May or may not have cell wall / nucleus / chlorophyll
- Some feed on photosynthesis or other organism

( 4 ) Fungi Kingdom
- Multicellular organism
- Have cell wall ( made up of chitin )
- No chloroplast
- Only visible under microscope if it is single fungi
- Some fungus are parasite
- Sperotrophic organism ( feed on dead or decay matter )

( 5 ) Prokaryote Kingdom
- Unicellular organism
- No nucleus
- No mitochondria
- No chloroplast
- Have plasmid DNA
- Some have extention called flagella ( tail )

- Example → bacteria
Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

External fertilization organisms

Vertebrate
Internal fertilization organisms

( I ) External fertilization organisms

(i) Fish – scaly skin

- have fins and gills
- lay soft shell eggs

(ii) Amphibian – moist skin

- have fins and gills at young age
- have feet and lungs at an adult
- lay soft shell eggs

( II ) Internal fertilization organisms

(i) Reptile – dry scaly skin

- have lungs

- lay down the hard shell eggs

(ii)Birds/Aves – have beak, feather, lungs

- lay down the hard shell eggs

Homeothermic organism

(iii) Mammals – have hair or fur

- have four types of teeth

- have lungs , sweat gland, mammary gland

- fertile connect with mother placenta

Homeothermic organism
Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

Invertebrates ➔ no backbones
➔ Have exoskeleton
➔ Have jointed legs

Arthropods – largest group of invertebrates

(i) Insects breath through the spiracle

- 3 body parts → head + thorax + abdomen

- one pair of antennae

- 3 pairs of legs

- 2 pairs of wings

- have cuticle ( waxy ) layer on the body

( to prevent water loss and to be flyable )

(ii) Crustacean breath through the gills

- 2 body parts → head + cephalothorax
- 2 pairs of antennae
- 4 pairs of jointed legs

(iii) Arachnid
- 2 body parts → head + cephalothorax
- 4 pairs of jointed legs

(iv) Myriapods
- Have body segments
- Each has jointed legs
- 1 pairs of antennae
Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

Plants

Branched vein leaf – dicotlydon

Parallel vein leaf – monocotlydon

Cell Structure

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell membrane Present Present

Cell wall Absent Present

Chloroplast Absent Present

Large vacuole Absent Present

Cytoplasm Present Present

Nucleus Present Present

Starch grains Absent Present

Fixed shape Absent Present

Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

Organelles

Nucleus – control all activities in cell

- control how cell develop

- contain all genetic information

Cell membrane – barrier between the cell and its surrounding

( Partially permeable ) - control the movement of substances into and out of the cell

- allow simple substance to enter and leave the cell

Cell wall – give shape to cell

( fully permeable ) - prevent bursting when the cell is filled with water

- fully permeable membrane

Cytoplasm – place where every chemical reaction take place in the cell

- clear jelly and 70% is water

Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis

- store starch

- contain chlorophyll which absorb light energy

Vacuole – contain water, a solution of sugar and other substances called cell sap

Mitochondria – site of respiration to release sufficient energy

Ribosome – tiny dots attached to a rough endoplasmic reticulum

- site of protein synthesis

Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

Specialised cells
(1) Cilliated cell – produce and move mucus upward

- found in lining of bronchi and trachea

- cilia hairs increases surface area

(2) Nerve cell – transmit information in the form of

electrical impulses

- found in the whole body of animal

- long and thin fibre

(3) Sperm cell – found in testes ( testis )

- have long flagella ( tail )

- fuse with egg cell to fertilize

(4) Egg cell – found in ovaries

- have yolk which contain genetic information

(5) Muscle cell – found in throughout the body

- contract to get structure closer

- long and contain many protein and fiber

(6) White Blood cell – provide immune system to attack pathogen

(7) Red blood cell – have haemoglobins

- transport of oxygen

- no nucleus, biconcave shape

- found in the blood of animals

Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

(8) Root hair cell – absorb water and mineral salts

- elongated shaped for more surface area

(9) Xylem vessels – transport water and mineral salts

- found in stem, roots and leaves of plant

- lignified cell wall makes it strong and waterproof

- made up of dead cells ( cell wall – lignin )

(10) Palisade mesophyll cell – photosynthesis

- contain many chloroplast / chlorophyll

- location – at the leave

𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Magnification =
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

1 meter = 100 cm

1 cm = 10 mm

1 mm = 1000 micrometer = 10^3 micrometer

1 micrometer = 1/1000 =10^(-3) mm

1 meter = 1000 mm = 1 000 000 micrometer = 10^6 micrometer

1 meter = 10^6 micrometer

1 micrometer = 10^(-6) meter

Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

Virus ( non-living organism )

- They are consist to be alive but cannot do anything if they are not on or in the other
organism body
- They have no metabolic reaction
- They need host cell to be alive

Binomial Naming System

Genus + species
Must type in italic word form or underline the name

1. Flower have 2 colors – go to 2

Flower does not have 2 colors – go to 3
2. Petal have parallel vein – A
Petal does not have parallel vein- B
3. Petal have heart shape – C
Petal does not have heart shape – D
Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )

1. Has jointed legs – go to 2

Does not have jointed legs – A
2. Has wings – C
Does not have wings – go to 3
3. Has only 2 body parts – go to 4
Has more than 2 body parts – B
4. Has antennae – D
Does not have antennae - E
Novel ( IGCSE biology and chemistry )