PowerFactory 2022

Technical Reference

Cable System
ElmCabsys, TypCabsys
F2022

POWER SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

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January 10, 2022

PowerFactory 2022
Revision 1
Contents

Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Definition of the Cable System 2

2.1 The Single Core Cable Type (TypCab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1.1 Filling factor of conducting layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1.2 Temperature coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 The Cable System Type (TypCabsys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3 Mutual Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3.1 AC/DC Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.3.2 Cross-Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.3.3 Conductor Elimination (Reduced Option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Calculation of Electrical Parameters 5

3.1 Internal Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Internal Admittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.3 Semiconducting Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.4 Parallel Single-Core Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.4.1 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.4.2 Admittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.5 Pipe Type Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.5.1 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.5.2 Admittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.6 Multicore Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.6.1 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.6.2 Admittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 EMT Simulation 16

4.1 Frequency Dependent Phase-Domain Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1.1 Rational Function Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1.2 Universal Line Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1.3 Frequency Dependent Cable Model (FDCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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Cable System (ElmCabsys, TypCabsys)
Contents

4.1.4 Fitting Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

A Parameter Definitions 20

B Calculation Results 22

C References 25

List of Figures 26

List of Tables 27

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1 Introduction

1 Introduction

This document describes the definition of a cable system in terms of its geometry, the properties
of the conducting, semi-conducting and insulating layers and installation characteristics (i.e.
buried directly in ground, in a pipe). In addition, the calculation of frequency-dependent electrical
parameters of the cable system are described.

A frequency-dependent cable system in PowerFactory can be defined using objects: a single

core cable type TypCab which describes the construction characteristics of the cable and a
cable system type TypCabsys, which defines the coupling between phases, i.e. the coupling
between the single core cables in a multiphase/multi-circuit cable system.

A built-in cable constants function in the cable system type calculates then the frequency-
dependent electrical parameters (impedance and admittance matrices). The function can han-
dle coaxial cables consisting of a core, sheath and armour directly in ground or installed in a pipe
(pipe-type cables). This function can be used in stand-alone mode by clicking on the Calculate
button in the cable system dialog. The results are printed to the output window. Alternatively,
the function may be automatically called by various simulation functions in PowerFactory , i.e.
when running a frequency scan or when adjusting the model for an EMT simulation.

Finally, it should be noted that the cable system type (TypCabsys) supports the definition of the
cable in terms of geometrical data; if the cable is to be defined in terms of electrical data, the
reader is referred to [6], in which case the general line/cable element (ElmLne) in PowerFactory
should be used instead.

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2 Definition of the Cable System

2 Definition of the Cable System

2.1 The Single Core Cable Type (TypCab)

The single core cable type TypCab supports up to three tubular conducting layers in a coaxial
arrangement, i.e. core, sheath and armour, separated by three insulating layers. Figure 2.1
shows the typical layout of a HV AC single core cable. The model also supports the definition
of a core-outer and insulation-outer semiconducting layer.

Figure 2.1: Cross-section of a single core cable including the core, sheath and armour

Section A shows the complete list of input parameters including units, range and the symbol
used in this document. Hover the mouse pointer over the input parameters in the TypCab dialog
to display the name of the input parameter. This is the name listed in the first column of the
table.

The input data in the TypCab dialog is organised according to layers, i.e. the conducting, in-
sulation and semiconducting layers, if available. Use TypCab to enter all the geometrical data
defining the cross-section of the single core cable and the properties of all constituent materials.

2.1.1 Filling factor of conducting layers

To account for the compacting ratio of the cross-section of the conducting layers (stranded
conductors, shaped compact, etc.), the user can enter a filling factor, Cf. This filling factor is
related to the dc resistance of the cable by the following equation:

1
RDC [Ω/km] = ρ[µΩ · cm] · × 10
π · (r2 − q 2 ) · Cf

where r and q are the outer and inner radius of the conducting layer, respectively.

The user chooses the input parameter between the filling factor in % or the DC resistance in
Ohm/km by clicking the selection arrow . Note that one of them is always greyed out indicating
its dependency on the other.

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2.1.2 Temperature coefficient

If the temperature dependency of line/cables option is enabled in the Load Flow calculation, the
resistivity of the conducting layers is adjusted by the following equation:

ρT = ρ20◦ C · [1 + α(T − 20)]

where α is the temperature coefficient of resistance. The resistivities and temperature coeffi-
cient of common metals are given in Table 2.1 for reference.

Table 2.1: Resistivities and temperature coefficient of resistance

Material Resistivity at 20◦ Temperature coefficient

C [µΩ · cm] at 20◦ C [1/◦ C]
Aluminium DC Current Input p.u.
Copper, hard-drawn 2.83 0,0039
Copper, annealed 1.77 0.00382
Brass 6.4 - 8.4 0.0020
Iron 10 0.0050
Silver 1.59 0.0038
Steel 12 - 88 0.001 - 0.005

2.2 The Cable System Type (TypCabsys)

The cable system type TypCabsys is used to complete the definition of a cable system. It
defines the coupling between phases, i.e. the coupling between the single core cables in a
multiphase/multi-circuit cable system. Cables are generally laid close together so this coupling
should be taken into account.

Among other factors, this coupling depends on how the cables are laid. The PowerFactory
model supports the following two types:

• Parallel single-core cables (TypCab): the cables are laid directly in the ground. This is
the normal case for underground HV AC cables.
• Multicore/Pipe-type cables (TypCabmult): Used to represent submarine cables and ca-
bles that are drawn into a pipe, usually made of steel, and the pipe is laid in the ground.
The pipe-type cable is widely used to model underground and submarine cables and re-
quires additional data for the pipe. An equivalent representation of the armour of multicore
cables can be achieved using the common armour input fields. The complete list of input
parameters is given in Table A.2 in Section A.

2.3 Mutual Coupling

If the mutual coupling between cable systems is to be considered, then a cable system element
(ElmCabsys) has to be defined. In this case, the line element ElmLne points to a cable system
element (ElmCabsys) which in turns refers to the corresponding cable system type (TypCabsys).
The latter contains the definition of the individual cables; e.g. TypCab.

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2 Definition of the Cable System

2.3.1 AC/DC Couplings

AC and DC circuits with shared rights-of-way may result in electromagnetic coupling effects.
AC/DC couplings can be modelled by using the cable system element (ElmCabsys) in conjunc-
tion with the cable system type (TypCabsys). The cable system type must have the System
Type set to AC/DC. The impedances and admittances of the AC circuit/s will be solved using
the user-defined Nominal Frequency, and of the DC circuit/s using the Nominal Frequency (DC).
AC/DC couplings are handled as follows in the various PowerFactory calculations:

• Load Flow: The transmission line equations are solved separately for the AC circuit/s
and DC circuit/s. The DC circuit/s are always solved using the lumped parameter model,
regardless of the selection of the Line Model in the cable system element (ElmCabsys).
• Short-Circuit: AC circuit/s are considered and any DC circuit/s are ignored.

• RMS Simulation: The DC circuit/s are always solved using the lumped parameter model,
regardless of the selection of the Line Model in the cable system element (ElmCabsys).
• EMT Simulation: The frequency dependent phase-domain model is selected by default in
the cable system element (ElmCabsys). The user can choose between the Universal Line
Model (ULM) or the Frequency Dependent Cable Model (FDCM).

2.3.2 Cross-Bonding

Cross-bonding is a method used to suppress sheath voltages and reduce sheath currents. The
cable system type offers an option to define the cable system as having ideally cross-bonded
sheaths, i.e. corresponding to a perfect transposition of the sheaths. This is only available for
3-phase single core cables that have a sheath (not pipe-type or multicore cables). The use of
the cross-bonding option causes modifications to sub-matrices of the cable system impedance
and admittance matrices.

For a cable system comprising single core cables having a core and a sheath, the impedance
matrix is given by:
   
Z Z
Z =  cc   cs 
 
(1)
Zsc Zss

Similarly, the admittance matrix is given by:

   
Y Ycs 
Y =  cc 
 
(2)
Ysc Yss

When the cable system is ideally cross-bonded, the core-sheath mutual impedances (sub-
matrices [Zcs ] and [Zsc ]) are averaged and the core self- and mutual impedances, contained
in the [Zcc ] sub-matrix, are left unchanged. The diagonal and mutual elements contained in the
[Zss ] sub-matrix represent the mean of the self- and mutual impedances of the sheath [4].

Similarly, the Ycs and Ysc matrices are averaged row- and column-wise, respectively, and the
diagonal and mutual elements contained in the [Yss ] sub-matrix represent the mean of the self-
and mutual admittances of the sheath [4].

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2.3.3 Conductor Elimination (Reduced Option)

The cable system type offers an option (Reduced) to mathematically eliminate conducting lay-
ers. This is applicable to the sheath, armour and pipe conducting layers (if present). This has
the advantage of reducing the dimensions of the impedance and admittance matrices, thereby
improving solution speed without a significant loss of accuracy. The Kron matrix reduction
method is used to eliminate the grounded conducting layers, meaning that explicit modelling of
these conductors is no longer possible. This is expressed mathematically (for ungrounded “u”
and grounded “g” conductors) as follows [7]:
     
d Uu Z uu Z ug I
=− · u (3)
dx U g Z gu Z gg Ig

d
I g can be eliminated since U g and dx (U g ) are zero:
     
d Uc Z uu Z ug I
=− · c (4)
dx 0 Z gu Z gg 0

which results in:

d
[U ] = −[Z 0 reduced ] · [I u ] (5)
dx u
where

[Z 0 reduced ] = [Z 0 uu ] − [Z 0 ug ] · [Z 0 gg ] · [Z 0 gu ] (6)

3 Calculation of Electrical Parameters

The calculation of the impedance and admittance of the cable is based on the cable constants
equations formulated by [3], and makes the following assumptions:

• Coaxial arrangement of the conducting and insulating layers inside the single core cable;
• Single core cables inside the pipe are concentric with respect to the pipe;
• Each conducting layer of the cable has constant permeability. In addition, conducting
layers are non-magnetic so that the cable model does not account for current-dependent
saturation effects;
• Displacement currents and dielectric losses of the insulating layers are negligible.

A general formulation of the series impedance and shunt admittance of the cable is given by:

d
[U ] = −[Z] · [I] (7)
dx

d
[I] = −[Y ] · [U ] (8)
dx

where [U ] and [I] are the voltage and current vectors at a distance x along the cable.

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The dimension of [Z] and [Y ] depends on the total number of cables in the system and the total
number of layers per single core cable. For instance, in a three-phase cable system with three
conducting layers per single core cable (core, sheath and armour) the dimension of the [Z] (i.e.
[Y ]) results in 9 (=3 phases x 1 single core cable/phase x 3 conducting layers/cable).

[Z] and [Y ] are symmetric square matrices that can be expressed as follows:

[Z] = [Z I ] + [Z P ] + [Z C ] + [Z 0 ] (9)

[Y ] = s · [P ]−1
[P ] = [PI ] + [PP ] + [PC ] + [P0 ] (10)

where [P ] is a potential coefficient matrix and the Laplace’s operator (complex frequency).

The matrices with subscript I account for the internal impedance and admittance, respectively,
and matrices with subscript O account for the earth or air return path. In case of a pipe enclosure
cable the matrices with subscript C and P define the impedance and admittance of the pipe;
these matrices become zero if the cable is laid directly underground. In the next subsections
we will discuss the physical meaning of these sub-matrices and the formulae used to calculate
them.

The following naming convention is used throughout this document:

• Subscript I accounts for the internal impedance; subscript O for the earth or air return
path, and subscripts C and P for the pipe enclosure (if available);
• Subscripts c,s and a (lower case) are used for core, sheath and armour in the cable layer
equations;
• Subscripts i,j and k refer to the cables in the system (typically three cables in a three-
phase cable system).

3.1 Internal Impedance

The internal impedance is associated with the longitudinal voltage drop due to the magnetic
field inside the single core cable and it is given by the following equation:

       
U Z cc Z cs Z ca Ic Ic
d  c
U s = − Z sc Z ss Z sa  · I s  = −[ZI ] · I s  (11)
dx
Ua Z ac Z as Z aa Ia Ia

where the layer internal impedances in 11 are defined in terms of coaxial loop impedances as
follows [7]:

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Z cc = Z 11 + 2 · Z 12 + Z 22 + 2 · Z 23 + Z 33
Z cs = Z sc = Z 12 + Z 22 + 2 · Z 23 + Z 33
Z ca = Z ac = Z sa = Z as = Z 23 + Z 33
Z ss = Z 22 + 2 · Z 23 + Z 33
Z aa = Z 33 (12)

The impedances with subscripts 1, 2 and 3 are referred to as loop impedances. For instance,
Z 11 is the impedance of the innermost loop of the concentric tubular conductors and therefore
that of the core-sheath loop.

Z 11 = Z c,OU T + Z c/s,IN S + Z s,IN

Z 22 = Z s,OU T + Z s/a,IN S + Z a,IN
Z 33 = Z a,OU T + Z a/e,IN S + Z e
Z 12 = Z 21 = −Z s,M U T U AL
Z 23 = Z 32 = −Z a,M U T U AL (13)

The impedances of the tubular conductors are found with the modified Bessel functions, with
tube = c, s and a respectively:

ρm
Z tube,IN = {I0 (mq) · K1 (mr) + K0 (mq) · I1 (mr)}
2πqD
ρm
Z tube,OU T = {I0 (mr) · K1 (mq) + K0 (mr) · I1 (mq)}
2πrD
ρ
Z tube,M U T U AL = (14)
2πqrD

where

D = I1 (mr) · K1 (mq) − I1 (mq) · K1 (mr) (15)

s
jωµ 1
m= = (16)
ρ p

The parameter m is the reciprocal of the depth of penetration, p, and are both frequency-
dependent, complex values.

To take into account different conductor shapes (compact, hollow and segmental) in PowerFac-
tory , the correction factor, Ks , is introduced into Equation (16):
p
ms = m · Ks (17)

where Ks ≤ 1. The default value of Ks is 1 and it is set as follows:

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Table 3.1: Skin effect correction factor values

Conductor shape Correction factor, Ks Corresponding IEC conductor type

Compact Ks = 1 Round stranded, round compact
Hollow Ks = 1 Hollow, helical stranded
Segmental Ks = 0.425 Round segmental

It should be noted that this correction factor is exclusively applied to the core conducting layer
(not for other conducting layers).

Z IN S accounts for the longitudinal voltage drop due to the magnetic field in the insulating layers.
For the general case of non-concentric tubular conductors in a pipe, it results in:

( "  2 #)
µ0 q di
Z IN S = jω · ln 1− (18)
2π Ri q

where di is the offset of single core cable i from the centre, Ri is the outside radius of cable
i, and q is the inside radius of the pipe. Further details can be found in [7]. In the case of
concentric tubular conductors, di = 0 and (18) can be expressed simply as:

 
µ0 r
Z IN S = jω · ln
2π q

where r is the outside radius of the insulation and q is defined as the inside radius of the
insulation (in identical units).

3.2 Internal Admittance

The internal admittance matrix is associated with the capacitive coupling and dielectric losses
due to the insulating layers within the single core cable. The capacitance and dielectric losses
of each insulating layer are given by:

2πε0 εr 1
Ci = =
ln(r/q) Pi
Gi = ωCi · tg(δ) (19)

where Pi is the potential coefficient of the insulating layer.

Assuming that the single core cable consists of three layers, hence the insulation between core
and sheath, sheath and armour and outermost insulating layer of the single core cable, it follows
that:

 
Pc + Ps + Pa Ps + Pa Pa
[PI ] =  Ps + Pa Ps + Pa Pa  (20)
Pa Pa Pa

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1
[CI ] = (21)
[PI ]

[Y I ] = [GI ] + jω[CI ] (22)

3.3 Semiconducting Layers

The model supports the definition of a semiconducting layer on the conductor’s outer surface
and the insulation’s outer surface. These semiconducting layers mainly influence the admittance
of the insulation. Their effect on the impedance of the conductor is minor and therefore not
considered in the model.

The use of the Advanced option for the definition of semiconducting layers in either
the TypCab or TypCabmult is only recommended in special cases and requires highly
accurate data for all input fields in order to ensure correct capacitance. Semiconducting
layers are usually defined by adjusting the radius and permittivity of the main insulation. For
further details and calculation of the effective relative permittivity, the reader is referred to [5],
[14].

Semiconducting layers can be considered in the following ways (the first two being the most
common):

1. Implicitly via the adjustment of parameters related to the main insulation (using an effective
relative permittivity [14]) and no utilisation of the semiconducting layers table. This should
be used for projects that will be used in PowerFactory versions prior to PF2020;
2. Via use of the Semiconducting Layers table: Selection of the Exists flag and a user-defined
thickness: In this case PowerFactory will internally recalculate the effective relative per-
mittivity when calculating the shunt admittance; or
3. Via use of the Semiconducting Layers table: Selection of the Exists flag, a user-defined
thickness and selection of the Advanced flag and user definition of parameters. This
is only intended for specialised purposes and if accurate data is available. This setting
should not be used when modelling multicore cables with proximity effects as the material
properties cannot be considered.

The capacitance and conductance of the tubular semiconducting layer are given by the following
equations:

1
CSC = 2πε0 · εrSC
ln(rSC /qSC )

2π 1
GSC = ·
ρSC ln(rSC /qSC )

where rSC and qSC are the outer and inner radius of the tubular semiconducting layer respec-
tively; εrSC is the relative permittivity and ρSC is the resistivity.

Hence the equivalent admittance of the insulation under consideration of the semiconducting
layers is calculated as:

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1 1 1
= +
GiIns GIL GSC

1 1 1
= +
CiIns CIL CSC

3.4 Parallel Single-Core Cables

Single-core cables are modelled using the single-core cable system type (TypCab). The impedance
and admittance formulae are described below. Further details can be found in [7].

3.4.1 Impedance

If it assumed that i, j, k are three parallel single core cables, and each consists of core, sheath
and armour. Equation (7) can then be expanded:

   
   [Z I,ii ] [0] [0] [Z 0,ii ] [Z 0,ij ] [Z 0,ik ]   
[U i ] 
. .
 [I i ]
d    . 
 .
 
[U j ]  =  . [Z I,jj ] [0]  + .  × [I j ]
[Z 0,jj ] [Z 0,jk ]  (23)
 
dx . .
[U k ] [I ]

.. ..
 
k
··· [Z I,kk ] ··· [Z 0,kk ]
 

where [Z 0,s ] and [Z 0,m ] are the self- and mutual- earth-return impedance matrices of the cable
system given as:

 
Z e,s Z e,s Z e,s
[Z 0,s ] = Z e,s Z e,s Z e,s  ...s = jj,kk,ll (24)
Z e,s Z e,s Z e,s

 
Z e,m Z e,m Z e,m
[Z 0,m ] = Z e,m Z e,m Z e,m  ...m = jk,kl,lj (25)
Z e,m Z e,m Z e,m

Z e,m is the mutual earth-return impedance between two parallel cables i, j given by:

ωµ0
Z e,jk = j [K0 (m · dik ) − K0 (m · Dik )] + (Pik + jQik ) (26)
π

and Pik + jQik the terms of the Carson’s series (see [1] for further information).

Z e,s is the self earth-return impedance of the single core cable. Its value is obtained from (26)
by replacing d with R; D with 2h; and h + y with 2h.

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3.4.2 Admittance

As the cable is directly laid underground and the earth surrounding the cable is assumed to be
an equipotential surface, there is no capacitive coupling effect among the single core cables.
It then follows that [P 0 ] = Θ in equation 10 and therefore the admittance matrix of the cable
results in:

 
[PI,i ] 0 0
[P ] = [PI ] =  0 [PI,j ] 0  (27)
0 0 [PI,k ]

[Y ] = [P ]−1
   
[I ] [U i ]
d  i 
[I j ] = −[Y ] ·  [U j ]  (28)
dx
[I k ] [U k ]

and the submatrices in the main diagonal represented according to equation (20).

3.5 Pipe Type Cable

The pipe-type cable is modelled using the multicore/pipe-type cable system type (TypCabmult).
The impedance and admittance formulae are described below. Further details regarding the
pipe-type cable can be found in [7].

3.5.1 Impedance

Assuming again a system of three single core cables, i, j, k, each of them consisting of core,
sheath and armour, equation (9) can be expanded as follows for the case of a pipe type cable:

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 
   [Z I,ii ] [0] [0] 0
[U i ]


  . 
  ..

d 
 [U j ]  =  [Z I,jj ] [0] 0
dx [U k ]   ..
 
 . ··· [Z I,kk ] 0
 
[U p ]


0 0 0 0

 
[Z P,ii ] [Z P,ij ] [Z P,ik ] 0
 .. 
 . [Z P,jj ] [Z P,jk ] 0
+ 
 ...
 
··· [Z P,kk ] 0
0 0 0 0
 
[Z C1 ] [Z C1 ] [Z C1 ] Z C2
 .. 
 . [Z C1 ] [Z C1 ] Z C2 
+ 
 ...
 
··· [Z C1 ] Z C2 
Z C2 Z C2 Z C2 Z C3
 
[Z 0 ] [Z 0 ] [Z 0 ] Z 0   
 ..


 [I i ]
 ×  [I j ] 
 . [Z 0 ] [Z 0 ] Z 0 
  
+ 
 .  [I k ] (29)
 .. · · · [Z 0 ] Z 0 
Ip


Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0


[Z P ] defines the self- and mutual- impedances of the pipe-return path of the single core cables.
A sub-matrix is given by:

 
Z P,ij Z P,ij Z P,ij
[Z P,ij ] = Z P,ij Z P,ij Z P,ij  (30)
Z P,ij Z P,ij Z P,ij

The self impedance with pipe-return path for the i-th cable (i=j) is:

∞
"  2n #
µ0 µr K0 (mq) X di 2µr Kn (mq)
Z P,ii = jω + (31)
2π mqK1 (mq) n=1 q nµr Kn (mq) − mqKn0 (mq)

Mutual impedance between the i-th and the j-th cables with common pipe-return path (16=j):

  
µ0 q K0 (mq)
Z P,ij = jω ln √ 2 2 + µr mqK 1 (mq)
2π di +dj −2di dj cos ϑij
∞ 
X di dj  n  )
2µr Kn (mq) 1
+ cos (nϑij ) − (32)
n=1
q2 nµr Kn (mq) − mqKn0 (mq) n

[Z C ] is the connection impedance matrix between the pipe inner and outer surfaces. The sub-
matrix [Z C1 ], [Z C2 ] and [Z C3 ] are given by:

 
Z C1 Z C1 Z C1
[Z C1 ] = Z C1 Z C1 Z C1  (33)
Z C1 Z C1 Z C1

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3 Calculation of Electrical Parameters

where Z C1 , Z C2 and Z C3 are calculated using equations (14) to (18) for the impedance of
tubular conductors and tube being the pipe as follows:

Z C1 = Z pipe,OU T + Z pipe,IN S − 2 · Z pipe,M U T U AL

Z C2 = Z pipe,OU T + Z pipe,IN S − Z pipe,M U T U AL
Z C3 = Z pipe,OU T + Z pipe,IN S (34)

Finally, [Z 0 ] represent the impedance of the earth return-path of the pipe. The diagonal sub-
matrix [Z 0 ] is given by:

 
Z0 Z0 Z0
[Z 0 ] = Z 0 Z0 Z 0 (35)
Z0 Z0 Z0

where Z 0 is the self earth return impedance of the pipe according to equation (26).

3.5.2 Admittance

The admittance follows the general definition in terms of the potential coefficient matrix as fol-
lows:

 

 [PI,ii ] [0] [0] 0

 . 
 ..

[PI,jj ] [0] 0
[P ] = 
 
 ..

 . ··· [PI,kk ] 0

 



0 0 0 0

 
[PP,ii ] [PP,ij ] [PP,ik ] 0
 .. 
 . [PP,jj ] [PP,jk ] 0
+ 
 ...
 
··· [PP,kk ] 0
0 0 0 0
 
[PC ] [PC ] [PC ] PC 
 ..


 . [PC ] [PC ] PC   
+ 
 . (36)
 ..

· · · [PC ] PC  

PC PC PC PC


where

 
[GI,i ] 0 0 0
 0 [GI,j ] 0 0
[Y ] = 
  + jω ([P ])−1 (37)
0 0 [GI,k ] 0
0 0 0 0

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3 Calculation of Electrical Parameters

   
[I i ] [U i ]
d 
 [I j ]  = −[Y ] ·  [U j ] 
  
(38)
dx [I k ] [U k ]
Ip Up

Note that equation (37) does not consider dielectric losses of the pipe.

Each of the [PI,ii ] submatrices of [PI ] is the internal potential coefficient matrix of the single
core cable according to (27).

[PP ] is the pipe internal potential coefficient matrix and defines the capacitive coupling between
the outermost layer of the single core cables and the pipe and hence the dielectric medium
between the cables and the pipe. Each of the submatrices [PP,ij ] of [PP ] is a matrix with equal
elements given in the following form:

 
PP,ij PP,ij PP,ij
[PP,ij ] = PP,ij PP,ij PP,ij  (39)
PP,ij PP,ij PP,ij

with

( "  2 #)
1 q di
Pii = ln 1− (40)
2πε0 εr Ri q

   
∞  n
1  q −
X 1 d d
i j

Pij = ln  q · · cos ϑ ij (41)
2πε0 εr  d2i + d2j − 2di dj cos ϑij n=1
n q2 

[PC ] is the potential coefficient matrix between the pipe inner and outer surfaces and hence the
capacitance due to the dielectric layer surrounding the pipe. A sub-matrix and the last column
and row elements are given by:

 
PC PC PC
[PC ] = PC PC PC  (42)
PC PC PC

 
1 r
PC = · ln (43)
2πε0 εr q

It is assumed in the model that the pipe is underground. Therefore the outer surface of the
insulating layer surrounding the pipe is in direct contact with the earth (equipotential surface
with U = 0). Hence no additional capacitive effect exists between the insulating layer of the pipe
and ground.

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3 Calculation of Electrical Parameters

3.6 Multicore Cable

The multicore cable was introduced for use primarily by the Cable Ampacity calculation and is
modelled using the multicore/pipe-type cable system type (TypCabmult). As such, in terms of
the calculation of the cable impedance and admittance, it is based on the analytic equations
for the pipe-type cable ([7]) with consideration of proximity effects ([12]) and does not consider
the common outer sheath (if defined). The impedance and admittance formulae are described
below. Further details related to the calculation of the series impedance can be found in [11]
and [12].

3.6.1 Impedance

The series impedance of cables is traditionally calculated using analytical formulae which are
able to model the skin effect. Due to the underlying assumption of a uniform current distribution
in the conductors, the proximity effect cannot be completely taken into account. For closely
spaced cables, such as multicore cables, neglecting the proximity effect may result in an un-
derestimation of losses [11]. The multicore/pipe-type cable system type (TypCabmult), when
selected to be Multicore (with the TypCabsys input parameter Number of Fourier basis func-
tions set to be greater than zero on the Advanced tab), uses the “Method of Moments - Surface
Operator” (MoM-SO) technique to calculate the frequency dependent series impedance [11],
[12]:
∂V
= −[R(ω) + jωL(ω)] · I (44)
∂z
In summary, the series impedance is calculated according to the following MoM-SO procedure:

• Each conductor (cores, sheaths around cores and the common armour) is replaced by the
surrounding medium;

• An equivalent current density is introduced on the surface/s of each conductor;

• The electric field integral equation is then used to relate the current density and longitudi-
nal electric field on all conductors;
• Finally, the p.u.l. parameters of the line are calculated using the combined discretised
surface admittance operator and discretised electric field integral equation.
• Ground return effects are considered using the approximate method described by Equa-
tion (39) in [12].

Hence, using the method described by Equation (39) in [12], a proximity effect correction is
added to the standard analytic equations for pipe-type cables, where the armour is handled as
the outer ‘pipe’. These standard analytic equations only partially consider proximity effects ([7]);
from the cores to the common armour.

In the cable system type (TypCabsys), the option Number of Fourier basis functions available
on the Advanced page determines the truncation order of the Fourier series (and in turn, the
accuracy and computational expense). Setting this input parameter to zero means that the
series impedance of the multicore cable will be calculated using the analytic method that is used
for the pipe-type cable (i.e. no core-core proximity effects included and faster performance).
Otherwise, the Number of Fourier basis functions field can usually be left at the default value
and is intended for advanced use only. Sheaths around cores and the common armour are
treated in MoM-SO as smooth, tubular conductors.

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4 EMT Simulation

3.6.2 Admittance

Admittance formulae used for the multicore cable are identical to those given in Section 3.4.2.

4 EMT Simulation

Two distributed parameter models are provided in PowerFactory for the EMT simulation of ca-
ble systems. These are the constant parameter model and the frequency dependent (phase-
domain) model. The latter is available formulated as either the Universal Line Model (ULM) [2]
or the Frequency Dependent Cable Model (FDCM) [10].

4.1 Frequency Dependent Phase-Domain Models

In general, transmission lines can be characterised by two frequency-dependent matrix transfer

functions:

• The propagation function, A(ω)

• The characteristic admittance, Yc (ω) (or characteristic impedance Zc (ω))

These are expressed mathematically as:

√
A = e− YZ·l
(45)

and
√
Yc = Z−1 · ZY (46)

where Z and Y are the impedance and admittance matrices, respectively, and l is the line
length. The time-domain simulation could be formulated using the inverse Fourier transform
of the above functions and then solving the associated equations in the time domain using
numerical convolution. However, the preferred time-domain solution uses rational function ap-
proximations of low order to ensure a computationally-efficient solution. In PowerFactory , these
rational function approximations are obtained using vector fitting [9].

4.1.1 Rational Function Approximation

The accuracy of the rational function approximations of A and Yc (or Zc ) strongly influences the
quality of the time-domain solution. The fitting of A and Yc (or Zc ) in the phase domain means
that the phase-domain transfer functions will be intrinsically stable [8].

Approximation of Yc or Zc The characteristic admittance, Yc , (or characteristic impedance,

Zc ), are smooth functions of frequency, hence the fitting is straightforward and can be carried out
directly in the phase domain [2]. The trace of Yc is fitted in order to calculate the poles, and the
residues are subsequently calculated per element (k,l) of Yc using the following approximation:
N
X ri,m
(Yc (s))k,l = d + (47)
m=1
s − pi,m

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4 EMT Simulation

where constant d is real, N is the number of poles, ri,m are the residues, and pi,m are the poles.
The residues and poles may be real or in complex conjugate pairs. Fitting is performed in the
phase domain using vector fitting, and all elements of Yc get identical poles. This procedure is
used for the fitting of Yc (or Zc ) for both the ULM and FDCM.

4.1.2 Universal Line Model

The Universal Line Model (ULM) proposed in [2] offers high accuracy and a phase-domain
formulation.

Approximation of A The fitting of the propagation function, A, is difficult because it contains

modal components which have differing time delays [2]. In practicality, the differences in the
time delays can be significant in the case of cables. This is due to the different permittivities in
the insulation. Hence, the approximation of A is performed using a two-step approach; (i) fitting
in the modal domain; followed by (ii) final fitting in the phase domain.

Modal-Domain Fitting of A: The modes of A are calculated using a frequency-dependent

transformation matrix, T. The modal-domain fitting is comprised of three procedures:

Backwinding: Multiplication with a factor, e(j·ω·τ ) , in order to remove most of the oscillatory
behaviour of the elements of A. These elements are oscillating functions of frequency due to
the time delay of the line [8]. The diagonal elements of the modal propagation matrix, Am , can
be expressed as [13]:
ω
−αi (ω)+j· v ·l
am
i (ω) = e
i (ω) (48)
where α is the attenuation, v is the velocity, j is the imaginary unit and l is the line length. Each
mode i is approximated by:
N
X ri,m
am
i (s) ≈ · e−s·τi (49)
m=1
s − pi,m

where N is the number of poles for mode i, ri,m are the residues, and pi,m are the poles. The
residues and poles may be real or in complex conjugate pairs.

Collapsing: The process of replacing modes having almost equal time delays with a single mode
equal to the average of the modes. The criterion used for the formation of groups is provided in
[2]. The concept of “groups” thereby replaces that of modes.

Fitting: Vector fitting is used to obtain the rational function approximation and all poles contribute
to all elements of A.

Phase-Domain Fitting of A: The final fitting of A (i.e. the calculation of residues) is done in
the phase domain using the poles and time delays found via fitting in the modal domain. Each
element has the form:
n XN
X ri,m
A(s) ≈ ( ) · e−s·τi (50)
i=1 m=1
s − pi,m

where n is now the number of groups, and the poles, pi,m , and the time delays, τi are known.

4.1.3 Frequency Dependent Cable Model (FDCM)

The Frequency Dependent Cable Model (FDCM) introduced in [10] offers improved accuracy
and stability via the simultaneous fitting of poles and residues in the phase domain. High

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Cable System (ElmCabsys, TypCabsys)
4 EMT Simulation

residue-pole ratios are thereby avoided, making the FDCM less prone to divergence due to
such high ratios in EMT simulations.

Approximation of A The difficulties associated with the fitting of the propagation function,
A, were mentioned in Section 4.1.2. The approximation of A for the FDCM is performed by
fitting the modal contributions in the phase domain using a common set of poles for each modal
contribution, i, below. The poles and residues of A are obtained simultaneously, as follows:
n
A(s) ∼
X
= Âi · e−s·τi (51)
i=1

where n is the number of modal contribution groups. Fitting is then performed with the constant
time delay, τi , removed:
Mi
X Ri,j
Âi (s) ≈ (52)
j=1
s − pi,j

where Mi is the order of the approximation for the ith modal propagation function.

4.1.4 Fitting Procedure

The following steps are repeated, increasing the number of poles until either: (i) the user-defined
RMS error threshold has been met; or (ii) the user-defined maximum number of poles has been
reached:

1. Vector fitting is applied iteratively to reduce the RMS error. Iteration stops if either the
user-defined maximum RMS error or the user-defined maximum number of iterations is
reached.
2. If using option Increase and flip unstable poles, unstable poles are flipped to the left-half
plane and the RMS error is recalculated based on the resulting set of poles. This generally
worsens the RMS error, as expected.
3. If using option Increase until rms error is met, the RMS error is calculated based on the
unadjusted set of poles. This generally results in a lower RMS error than the previous
option, however sometimes at the cost of unstable poles which can result in time-domain
divergence in some cases.
4. For both of these options, if the RMS error does not meet the RMS error threshold, the
number of poles is increased, and the algorithm continues from the first step.

Following the fitting process, PowerFactory reports the RMS error and the poles obtained by
vector fitting (if option Output poles is selected).

The stability of the time-domain solution is dependent not only upon the accuracy of the rational
function approximation (i.e. the resulting RMS error), but also upon the proximity of the poles to
each other, and the ratio between residue and pole.

For Yc and Zc , a worse RMS error is usually obtained when fitting starting at very low frequen-
cies, and a better RMS error is usually obtained using a higher-order approximation (i.e. more
poles).

For A, a low number of poles is usually sufficient for accurate time-domain simulation, which as-
sists in avoiding high residue-to-pole ratios that tend to occur with higher-order approximations
(in particular for the ULM).

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4 EMT Simulation

Options The following inputs are available for vector fitting:

• Min. Frequency of Parameter Fitting: Lower bound of the frequency range for the fitting
in [Hz]

• Max. Frequency of Parameter Fitting: Upper bound of the frequency range for the fitting
in [Hz]
• RMS error: The target RMS error to be obtained by the vector fitting.

• Max. number of iterations: The maximum number of iterations used when performing
the vector fitting.
• Max. number of poles: The maximum number of poles allowed. A larger number of
poles may increase accuracy but will cause a subsequently slower performance.
• Number of poles: The number of poles found will be determined by which option is
selected:
– Increase and flip unstable poles: The number of poles will be increased and if any
pole resides in the right half (unstable region) of the complex plane it will be flipped
into the left-half plane.
– Increase until rms met: The number of poles will be increased until the target rms
error is met. This may yield a lower rms error than using Increase and flip unstable
poles at the risk of finding poles in the right-half plane (i.e. unstable poles). These
poles will likely cause time-domain divergence but can be seen if option Output poles
(described below) is selected. Hence, this option must be used with caution.
• Stability margin: The margin from the vertical axis at which poles will be placed. For
example, an entry of -1 will allow any negative pole to be placed no closer than this to the
vertical (imaginary) axis in the left-half plane.
• Fine-tune delays: Applies an optimisation procedure to improve the vector fitting by read-
justing the time delays together with the poles and residues.

• Apply DC correction: Improves the fit near DC via the use of a functional reformulation.
• Output poles: The poles will be printed in the output window.

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Cable System (ElmCabsys, TypCabsys)
A Parameter Definitions

A Parameter Definitions

Table A.1: Input parameter of the single core cable type (TypCab)

Parameter Description Unit Range Default Symbol

loc name Name
uline Rated voltage kV x≥0 0 U
typCon Shape of the core Compact
diaCon Outer diameter of the core mm x≥0 5 r
diaTube Inner diameter of the core mm x≥0 0 q
cHasEl Exists: use this flag to en- 1
able/disable the conducting
layers
rho Resistivity (20◦ C) of the con- µΩ · x>0 1.7241 ρ
ducting layers cm
my Relative Permeability of the 1 µr
conducting layers
cThEl Thickness of the conducting mm 2.5
layers
Cf Filling factor of the conducting % x > 0 and 100 Cf
layers x ≤ 100
rpha DC-Resistance (20◦ C) of the Ω/km 0.8780769 Rdc
conducting layers
alpha Temperature coefficient of the 1/K x≥0 0.00393 α
conducting layers
cHasIns Exists: use this flag to en- 1
able/disable the corresponding
insulation layers
tand (ctand) Dielectric Loss Factor of the in- 0.02
sulating layer, i.e. tgδ of the in-
sulation. Set this value to zero
to neglect insulation losses.
epsr Relative Permittivity of the insu- 3 εr
lating layer
thIns Thickness of the insulating mm x≥0 1
layer
cHasSc Exists: use this flag to en- 0
able/disable the semiconduct-
ing layers
rhoSc Resistivity of the semiconduct- µΩ · x>0 1000000
ing layer cm
mySc Relative permeability of the 1 µr,SC
semiconducting layer
epsrSc Relative permittivity of the 3 εr,SC
semiconducting layer
thSc Thickness of the semiconduct- mm x≥0 1
ing layer
◦
tmax Max. Operational Temperature C x≥0 80
◦
rtemp Max. End Temperature C x>0 80
Ithr Rated Short-Time (1s) Current kA x≥0 0
diaCab Overall Cable Diameter mm 15
materialCond Conductor material Unknown
materialIns Insulation material Unknown

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A Parameter Definitions

Table A.2: Input parameters of the cable system (TypCabsys)

Parameter Description Unit Range Default Symbol

loc name Name
frnom Nom. Frequency Hz 50
rhoEarth Resistivity of the earth return Ωm x>0 100
path
cGearth Conductivity of the earth return µS/cm 100
path = inverse of the earth resis-
tivity.
iopt bur To specify is the cable is laid gnd
direct in ground (parallel single
core cables) or in a pipe (pipe-
type cable)
nlcir Number of circuits defining the x≥1 1
cable system
pcab c Single core cable type: select TypCab
from the library the single core
cable type (TypCab) of each cir-
cuit
nphas Number of phases 3
dInom Rated current kA 1
red Reduced: assert this option to 0
automatically bond the sheaths
and armours of the cable. This
operation will reduce the Z/Y ma-
trices of the cable to nphas x
nphas.
bond Assert this option to cross bond 0
the sheaths
xy c Coordinate of Line Circuits: enter m 0
the coordinates of the single core
cables in the cable systems. Ca-
bles buried direct underground
have positive Y-distances with
respect to the ground surface.
For pipe type cables, X- and Y-
coordinates are referred to the
center of the pipe.
dep pipe Depth of the center of the m x≥0 0
pipe (parameter only required for
pipe-type cables).
rad pipe Outer Radius of the pipe m x>0 0.1
th pipe Thickness of the pipe mm x≥0 0
th ins Thickness of the pipe outer insu- mm x>0 1
lation
rho pipe Resistivity of the pipe µΩcm x>0 20
my pipe Relative permeability of the pipe x>0 1
epsr fil Relative permittivity of the filling x>0 1
material (insulating material be-
tween the single core cables and
the pipe)
epsr ins Relative permittivity of the pipe x>0 1
outer cover. Se

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Cable System (ElmCabsys, TypCabsys)
B Calculation Results

B Calculation Results

The cable constants function in stand-alone mode can be started via the Calculate button on
the EMT-Simulation page of the dialog of the cable system type TypCabsys. Then PowerFactory
prints the resulting impedance and admittance matrices to the output windows.

It follows an extract of the output window for a 132 kV, 3-phase cable system, 630 mm2 , directly
underground. The first two matrices correspond to the unreduced layer impedances and admit-
tances in phase components; cores first, followed by sheaths. Cables are in the same order as
the input. Rows follow real and imaginary part.

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B Calculation Results

The next two matrices are the impedances and admittances in symmetrical components in 0-
1-2 sequence. Idem before, cores come first followed by the sheaths. Cables are in the same
order as the input. Rows follow real and imaginary part.

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B Calculation Results

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Cable System (ElmCabsys, TypCabsys)
C References

C References
[1] Technical Reference Overhead Lines Constants, 2009.

[2] M. Tartibi A. Morched, B. Gustavsen. A universal model for accurate calculation of elec-
tromagnetic transients on overhead lines and underground cables. IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, 14, 1999.
[3] A. Ametani. A General Formulation of Impedance and Admittance of Cables. IEEE Trans-
actions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-99(3), May 1980.
[4] A. Ametani, N. Nagaoka, Y. Baba, T. Ohno, and K. Yamabuki. Power System Transients,
Theory and Applications. CRC Press, 2017.
[5] A. Ametani, T. Ohno, and N. Nagaoka. Cable System Transients: Theory, Modeling and
Simulation. Wiley, 2015.

[6] B. K. Bose. Modern Power Electronics and AC Drivers. Prentice Hall of India, 1 edition,
2008.
[7] H. Dommel. EMTP Theory Book. Microtran Power System Analysis Corporation, 1 edition,
1996.

[8] B. Gustavsen and A. Semlyen. Combined phase and modal domain calculation of trans-
mission line transients based on vector fitting. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 13,
1998.
[9] B. Gustavsen and A. Semlyen. Rational approximation of frequency domain responses by
vector fitting. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 14(3):1052–1061, 1999.

[10] I. Kocar and J. Mahseredjian. Accurate frequency dependent cable model for electromag-
netic transients. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2015.
[11] U. R. Patel, B. Gustavsen, and P. Triverio. An equivalent surface current approach for the
computation of the series impedance of power cables with inclusion of skin and proximity
effects. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 28(4):2474–2482, 2013.
[12] U. R. Patel, B. Gustavsen, and P. Triverio. Proximity-aware calculation of cable series
impedance for systems of solid and hollow conductors. IEEE Transactions on Power De-
livery, 29(5):2101–2109, 2014.
[13] L. De Tommasi and B. Gustavsen. Accurate transmission line modeling through optimal
time delay identification. Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Systems
Transients, IPST07, 2007.
[14] CIGRE Working Group C4.502. Power System Technical Performance Issues Related to
the Application of Long HVAC Cables. Technical report, CIGRE, October 2013.

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Cable System (ElmCabsys, TypCabsys)
List of Figures

List of Figures

2.1 Cross-section of a single core cable including the core, sheath and armour . . . 2

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Cable System (ElmCabsys, TypCabsys)
List of Tables

List of Tables

2.1 Resistivities and temperature coefficient of resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1 Skin effect correction factor values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

A.1 Input parameter of the single core cable type (TypCab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

A.2 Input parameters of the cable system (TypCabsys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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