Wireless Communication

Dr. Renjith R J

Department of ECE
SCT College of Engineering

February 12, 2024

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 1 / 19

 Fading Distributions
Capacity of wireless channels
Review of Capacity in AWGN, Capacity of flat fading channel-
Ergodic capacity, Capacity with Outage, Capacity with CSI-R.

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 2 / 19

Rayleigh Distribution

  
 N(t)
X 
r (t) = Re  αn (t)e−jϕn (t)  ej2πfc t = rI (t) cos 2πfc t − rQ (t) sin 2πfc t,
 
n=0
(1)
N(t)
X
rI (t) = αn (t) cos ϕn (t) (2)
n=1
N(t)
X
rQ (t) = αn (t) sin ϕn (t) (3)
n=1

The phase term is

ϕn (t) = 2πfc τn (t) (4)

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 3 / 19

Rayleigh Distribution..

The signal envelope

q
z(t) = |r (t)| = rI2 (t) + rQ2 (t) (5)

is Rayleigh distributed with distribution

 2
z2
 
2z z z
pZ (z) = exp − = 2 exp − 2 , z≥0 (6)
P̄r P̄r σ 2σ

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 4 / 19

Rician Distribution

If the channel has a fixed LOS component then rI (t) and rQ (t) are not
zero-mean variables. In this case the received signal equals the
superposition of a complex Gaussian component and a LOS
component. The signal envelope in this case can be shown to have a
Rician distribution is given by
"
#  
z − z 2 + s2 zs
pZ (z) = 2 exp 2
I0 , z ≥ 0, (7)
σ 2σ σ2

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 5 / 19

Combined Path loss, Shadowing and narrowband
fading

Figure: Path loss, Shadowing and narrowband fading

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 6 / 19

Capacity in AWGN

Consider a discrete-time AWGN channel with channel input /output

relationship
y [i] = x[i] + n[i] (8)
The capacity of this channel is given by Shannons well-known formula

C = B log2 (1 + γ) (9)

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 7 / 19

Capacity in AWGN...

For a discrete memoryless time-invariant channel with random input x

and random output y , the channels mutual information is defined as
 
X p(x, y )
I(X ; Y ) = p(x, y ) log (10)
p(x)p(y )
x∈X ,y ∈Y

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 8 / 19

Capacity in AWGN...

Shannon proved that channel capacity equals the mutual information

of the channel maximized over all possible input distributions
 
X p(x, y )
C = max I(X ; Y ) = max p(x, y ) log (11)
p(x) p(x)
x,y
p(x)p(y )

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 9 / 19

Capacity of flat fading channels

Figure: Flat fading model

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 10 / 19

Capacity of flat fading channels...

The channel power gain g[i] follows a given distribution p(g), for
example, with Rayleigh fading p(g) is exponential.
The channel gain g[i], also called the channel side information
(CSI), changes during the transmission of the code word.
The capacity of this channel depends on what is known about g[i]
at the transmitter and receiver. We will consider three different
scenarios regarding this knowledge.

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 11 / 19

Capacity of flat fading channels...

Channel distribution information (CDI): The distribution of g[i] is

known to the transmitter and receiver.
Receiver CSI: The value of g[i] is known to the receiver at time i,
and both the transmitter and receiver know the distribution of g[i].
Transmitter and receiver CSI: The value of g[i] is known to the
transmitter and receiver at time i, and both the transmitter and
receiver know the distribution of g[i].

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 12 / 19

Channel Side Information at Receiver (CSI-R)

In this case there are two channel capacity definitions that are relevant
to system design:
Shannon capacity, also called ergodic capacity
Capacity with outage
The probability of outage characterizes the probability of data loss or,
equivalently, of deep fading.

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 13 / 19

SHANNON (ERGODIC) CAPACITY

Shannon capacity of a fading channel with receiver CSI for an average

power constraint P̄ can be obtained as
Z ∞
C= B log2 (1 + γ)p(γ)dγ (12)
0

Note that this formula is a probabilistic average: the capacity C is

equal to Shannon capacity for an AWGN channel with SNR γ, given by
B log2 (1 + γ) and averaged over the distribution of γ. That is why
Shannon capacity is also called ergodic capacity

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 14 / 19

CAPACITY WITH OUTAGE

Capacity with outage allows bits sent over a given transmission

burst to be decoded at the end of the burst with some probability
that these bits will be decoded incorrectly.
The transmitter fixes a minimum received SNR γmin and encodes
for a data rate.
If the received SNR is below γmin then the bits received over that
transmission burst cannot be decoded correctly with probability
approaching 1, and the receiver declares an outage.

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 15 / 19

CAPACITY WITH OUTAGE...

The probability of outage is thus

Pout = p(γ < γmin ) (13)

The average rate correctly received over many transmission bursts is

Cout = (1 − Pout )B log2 (1 + γmin ) (14)

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 16 / 19

CAPACITY WITH OUTAGE...

Figure: Normalized capacity (C/B) versus outage probability

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 17 / 19

CAPACITY WITH OUTAGE...

It can seen that capacity approaches zero for small outage

probability, due to the requirement that bits transmitted under
severe fading must be decoded correctly, and increases
dramatically as outage probability increases.
These high capacity values for large outage probabilities have
higher probability of incorrect data reception.

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 18 / 19

 Thank You

Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication February 12, 2024 19 / 19