Dynamic Routing

▰ Protocol Categories
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 Classifying Routing Protocols

Routing protocols can be classified by their:

✓ Purpose:
▪ (IGP) Interior Gateway Protocol or
▪ (EGP) Exterior Gateway Protocol
✓ Operation:
▪ Distance vector protocol
▪ Link-state protocol
▪ Path-vector protocol

✓ Behavior:
▪ Classful (legacy)
▪ Classless protocol
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 Abbreviations –

✓ IGP – Interior Gateway Protocol

✓ EGP – Exterior Gateway Protocol
✓ RIP – Routing Information Protocol
✓ IGRP – Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
✓ OSPF – Open Shortest Path First
✓ ISIS – Intermediate System to Intermediate System
✓ EIGRP – Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
✓ BGP – Border Gateway Protocol

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 IGP EGP Protocols
Interior gateway Exterior gateway

✓ IGP:
▪ Interior gateway protocols are used to exchange
routing information with other routers within single
autonomous system. These systems can include one
routing network or a group of networks operating
under the same control.
✓ EGP:
▪ Exterior Gateway protocols are used for
communicate information between networks in
different autonomous systems

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 AS (autonomous system )

✓ An autonomous system is
1. A collection of networks under one administrative
domain or group

2. RFC1771: “ The classic definition of and

Autonomous System is a set of routers under a
single technical administration, using an interior
gateway protocol & common metrics to route
packets within the AS & using an exterior
gateway protocol to route packets to other AS’s”.
.

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 AS (autonomous system ) Number

✓ An autonomous system Number is

1. Autonomous System Number (ASN) is a globally
unique identifier that defines a group of one
or more IP prefixes run by one or more
network operators that maintain a single,
clearly-defined routing policy. These groups of
IP prefixes are known as autonomous systems.

2. More about AS numbers

[Link]
numbers/[Link].

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 Distance Vector & Link State

✓ Distance Vector
▪ RIP v1 , RIP v2, IGRP (cisco old)

✓ Link State
▪ OSPF , IS-IS

✓ Hybrid (Advance Distance Vector)

▪ EIGRP

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 Lets Compare
Distance Vector & Link State

✓ DISTANCE VECTOR ✓LINK STATE

▪ Distance & Direction base decision ▪ Shortest Path first

▪ Aware about ▪ Whole topology awareness

▪ Periodic update (fix time interval) ▪ Trigged updates

▪ Require low system resources ▪ Require more system resources

▪ Easy to configure ▪ Complicated to configure

▪ Slow convergence ▪ Fast convergence

▪ Loop (split horizon, route poisoning, max hop) ▪ Loop free

▪ Exchange Complete Routing table ▪ Updated information only

▪ Bellman ford Algo ▪ Use Dijkstra Algo

▪ Rip , IGRP ▪ OSPF, IS-IS

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 Classful VS Classless

Lets take an Example to understand

[Link]/24

✓ If we consider the first octet it belongs to Class A & network portion is 8 bit
▪ Classful subnet mask will be [Link]
▪ Classful Network ID will be [Link]

✓ But if we consider /24 its network portion is 24 bit

▪ Classless subnet mask as per slash notation [Link]
▪ Classless Network ID [Link]

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 CLASS-FULL Routing protocols

✓ Do not include the subnet mask with the route advertisement.

✓ Identify the Network portion using First octet
✓ They don’t support VLSM & CIDR
✓ Summary routes are exchanged between Routers
✓ Legacy Routing Protocols (old)
✓ Only RIPv1 & IGRP are classful routing protocols

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 CLASS-LESS Routing protocols

✓ Include the subnet mask with the route advertisement.

✓ Support VLSM (variable-length subnet masking) sub-netting.
✓ They identify Network portion with the help of CIDR.
✓ Except Ripv1 & IGRP all other protocols are Classless

▪ RIPv2
▪ EIGRP (no auto-summary)
▪ OSPF
▪ IS-IS

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 AD Administrative Distance

✓ Router gives the priority to any routing protocol on the basis of AD value.
✓ Lower AD value is the best
✓ We can customize AD value to customize result.
✓ Following AD values are applicable on CISCO Routers
Protocol Codes Code Explain AD values

C Connected 0
S Static 1
R RIP 120
O OSPF 110
D (Dual) Eigrp Internal 90
DEX (Dual) Eigrp External 170
EBGP Exterior BGP 20
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IBGP
[Link] Interior BGP | +92-3348-15-15-25
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 Metric

✓ Routing Protocol use Metric as Criteria to measure path from source to destination
✓ Every protocol has its own metric
✓ Lower Metric Value is the best
✓ Static Route as no Metric but AD Value to Customize
✓ BGP has no metric but attributes

Metrics of different protocols are:

▪ RIP Hop count Max 15 hops
▪ EIGRP Bandwidth & Delay k1, k2 , k3 , k4 , k5
▪ OSPF Link Cost Serial link cost 64, Fast Ethernet cost 1

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 Example

Source Router A Path A

Destination [Link]
✓ EIGRP
▪ AD 90

▪ Upper path B.W 100k (Best)

▪ Lower path B.W 50k

✓ RIP
▪ AD 120

▪ Upper path hops 3

Path B
▪ Lower path hops 2 (Best)
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Note: if we |configure
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both protocols on| +92-3348-15-15-25
this topology than Router |A+92-3178-88-39-79
will gives priority to EIGRP
 Routing Protocol
RIP v1 & v2

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 Rip (Routing Information Protocol)

RIP is a true Distance Vector routing protocol.

✓ Versions V1, V2
✓ AD 120
✓ Metric Hop Count max 15 hops, 16 Hops unreachable

✓ Rip Timers
▪ Update Time 30 Sec Advertise Complete Routing Table
▪ Invalid Time 180 Sec 30x6
▪ Hold Time 180 Sec Alternate Path
▪ Flush Time 240 Sec Invalid Time + 60 Remove From Routing Table

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 Ripv1 & Rip v2

Rip Version 1 Rip Version 2

Broadcast Routing Table Address [Link] Multicast Routing Table Address [Link]
Classful Classless
Require (no auto-summary command)
Not Support Authentication Support Authentication
Not Support VLSM Support VLSM
Not Support CIDR Support CIDR
Timers: Timers:
Update: 30 sec, Invalid: 180 sec, Hold: 180 Flush:240 Update: 30 sec, Invalid: 180 sec, Hold: 180 Flush:240

Distance vector Distance vector

Administrative Distance:120 Administrative Distance:120
Metric: Hope count Metric: Hope count
Send update only version 1 Send update Ver 2 Only
Receive update v1+ v2 both Receive update Ver2 Only
Rip T-Shoot
Make sure that both All Routers using the same Rip version Because Ripv1 can accept Ripv2 update but Ripv2 Does not.

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 Configuration of Rip v1

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router rip
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]

✓ Configuration on R2

▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router rip
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] Note: Same RIP version on both Routers
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]

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 Configuration of Rip v2

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router rip
▪ R1(config-router)# version 2
▪ R1(config-router)# no auto-summary
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]

✓ Configuration on R2
▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router rip
▪ R2(config-router)# version 2 Note: Same RIP Version on both Routers
▪ R2(config-router)# no auto-summary
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]
[Link]
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] 19
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 Rip T-Shoot Scenario

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router rip
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]

✓ Configuration on R2
▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router rip
▪ R2(config-router)# version 2 Note: R1 will accept Ripv2 updates from neighbor R2
▪ R2(config-router)# no auto-summary R2 will no accept Ripv1 updates from neighbor R1
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]
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 RIP Verification Commands

✓ R1# show ip protocol

✓ R1# show ip route
✓ R1# show ip route rip
✓ R1# show running-config

✓ T-shoot Command
▪ R1# debug ip rip
▪ R1# U all

Note: Same Commands we use on R2 for Verification

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 RIP T-Shoot

✓ Version must be same on both routers because:

✓ Rip v1 send v1 update and receive both v1+v2
✓ Rip v2 send & receive only Ripv2 updates
✓ Common network ID between routers may not be advertised
✓ Authentication mismatch
✓ Ripv1 does not support
▪ Authentication
▪ VLSM
▪ CIDR
▪ No auto-summary command does not work in Ripv1

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 Routing Protocol
EIGRP

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 EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Cont…….

✓ EIGRP is an advanced distance vector routing protocol.

✓ AD Internal 90 (for advertised networks)
✓ AD External 170 (for redistributed networks)
✓ Composite Metric k1=1, k2=0,k3=1,k4=0,k5=0 (B.W + Delay)
✓ AS-Number : In Eigrp Only those routers will establish EIGRP Neighbor Relationship
which belong to same AS Number
✓ EIGRP supports CIDR & VLSM,
✓ incremental updates,
✓ Un-Equal load balancing.
✓ EIGRP routers use the multicast address of [Link]

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 EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

✓ Wild Card Mask is optional (required with classless addresses)

✓ EIGRP support both classful and classless IP addresses
✓ No auto-summary command is compulsory for classless IP’s.
✓ EIGRP support ipv4 & ipv6

✓ EIGRP Tables
▪ Neighbor table – stores information about EIGRP neighbors
▪ Topology table – stores routing information learned from neighboring routers
▪ Routing table – stores the best routes

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 Configuration of EIGRP 1

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router eigrp 1
▪ R1(config-router)# no auto-summary
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]

✓ Configuration on R2
▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router eigrp1
▪ R2(config-router)# no auto-summary Note: We may use wild card mask while advertising Network IDS
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]
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 EIGRP T-Shoot Scenario
Mismatch AS Numbers

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router eigrp 11
▪ R1(config-router)# no auto-summary
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link]

✓ Configuration on R2
▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router eigrp1
▪ R2(config-router)# no auto-summary Note: There is no neighbor relationship due to Mismatch As Number
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link]
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 Common EIGRP Problems

✓ Common network id may not be advertised

✓ Autonomous system number mismatch
✓ Authentication mismatch (if applied)
✓ K values mismatch k1 & k3 enabled*

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 Eigrp Verification Commands

✓ # show ip protocol
✓ # show ip eigrp neighbor
✓ # show ip eigrp topology
✓ # show ip route
✓ # show ip route Eigrp
✓ # show running-config

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 Lab # 11:

▰ Students will perform EIGRP on router.

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[Link] info@[Link]
 Routing Protocol
OSPF v2

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 OSPF

Bandwidth OSPF Cost

✓ Purely Link state Routing Protocol

100 Gbps
40 Gbps
1
1
✓ Use Dijkstra algorithm 10 Gbps 1
✓ Works on shortest path first 1 Gbps 1
algorithm 100 Mbps 1
✓ It is an industrial protocol 10 Mbps 10

✓ Administrative distance= 110 1.544 Mbps 64

✓ Metric= link cost

768 Kbps
384 Kbps
133
266

LINK COST= Ref B.W/Interface B.W 128 Kbps 781

[Link]
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 OSPF Network Types

✓ ✓ Serial (hdlc, ppp) ✓ Serial (Frame relay)

✓
Ethernet
✓ ✓ DR & BDR Election DR & BDR Election
✓
DR & BDR Election
✓ Hello 10 sec Dead Timer 40 sec ✓ Hello 10 Dead Timer 40 sec Hello 30 sec Dead Timer 120 sec

✓ 120 Sec

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 OSPF Terminologies

✓ OSPF Process ID

▪ Process identification Number on Local Router

▪ It is not necessary to be the same on all Routers
▪ Every OSPF Process is separate & need Router-ID
▪ Can run multiple OSPF processes on single Router

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 OSPF Router ID

✓ OSPF Router ID
▪ Unique identification of Router in OSPF topology
▪ Every OSPF Process needs a separate Router-ID
▪ Router ID is used for DR & BDR Election

✓ OSPF Router ID Selection Criteria

1. If physical Interfaces than Highest IP of Active Physical interface
2. If physical & loopback interface than IP address of Loopback Interface (although smaller Ip)
3. If Multiple Loopback interfaces than Highest IP of Loopback interface
4. Hard Coded Router id using Router-ID command

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 DR | BDR | DROTHER

✓ An Autonomous system can have multiple Areas

✓ An Area can have multiple Networks
✓ Every Network has its own DR & BDR

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 DR & BDR Election Criteria

✓ Ethernet , NBMA network types

✓ Every Router must have Unique Router-ID
✓ Common network ID
✓ Router with highest Router-ID will become DR
✓ Router with second highest Router-ID will become BDR R2 is DR for [Link] network & BDR for [Link] network

✓ All other Routers will become DR-Others.

✓ Election time 40 Seconds
✓ Failover yes and BDR will be promoted as DR down

Note: Router with lower Router-ID can be the DR

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 OSPF 2 Multicast Addresses

✓ [Link]
▪ For all OSPF Routers
▪ Use to send information to all OSPF routers
▪ Sends hello packets out all OSPF interfaces

✓ [Link]
▪ For DR & BDR
▪ Is used by routers only to send ospf routing updates to DR and BDR

Note: Router with lower Router-ID can be the DR

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 WILD CARD MASK

Classes Subnet Mask Wildcard Mask

✓ 32 bit address inverse of subnet mask A [Link] [Link]

✓ It is used for filtration

✓ EIGRP,OSPF and ACL use it B [Link] [Link]

✓ 0 mean match and 255 mean ignore

✓ Contagious & Discontagious
C [Link] [Link]

▪ [Link] (contagious)
Single Host [Link] [Link]
▪ [Link] (discontagious)

Note: Routing protocols EIGRP & OSPF use Contagious and ACL use both
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 OSPF Areas

✓ OSPF larger physical Topology is divided into smaller logical Areas

✓ An area can have multiple Networks
✓ Area is identified using Number
✓ Single area & Multi area OSPF Topology
✓ 5 Types of OSPF Areas
▪ Backbone area (area 0),
▪ Normal area,
▪ Stub area,
▪ Totally stubby area, and
▪ No so stubby area (NSSA).

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be connected with Area 0
 OSPF Tables…

✓ Neighbor table
▪ Directly connected

✓ Topology table
▪ Contains all available OSPF routers
▪ Calculated best and alternative paths

✓ Routing table
▪ Contains the best path

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 OSPF Single Area
Configuration

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router ospf 1
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 0
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 0

✓ Configuration on R2
▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router ospf 1
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 0
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 0

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 OSPF Multiarea
Configuration

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router ospf 1
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 1
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 0

✓ Configuration on R2
▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router ospf 1
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 2
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 0

Note: Area 0 Must be centrally involved

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 OSPF Area Problem

✓ Configuration on R1
▪ R1> enable
▪ R1# config t
▪ R1(config)# router ospf 1
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 0
▪ R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 1

✓ Configuration on R2
▪ R2> enable
▪ R2# config t
▪ R2(config)# router ospf 1
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 2
▪ R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] a 1

Note: Topology will not be converged because Area 0 is not centrally involved
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 OSPF Verification Commands

✓ # show ip ospf
▪ Router-id
✓ # show ip ospf database
▪ Topology table
▪ Router type

▪ SPF algorithm
✓ # show ip route

✓ # show ip ospf neighbor ▪ Complete Routing table

▪ DR | BDR
✓ # show ip route ospf

✓ # show ip ospf interface ▪ Only OSPF entries in Routing table)

▪ Network Type
✓ # show running-config
▪ Trouble shooting
▪ Link cost

▪ DR | BDR

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 OSPF T-Shoot

✓ Area must be common between directly connected routers

✓ Subnet must be the same between Routers
✓ Hello & Dead intervals must match
✓ Area Type must be same
✓ Authentication must be same
.
Area 0 must be centrally involved

Note: Virtual Link can be used to Extended area 0

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