Load Flow Analysis

Newton Raphson Method

Basic Newton Raphson Techniques:
Let there be ‘n’ equations in ‘n’ unknown variables 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , …….., 𝑥𝑛
𝑓1 (𝑥1, 𝑥2, , 𝑥3, , 𝑥4 ……….., 𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑏1
𝑓2 (𝑥1, 𝑥2, , 𝑥3, , 𝑥4 ……….., 𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑏2
………………(1)
.
𝑓𝑛 (𝑥1, 𝑥2, , 𝑥3, , 𝑥4 ……….., 𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑏𝑛
In the equation (1), the quantities 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ,………, 𝑏𝑛 and function 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 ,………, 𝑓𝑛 are known
Take initial guess of the equation of the solution as
(0) (0) (0) (0)
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , ….. , 𝑥𝑛
First order Taylor’s series expansion of equation (1) around the initial guesses is
(0) (0) (0) (0) 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1
𝑓1 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , ….. , 𝑥𝑛 + ∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + ……… + ∆𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑛
(0) (0) (0) (0) 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2
𝑓2 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , ….. , 𝑥𝑛 + ∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + ……… + ∆𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑛
.
(0) (0) (0) (0) 𝜕𝑓𝑛 𝜕𝑓𝑛 𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝑓𝑛 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , ….. , 𝑥𝑛 + ∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + ……… + ∆𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑛
Basic Newton Raphson Techniques:
In matrix form
𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓
… . . + 𝜕𝑥1 (0)
𝑓1 𝑋 𝑜 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝑛 ∆𝑥1 𝑏1
𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2
𝑓2 𝑋 𝑜 .…+ ∆𝑥2
(0) 𝑏2
. + . 𝜕𝑥1
.
𝜕𝑥2
.
𝜕𝑥𝑛
. = .
. . .
. . .
𝑓2 𝑋 𝑜 𝜕𝑓𝑛 𝜕𝑓𝑛 𝜕𝑓 ∆𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑛
+ 𝑛
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑛
The matrix containing the partial derivative terms is known as the Jacobian matrix (J)
(0)
∆𝑥1 𝑏1 − 𝑓1 𝑋 𝑜 ∆𝑚1
∆𝑥2
(0) 𝑏2 − 𝑓2 𝑋 𝑜 ∆𝑚2
or, . = 𝐽 −1 . = 𝐽 −1 .
. . .
∆𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑛 − 𝑓2 𝑋 𝑜 ∆𝑚𝑛
𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1
…..+
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑛 (1) (0) (0)
𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 Now, 𝑥1 = 𝑥1 + ∆𝑥1
.…+ (1) (0) (0)
Where, J = 𝜕𝑥1
.
𝜕𝑥2
. .
𝜕𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 = 𝑥2 + ∆𝑥2
. . . .
𝜕𝑓𝑛 𝜕𝑓𝑛 𝜕𝑓 (1) (0) (0)
+ 𝜕𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 + ∆𝑥𝑛 are the first estimate of
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝑛
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , …….., 𝑥𝑛
Application of Newton Raphson Method for load flow Analysis
Complex injected power to the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus
Sk = Vk Ik* = Pk + jQ k
or, S*k = Vk* Ik = Pk − jQ k
n
or, Pk − jQ k = Vk Y
i =1
ki Vi (ki + i − k )
n
 Pk = Vk Y
i =1
ki Vi cos(ki + i − k )
n
Q k = − Vk Yi =1
ki Vi sin(ki + i − k )

For 3 -bus system we can write (Assuming bus 1 as reference bus, bus 2 and bus 3 as load buses.)
3
P2 = V2 Y
i =1
2i Vi cos(2i + i − 2 )
2
P2 = V2 V1 Y21 cos(21 + 1 − 2 ) + V2 Y22 cos(22 ) + V2 V3 Y23 cos(23 + 3 − 2 )
2
P3 = V3 V1 Y31 cos(31 + 1 − 3 ) + V3 V2 Y32 cos(32 + 2 − 3 ) + V3 Y33 cos(33 )
2
Q2 = − V2 V1 Y21 sin(21 + 1 − 2 ) − V2 Y22 sin(22 ) − V2 V3 Y23 sin(23 + 3 − 2 )
2
Q3 = − V3 V1 Y31 sin(31 + 1 − 3 ) − V3 V2 Y32 sin(32 + 2 − 3 ) − V3 Y33 sin(33 )
Application of Newton Raphson Method for load flow Analysis
In general form, we can write
P2 = f1 (2 , 3 , V2 , V3 )
P3 = f 2 (2 , 3 , V2 , V3 )
Q2 = f3 (2 , 3 , V2 , V3 )
Q3 = f 4 (2 , 3 , V2 , V3 )
Expanding using Taylor series ( First Order) 0 0
0
 f1   f1 
0
 f   f 
 3 +    V2 +  1   V3
0 0 0 0
P2  f1 ( 2 ,  3 , V2 , V3 ) + 
0 0
  2 + 
0 0 1

 2   3    V2    V3 
   
0 0
0
 f 2 
0
 f 2   f   f 
 3 +    V2 +  2   V3
0 0 0 0
P3  f 2 ( 2 ,  3 , V2 , V3 ) + 
0 0
  2 + 
0 0 2

 2   3    V2    V3 
   
0 0
 f 3 
0
 f 3 
0
 f   f 
 3 +    V2 +  3   V3
0 0 0 0
Q 2  f 3 ( 2 ,  3 , V2 , V3 ) + 
0 0
  2 + 
0 0 3

 2   3    V2    V3 
   
0 0
 f 4 
0
 f 4 
0
 f   f 
 3 +    V2 +  4   V3
0 0 0 0
Q3  f 4 ( 2 ,  3 , V2 , V3 ) + 
0 0
  2 + 
0 0 4

 2   3    V2    V3 
   
Application of Newton Raphson Method for load flow Analysis
Since bus 2 and bus 3 are load buses information about active and reactive power at these buses are
known beforehand. So, we can replace P2 , P3 , Q 2 & Q3 by P2,sp , P3,sp , Q2,sp , Q3,sp
 0 0
 f 
0
 f  0

 f1   f1  
   1   1 
 2 
  3    V2    V3 
   
P −f
 2,sp 1 ( 0
02 , 03 , V2 , V3
0
)  
  0
 f 2 
0
 f 
0 0

 f    02 
   f 2 
( ,  , V )     2   2   
  2
0 0
 P3,sp − f 2 0 0
, V3  
 3   V2    V3     0

=     
2

3

0
2 3

  0

Q2,sp − f3

( ,  , V
0
2
0
3 2
0
, V3
0
)   f 3
  


0
 f 3 
 
0
 f
 3


0
 f     V2 
 3   
  V3     V3 
( ,  , V )
0
   V2 
Q − f 0 0 0 0
  2   3     
 
, V3
 3,sp 4 2 3 2
 0 0
 f 
0
 f  
0

 f 4   f 4 
   4   4  
 2 
  3    V2    V3  
     
0 0
0
P2,calc = f1 (02 , 03 , V2 , V3 )
Similarly,
0 0
0
P3,calc = f 2 (02 , 03 , V2 , V3 )
0 0
Q02,calc = f3 (02 , 03 , V2 , V3 )
0 0
0
Q3,calc = f 4 (02 , 03 , V2 , V3 )
Application of Newton Raphson Method for load flow Analysis
P 0
2,calc = V2
0
V1 Y21 cos(21 + 1 −  2 ) + V2 0
( ) 0 2
Y22 cos(22 ) + V2
0
V3
0
Y23 cos(23 + 03 − 02 )

P 0
3,calc = V3
0
V1 Y31 cos(31 + 1 −  3 ) + V3 0 0
V2
0
Y32 cos(32 +  2 −  3 ) + V3
0 0
( ) 0 2
Y33 cos(33 )

Q 0
2,calc = − V2
0
V1 Y21 sin(21 + 1 −  2 ) − V2 0
( ) 0 2
Y22 sin(22 ) − V2
0
V3
0
Y23 sin(23 + 03 − 02 )

Q 0
3,calc = − V3
0
V1 Y31 sin(31 + 1 −  3 ) − V3 0 0
V2
0
Y32 sin(32 +  2 −  3 ) − V3
0 0
( ) 0 2
Y33 sin(33 )

Now we can write,

 0 0
 f 
0
 f 
0

 f1   f1  
   1   1 
 2 
  3    V2    V3 
    
 0 0
0
 f 2 
0
 f   f    02 
 P2,sp − P2,calc
0
  f 2 
 2   2   
   2   
 3    V2    V3     3 
0
− P3,calc  
0      
 P3,sp = 0
Q2,sp 0
− Q02,calc   0 0
 f 
0
 f     V2 
   f 3   f 3 
 Q3,sp − Q3,calc
0
       3   3   
  V3     V3 
 0
 2   3    V2 
     
 0 0
 f 
0
 f  
0

 f 4   f 4 
   4   4  
 2 
  3    V2    V3  
     
 Application of Newton Raphson Method for load flow Analysis
The expression for function 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 and 𝑓4 are same as expressions for 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 , 𝑄2 , and 𝑄4 . So, above
equation can be written as
0
 0 0

0
  
0
 Where, 𝐽 is called the Jacobian matrix for first iteration
  P2   P2  P P
   2   2  
  2     V2    V3  
  3        02 
 0    P2,sp − P2,calc
0

  3   
0
 P   P    02 
0 0 0
 P2,sp − P2,calc     P   P3  P − P3,calc
0
 3   3    0 −1  3,sp 
0
or,  0  = [J ]
3
    2   
 3    V2    V3     3 
0

 P3,sp − P3,calc  
0
       V2  Q 2,sp − Q 2,calc 
0
= 0  
Q2,sp 0  
− Q02,calc    Q 
0
 Q     V2   Q3,sp − Q3,calc
0

 V 
0 0
   Q 2 
0
  
 
Q
 Q3,sp − Q3,calc
0
   
2
   2   2 
 3 
  V3     V3 
 0
 2   3    V2 
      Values of 𝛿2 , 𝛿3 , 𝑉2 and 𝑉2 after first iteration
  Q 
0
 Q  
0 (1) (0) (0)
   Q 3 
0
 Q3 
0

 3   3  
𝛿2 = 𝛿2 + ∆ 𝛿2
 2   
 3    V2    V3   (1) (0)
𝛿3 = 𝛿3 + ∆ 𝛿3
(0)
     

 02 
𝑉2 (1) = 𝑉2 (0) + ∆ 𝑉2 (0)
 P2,sp −P 0
2,calc
   𝑉3 (1) = 𝑉3 (0) + ∆ 𝑉3 (0)
    0

P −P 0

or,  3,sp  = [J 0 ] 
3,calc
3

0
The iteration is continued until the difference between
Q 2,sp −Q 0    V2  successive values of assumed variables are within
 
2,calc
 
 Q3,sp −Q 0
3,calc   V  0
tolerance limits
 3 
 Finding the Elements of Jacobian Matrix
Row 1 Row 3
 P2   Q 2 
  = V2 V1 Y21 cos( 21 + 1 −  2 ) + V2 V3 Y23 cos( 23 + 3 −  2 )
  = V2 V1 Y21 sin(  21 + 1 −  2 ) + V2 V3 Y23 sin(  23 +  3 −  2 )
   2 
 2
 Q 2 
 P2    = − V2 V3 Y23 cos( 23 + 3 −  2 )
  = − V2 V3 Y23 sin(  23 +  3 −  2 ) 
 3
  3 
 Q 2 
 P2    = − V1 Y21 sin(  21 + 1 −  2 ) − 2 V2 Y22 sin(  22 ) − V3 Y23 sin(  23 + 3 −  2 )
  = V1 Y21 cos( 21 + 1 −  2 ) + 2 V2 Y22 cos( 22 ) + V3 Y23 cos( 23 +  3 −  2 ) V 
V   2 
 2   Q 2 
 P2    = − V2 Y23 sin(  23 + 3 −  2 )
V 
  = V2 Y23 cos( 23 +  3 −  2 )  
V 
3

 3  Row 4
Row 2
 Q3 
 P3 
  = − V3 V2 Y32 cos( 32 +  2 −  3 )
  = − V3 V2 Y32 sin(  32 +  2 −  3 ) 
 2

 2
 Q3 
 P3    = V3 V1 Y31 cos( 31 + 1 −  3 ) + V3 V2 Y32 cos( 32 +  2 −  3 )
  = V3 V1 Y31 sin(  31 + 1 −  3 ) + V3 V2 Y32 sin(  32 +  2 −  3 ) 
 3
  3 
 P3 
 Q3 
  = V3 Y32 cos( 32 +  2 −  3 )   = − V3 Y32 sin( 32 +  2 −  3 )
V   V 
 2   2 
 P3   P3 
  = V1 Y31 cos( 31 + 1 −  3 ) + V2 Y32 cos( 32 +  2 −  3 ) + 2 V3 Y33 cos( 33 )   = − V1 Y31 sin( 31 + 1 −  3 ) − V2 Y32 sin( 32 +  2 −  3 ) − 2 V3 Y33 sin( 33 )
V   V 
 3   3 
Q.1) Line impedances are in p.u. on 100MVA base. Obtain the power flow solution using newton
Raphson (NR) method.

Soln. 𝑧12 =0.02 + j0.04 ; 𝑦12 =10-j20

𝑧13 =0.01 + j0.03 ; 𝑦13 =10-j30
𝑧23 =0.0125 + j0.025 ; 𝑦12 =16-j32
20 − 𝑗50 −10 + 𝑗20 −10 + 𝑗30
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = −10 + 𝑗20 26 − 𝑗52 −16 + 𝑗32
−10 + 𝑗30 −16 + 𝑗32 26 − 𝑗62
53.851∠ −1.902𝑐 22.360∠2.034𝑐 31.622∠1.893𝑐
= 22.360∠2.034𝑐 58.138∠ −1.107𝑐 35.777∠2.034𝑐
31.622∠1.893𝑐 35.777∠2.034𝑐 67.230∠ −1.173𝑐
Q.1) Contd. …
In the given question, bus 1 is the slack bus, bus 2 is PQ bus and bus 3 is PV bus.
The loads and generations expressed in p.u.
(𝑃𝐺2 −𝑃𝐷2 )+𝑗(𝑄𝐺2 −𝑄𝐷2 ) 0−400)+𝑗(0−250)
𝑆2𝑠𝑐ℎ (p.u) = 𝑃2𝑠𝑐ℎ + j 𝑄2𝑠𝑐ℎ = 100
= 100
= -4-j2.5 p.u.
200
And 𝑃3𝑠𝑐ℎ (p.u) = 100 = 2 p.u.
Given, 𝑉1 =1.05 ∠ 0𝑐 ( Slack bus); 𝑉3 =1.04 p.u ( PV bus)
Let 𝑉2 (0) = 1.0∠ 0𝑐 and 𝛿3 (0) = 0𝑐
Calculated real and reactive power at bus ‘2’
𝑆2 ∗ = 𝑉2 ∗ 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3
= 1.0∠ −0𝑐 −10 + 𝑗20 ∗ 1.05 ∠ 0𝑐 + 26 − 𝑗52 ∗ 1.0∠ 0𝑐 + −16 + 𝑗32 ∗ 1.04 ∠ 0𝑐
= -1.14+ j2.28
∴ 𝑃2,𝑐𝑎𝑙 (0) = -1.14 p.u. ; 𝑄2,𝑐𝑎𝑙 (0) = - 2.28 p.u.
𝑃3,𝑐𝑎𝑙 (0) =Real 𝑉3 ∗ 𝑌31 𝑉1 + 𝑌32 𝑉2 + 𝑌33 𝑉3
= Real 1.04 ∠ −0𝑐 −10 + 𝑗30 ∗ 1.05 ∠ 0𝑐 + −16 + 𝑗32 ∗ 1.0∠ 0𝑐 + 26 − 𝑗62 ∗ 1.04 ∠ 0𝑐
= 0.5616 p.u.
∴ ∆𝑃2 (0) = 𝑃2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃2,𝑐𝑎𝑙 (0) = -4 –(-1.14) =-2.86 p.u;
∆𝑃3 (0) = 𝑃3𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃3,𝑐𝑎𝑙 (0) = 2 -0.5616 = 1.4383 p.u ;
∆𝑄2 (0) = 𝑄2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑄2,𝑐𝑎𝑙 (0) = -2.5 –(-2.28) = -0.22 p.u
Q.1) Contd. …
The expressions for real power at bus 2 and 3 and the reactive power at bus 2 are
𝑃2 = 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 cos(𝜃21 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 )+ 𝑉2 2 𝑌22 cos(𝜃22 )+ 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 cos(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
𝑃3 = 𝑉3 𝑉1 𝑌31 cos(𝜃31 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿3 )+ 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 cos(𝜃32 + 𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )+ 𝑉3 2 𝑌33 cos(𝜃33 )
𝑄2 = − 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃21 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 ) − 𝑉2 2 𝑌22 sin(𝜃22 ) − 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
Now, in Jacobian matrix form
𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2
∆𝑃2 (0) 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕 𝑉2 ∆𝛿2 (0)
𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3
∆𝑃3 (0) = 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕 𝑉2 ∆𝛿3 (0) ……………………(i)
∆𝑄2 (0) 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 ∆ 𝑉2 (0)
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕 𝑉2
Where,
𝜕𝑃2
𝜕𝛿2
= 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 sin(𝜃21 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 )+ 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
= 1*1.05*22.360*sin(2.034𝑐 ) + 1* 1.04* 35.777 sin(2.034𝑐 ) = 54.28
𝜕𝑃2
= − 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝛿3
= -1*1.04*35.777* sin(2.034𝑐 ) = -33.28
𝜕𝑃2
= 𝑉1 𝑌21 cos(𝜃21 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 )+ 2 𝑉2 𝑌22 cos(𝜃22 )+ 𝑉3 𝑌23 cos(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
𝜕 𝑉2
=1.05*22.360*cos(2.034𝑐 ) + 2*1*58.138*cos(−1.107𝑐 ) +1.04* 35.777*cos(2.034𝑐 )= 24.89
 𝑃3 = 𝑉3 𝑉1 𝑌31 cos(𝜃31 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿3 )+ 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 cos(𝜃32 + 𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )+ 𝑉3 2 𝑌33 cos(𝜃33 )
Q.1) Contd. … 𝑄2 = − 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃21 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 ) − 𝑉2 2 𝑌22 sin(𝜃22 ) − 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝑃3
= - 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 sin(𝜃32 + 𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )
𝜕𝛿2
= -1.04*1*35.777*sin(2.034𝑐 ) = -33.28
𝜕𝑃3
= 𝑉3 𝑉1 𝑌31 sin(𝜃31 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿3 )+ 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 sin(𝜃32 + 𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )
𝜕𝛿3
= 1.04*1.05*31.622*sin(1.893𝑐 ) + 1.04*1* 35.777*sin(2.034𝑐 ) =66.06
𝜕𝑃3
= 𝑉3 𝑌32 cos(𝜃32 + 𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )
𝜕 𝑉2
= 1.04*35.777*cos(2.034𝑐 ) = -16.63
𝜕𝑄2
= 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃21 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 ) + 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 cos(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝛿2
= 1*1.05*22.360*cos(2.034𝑐 ) + 1*1.04* 35.777*cos(2.034𝑐 ) = -27.12
𝜕𝑄2
= − 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 cos(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝛿3
= -1*1.04* 35.777*cos(2.034𝑐 ) =16.63
𝜕𝑃2
= - 𝑉1 𝑌21 sin(𝜃21 + 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 ) −2 𝑉2 𝑌22 sin(𝜃22 ) − 𝑉3 𝑌23 sin(𝜃23 + 𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )
𝜕 𝑉2
= -1.05*22.360*sin(2.034𝑐 ) –2*1* 58.138*sin(−1.107𝑐 ) -1.04*35.777*sin(2.034𝑐 ) =49.70
Q.1) Contd. …
Therefore, from equation (1)
−2.860 54.28 −33.28 24.89 ∆𝛿2 (0)
1.438 = −33.28 66.06 −16.63 ∆𝛿3 (0)
−0.220 −27.14 16.63 49.70 ∆ 𝑉2 (0)
∆𝛿2 (0) 0.0231 0.0134 0.0071 −2.860
Or, ∆𝛿3 (0) = 0.0136 0.0219 0.00048 1.438
∆ 𝑉2 (0) 0.0080 3.524𝑒 − 6 0.0160 −0.220
∆𝛿2 (0) −0.0483𝑐
Or, ∆𝛿3 (0) = −0.00751𝑐
∆ 𝑉2 (0) −0. 02639

𝛿2 (1) = 𝛿2 (0) + ∆𝛿2 (0) =0 + (−0.0483𝑐 ) = −0.0483𝑐

𝛿3 (1) = 𝛿3 (0) + ∆𝛿3 (0) =0 + (−0.00751𝑐 ) = −0.00751𝑐
∆ 𝑉2 (1) = 𝑉2 (0) + ∆ 𝑉2 (0) =1 + (−0. 02639) =0.9736 p.u.
Q.1) Find the load bus voltage and its phase angle, and slack bus power after two iteration, using Newton-
Raphson load flow analysis methods.

Soln.
Y bus of the given network is

𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 −𝑗9 𝑗5 𝑗4

Ybus = 𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23 = 𝑗5 −𝑗7.5 𝑗2.5
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 𝑗4 𝑗2.5 −𝑗6.5

Now, we know that bus 2 and bus 3 both are load bus. Therefore, we have to expand following equations for bus 2 and
bus 3.
n
 Pk = Vk Y
i =1
ki Vi cos(ki + i − k )........................(1)
n
Qk = − Vk Yi =1
ki Vi sin(ki + i − k ).....................(2)
 n
 Pk = Vk Y ki Vi cos(ki + i − k )........................(1)
Q.1) contd. … i =1
n

Then, Qk = − Vk Yi =1
ki Vi sin(ki + i − k ).....................(2)
2
P2 = P2,cal = V1 Y21 cos(21 + 1 − 2 ) + V2 Y22 cos(22 ) + V2 V3 Y23 cos(23 + 3 − 2 )
2
P3 = P3,cal = V3 V1 Y31 cos(31 + 1 − 3 ) + V3 V2 Y32 cos(32 + 2 − 3 ) + V3 Y33 cos(33 )
2
Q 2 = Q 2,cal = − V2 V1 Y21 sin(21 + 1 − 2 ) − V2 Y22 sin(22 ) − V2 V3 Y23 sin(23 + 3 − 2 )
2
Q3 = Q3,cal = − V3 V1 Y31 sin(31 + 1 − 3 ) − V3 V2 Y32 sin(32 + 2 − 3 ) − V3 Y33 sin(33 )

……………………….. (3)
The matrix equation for the Newton-Raphson load flow is given by
 0 0
 
0
 
0

   P    P  P P

2
 
2
  2   2  
  2   3    V2    V3  
 
 0 0
 
0
 
0   0   02 
 P2,sp − P2,calc   P3   P3  P P
 3   3    P2,sp −P 
0
 
0
   
2

   2  3    V2    V3    3  0

2,calc
   0

P
 3,sp − P 0
3,calc          P3,sp −P 0
   = [J 0 ] 
3
= 0
3,calc
Q 2,sp − Q02,calc   0 or,
0
0 0 0
 Q   Q     V  Q2,sp −Q 0    V2 
    Q   Q  
2
 
2,calc

 3,sp − 0
3,calc   
2
 
2
  2
  2
   
Q Q      
0
  Q3,sp −Q 0

 2   3    V2    V3     V3    V3 
0
3,calc

  
0 0
 Q3   Q3   Q3   Q3  
0 0
……………….(4)
        
 2   3    V2    V3  
 Q.1) contd. …
Jacobian matrix Elements can be obtained as:
First row Third Row
 P2   Q 2 
  = V2 V1 Y21 sin(  21 + 1 −  2 ) + V2 V3 Y23 sin(  23 +  3 −  2 )   = V2 V1 Y21 cos( 21 + 1 −  2 ) + V2 V3 Y23 cos(23 + 3 −  2 )
 
 2
 2
 P2   Q 2 
  = − V2 V3 Y23 sin(  23 +  3 −  2 )   = − V2 V3 Y23 cos( 23 + 3 −  2 )
 
 3
 3
 Q 2 
 P2    = − V1 Y21 sin(  21 + 1 −  2 ) − 2 V2 Y22 sin( 22 ) − V3 Y23 sin(  23 + 3 −  2 )
  = V1 Y21 cos( 21 + 1 −  2 ) + 2 V2 Y22 cos( 22 ) + V3 Y23 cos( 23 +  3 −  2 ) V 
V   2 
 2 
 Q 2 
 P2    = − V2 Y23 sin(  23 + 3 −  2 )
  = V2 Y23 cos( 23 +  3 −  2 ) V 
V   3 
 3 
Second Row Fourth Row
 P3   Q3 
  = − V3 V2 Y32 sin( 32 +  2 −  3 )   = − V3 V2 Y32 cos(32 +  2 − 3 )

 2 
 2
 P3   Q3 
  = V3 V1 Y31 sin( 31 + 1 −  3 ) + V3 V2 Y32 sin( 32 +  2 −  3 )   = V3 V1 Y31 cos(31 + 1 − 3 ) + V3 V2 Y32 cos(32 +  2 − 3 )
  3  
 3
 P3   Q3 
  = V3 Y32 cos( 32 +  2 −  3 )   = − V3 Y32 sin( 32 +  2 − 3 )
 V  V 
 2   2 
 P3   P3 
  = V1 Y31 cos( 31 + 1 −  3 ) + V2 Y32 cos( 32 +  2 −  3 ) + 2 V3 Y33 cos( 33 )   = − V1 Y31 sin( 31 + 1 − 3 ) − V2 Y32 sin( 32 +  2 − 3 ) − 2 V3 Y33 sin( 33 )
 V  V 
 3   3 
Q.1) contd. …
.
Q.1) contd. …
.
Q.1) contd. …
.
Q.1) contd. …
.
 Q.1) contd. …
.
 Q.1) contd. …

.
 Q.1) contd. …

.
 Q.1) contd. …
.

.
Homework: Obtain load flow analysis after second iteration using Newton-
Raphson method