Questions

1.
Pictorial representation of some number sequences

Copy the pictorial representations of the number sequences in Table in your notebook, and draw the next picture
for each sequence!
 Pictorial representation of some number sequences

Why are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ... called triangular numbers? Why are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... called square
numbers or squares? Why are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ... called cubes?

Sol. Triangular numbers

are formed by adding consecutive numbers (1, 3, 6, 10, 15 ...). These numbers can form equilateral
triangles when arranged in dots.
 Square numbers (1, 4, 9, 16...) are called so because they can form perfect squares when arranged
in dots.

 Cubes (1, 8, 27, 64 ...) are called cubes because they represent the volume of cubes with integer
side lengths.
Report Error3.
Pictorial representation of some number sequences

You will have noticed that 36 is both a triangular number and a square number! That is, 36 dots can be arranged
perfectly both in a triangle and in a square. Make pictures in your notebook illustrating this!
This shows that the same number can be represented differently, and play different roles, depending on the
context. Try representing some other numbers pictorially in different ways!

What would you call the following sequence of numbers?

That’s right, they are called hexagonal numbers! Draw these in your notebook. What is the next number in the
sequence?

Sol. Next number in the sequence is 61.

Report Error5.
Can you think of pictorial ways to visualise the sequence of Powers of 2? Powers of 3?
Here is one possible way of thinking about Powers of 2:

Sure! Here are pictorial ways to visualize the sequences of powers of 2 and powers of 3.|
Powers of 2
The sequence of powers of 2 is:
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ...
Pictorial Representation:
1 (2 ):
0

●
2 (2 ):
1

●●
4 (2 ):
2

●●
●●
8 (2 ):
3

●●●●
●●●●
16 (2 ):
4

●●●●
●●●●
●●●●
●●●●
Powers of 3
The sequence of powers of 3 is:
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, ...
Pictorial Representation:
1 (3 ):
0

●
3 (3 ):
1

●●●
9 (3 ):
2

●●●
●●●
●●●
27 (3 ):
3

●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●
81 (3 ):
4

(This would be a 9×9 grid of dots)

●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●

Can you think of pictorial ways to visualise the sequence of Powers of 2? Powers of 3?
Here is one possible way of thinking about Powers of 2:

Sol. Sure! Here are pictorial ways to visualize the sequences of powers of 2 and powers of 3.|
Powers of 2
The sequence of powers of 2 is:
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ...
Pictorial Representation:
0
1 (2 ):
●
1
2 (2 ):
●●
2
4 (2 ):
●●
●●
3
8 (2 ):
●●●●
●●●●
4
16 (2 ):
●●●●
●●●●
●●●●
●●●●
Powers of 3
The sequence of powers of 3 is:
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, ...
Pictorial Representation:
0
1 (3 ):
●
 1
3 (3 ):
●●●
2
9 (3 ):
●●●
●●●
●●●
3
27 (3 ):
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●
4
81 (3 ):
(This would be a 9×9 grid of dots)
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●

Questions

1.
Can you find a similar pictorial explanation for why adding counting numbers up and down, i.e., 1, 1 + 2 + 1, 1
+ 2 + 3 + 2 + 1, ..., gives square numbers?

Sol. Adding counting numbers up and down creates square numbers, and we can visualize this effectively.
Square Numbers Sequence
The sequence of square numbers is:
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...
Pictorial Explanation:
2
1. 1 (1 ):
●
2
2. 4 (2 ):
●●
●●
2
3. 9 (3 ):
●●●
●●●
●●●
2
4. 16 (4 ):
●●●●
●●●●
●●●●
●●●●
2
5. 25 (5 ):
 ●●●●●
●●●●●
●●●●●
●●●●●
●●●●●
Adding Counting Numbers Up and Down
The pattern is formed by adding numbers in a pyramid-like structure, where each row counts up and then
back down:
1:
●
1 + 2 + 1:
●
●●
●
1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1:
●
●●
●●●
●●
●
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1:
●
●●
●●●
●●●●
●●●
●●
●
Visualizing the Squares.
When you combine these structures:
Each added row creates a new level in the square.
The total number of dots equals the area of the square formed by the counting numbers.
By imagining a large version of your picture, or drawing it partially, as needed, can you see what will be the
value of 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99 + 100 + 99 + ... + 3 + 2 + 1?

Sol. To find the value of , we can break this down into two parts: the increasing sequence up to 100 and the
decreasing sequence back down to 1.
First, let's look at the increasing sequence:
1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + 100
Sn = [n(n+1)]2
S100 = 100×1012 = 5050
Next, we look at the decreasing sequence:
99 + 98 + 97 +........+ 1
S99 = 99×1002 = 4950
Now, we add the two sums together:
S100 + S99 = 5050 + 4950 = 10000
Thus, the total value of is: 10000
Which sequence do you get when you start to add the All 1’s sequence up? What sequence do you get when you
add the All 1’s sequence up and down?

Sol. When you start adding the sequence of all 1's, you generate a simple sequence:
 Adding the All 1's Sequence (1, 1, 1, ...)
1. 1:
1
2. 1 + 1:
2
3. 1 + 1 + 1:
3
4. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1:
4
Continuing this, you get the sequence:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
This is simply the sequence of counting numbers.
Adding the All 1's Sequence Up and Down.
Now, consider adding the sequence of all 1's both up and down. For example, if you add a certain number
of 1's up to and then back down:
1. 1:
1
2. 1 + 1:
2
1
3. 1 + 1 + 1:
3
2
1
4. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1:
4
3
2
1
This results in the sequence of square numbers:
1, 4, 9, 16, ...
Summary
1. Adding all 1's gives the sequence of counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
2. Adding all 1's up and down gives the sequence of square numbers: 1, 4, 9, 16, ...
Which sequence do you get when you start to add the Counting numbers up? Can you give a smaller pictorial
explanation?

Sol. When you start adding the counting numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, ...), you get the sequence of triangular numbers.
Each triangular number is the sum of the first "n" counting numbers.
Here's how it looks:
1. 1 (1)
2. 3 (1 + 2)
3. 6 (1 + 2 + 3)
4. 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
5. 15 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
Pictorial Explanation:
1:
●
3:
●
●●
6:
 ●
●●
●●●
10:
●
●●
●●●
●●●●
What happens when you add up pairs of consecutive triangular numbers? That is, take 1 + 3, 3 + 6, 6 + 10, 10 +
15, ...? Which sequence do you get? Why? Can you explain it with a picture?

Sol. When you add pairs of consecutive triangular numbers, you generate a specific sequence. Let's first define
the triangular numbers and then look at the sums.
Triangular Numbers
The first few triangular numbers are:
T1 = 1
T2 = 3
T3 = 6
T4 = 10
T5 = 15
Adding Consecutive Triangular Numbers
Now let's compute the sums of pairs of consecutive triangular numbers:
1. T1 + T2 = 4
2. T2 + T3 = 9
3. T3 + T4 = 16
4. T4 + T5 = 25
The sums of consecutive triangular numbers yield the sequence: 4, 9, 16, 25, ...
These numbers are square numbers.
What happens when you start to add up powers of 2 starting with 1, i.e., take 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 2 + 4, 1 + 2 + 4 +
8, ...? Now add 1 to each of these numbers- what numbers do you get? Why does this happen?

Sol. When you start adding powers of 2 starting from 1, you generate a specific sequence. Let's look at the sums
and then see what happens when you add 1 to each of these sums.
Adding Powers of 2
The powers of 2 sequence is:
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
Now, let’s calculate the cumulative sums:
1. 1 = 1
2. 1 + 2 = 3
3. 1 + 2 + 4 = 7
4. 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 15
5. 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 = 31
So, the cumulative sums are:
1, 3 , 7 , 15, 31.
Adding 1 to Each of These Numbers
Now, let’s add 1 to each of these sums:
1. 1 + 1 = 2
2. 3 + 1 = 4
3. 7 + 1 = 8
4. 15 + 1 = 16
5. 31 + 1 = 32
The resulting sequence after adding 1 is:
 2, 4, 8, 16, 32.
Explanation of the Result
1 5
The resulting numbers are precisely the powers of 2 starting from 2 up to 2 .
Why This Happens.
This relationship occurs due to the properties of binary numbers. The sums of powers of 2 represent a
binary counting system.
What happens when you multiply the triangular numbers by 6 and add 1? Which sequence do you get? Can you
explain it with a picture?
Sol. When you multiply the triangular numbers by 6 and add 1, you generate a specific sequence. Let's explore
this step by step.
The first few triangular numbers are:
T1 = 1
T2 = 3
T3 = 6
T4 = 10
T5 = 15
Multiplying by 6 and Adding 1
Now, let’s calculate for the first few triangular numbers:
1. For 1: 1 × 6 + 1 = 7
2. For 3: 3 × 6 + 1 = 19
3. For 6: 6 × 6 + 1 = 37
4. For 10: 10 × 6 + 1 = 61
5. For 15: 15 × 6 + 1 = 91
Resulting Sequence
7, 19, 37, 61, 91
These numbers can be expressed as:
2
n + n + 1 for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
What happens when you start to add up hexagonal numbers, i.e., take 1, 1 + 7, 1 + 7 + 19, 1 + 7 + 19 + 37, ...?
Which sequence do you get? Can you explain it using a picture of a cube?

Sol. Adding hexagonal numbers, we get

1,
1 + 7 = 8,
1 + 7 + 19 = 27,
1 + 7 + 19 + 37 = 64,
Clearly, we get 1, 8, 27, 64, 125
It is the sequence of cubes.
Find your own patterns or relations in and among the sequences in Table. Can you explain why they happen
with a picture or otherwise?
Table Examples of number sequences
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ... (All 1's)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... (Counting num
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ... (Odd numbers)
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, ... (Even numbers
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, ... (Triangular num
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ... (Squares)
1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, ... (Cubes)
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ... (Virahānka num
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ... (Powers of 2)
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, ... (Powers of 3)

Sol. 1. Sequence of all 1's

2. A sequence of consecutive natural numbers starting from 1.
3. A sequence of consecutive odd numbers starting from 1.
4. A sequence of consecutive even numbers starting from 2.
5. In the given sequence, each term is the sum of first n consecutive counting numbers.
6. In the given sequence, each term is the square of counting number starting from 1.
7. In the given sequence, each term is the cube of counting number starting from 1.
8. In the given sequence, each term is the sum of previous two terms starting from third term.
9. In the given sequence, next term is the double of previous term.

10. In the given sequence, next term is the thrice of previous term.

[Link] of shape sequences

Can you recognise the pattern in each of the sequences in the table?

Sol. i. This pattern is based on polygons with increasing number of sides by 1.

ii. This pattern is based on complete graph with increasing number of vertices by 1.
iii. This pattern is based on stacked squares representing the square numbers. i.e, 1,4,9,25.

iv. This pattern is based on stacked triangles representing the sum of consecutive odd numbers starting
 from 1.

Examples of shape sequences

Try and redraw each sequence in the table in your notebook. Can you draw the next shape in each sequence?
Why or why not? After each sequence, describe in your own words what is the rule or pattern for forming the
shapes in the sequence.

Sol. 1. This pattern is based on polygons with increasing number of sides by 1.

2. This pattern is based on complete graph with increasing number of vertices by 1.
3. This pattern is based on stacked squares representing the square numbers. 1,4, 16,25.
4. This pattern is based on stacked triangles representing the sum of consecutive odd numbers starting
from 1. As 1, 1 + 3, 1 + 3 + 5.

5. In this pattern, each time each line segment '- is replaced by _/\_
Questions

1.
Count the number of sides in each shape in the sequence of Regular Polygons. Which number sequence do you
get? What about the number of corners in each shape in the sequence of Regular Polygons? Do you get the
same number sequence? Can you explain why this happens?

Sol. In the sequence of regular polygons, the number of sides and corners for each polygon is as follows:
1. Triangle: 3 sides, 3 corners
2. Square: 4 sides, 4 corners
3. Pentagon: 5 sides, 5 corners
4. Hexagon: 6 sides, 6 corners
5. Heptagon: 7 sides, 7 corners
6. Octagon: 8 sides, 8 corners
7. Nonagon: 9 sides, 9 corners
8. Decagon: 10 sides, 10 corners

The sequence of sides is: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...

The sequence of corners is the same: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...
This happens because, in regular polygons, the number of sides is equal to the number of corners.
Count the number of lines in each shape in the sequence of Complete Graphs. Which number sequence do you
get? Can you explain why?

Sol. Counting Edges for Complete Graphs

1. : 0 edges (1 vertex)
2. : 1 edge (2 vertices)
3. : 3 edges (3 vertices)
4. : 6 edges (4 vertices)
5. : 10 edges (5 vertices)
6. : 15 edges (6 vertices)

This gives the sequence: 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ...

The number of edges in complete graphs forms the triangular number sequence because each edge
corresponds to a unique combination of 2 vertices from the available vertices.
How many little squares are there in each shape of the sequence of Stacked Squares? Which number sequence
does this give? Can you explain why?

Sol. In the sequence of stacked squares the number of little squares can be counted as follows:
i. 1 × 1 Square: 1 square
ii. 2 × 2 Square: squares
iii. 3 × 3 Square: squares
iv. 4 × 4 Square: squares
v. 5 × 5 Square: squares

The sequence of little squares is:

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...
This sequence corresponds to the squares of the natural numbers.
How many little triangles are there in each shape of the sequence of Stacked Triangles? Which number
sequence does this give? Can you explain why?
Sol. In the sequence of stacked triangles the number of little triangles can be counted as follows:
1 Triangle.
4 Triangles.
9 Triangles.
16 Triangles.
25 Triangles.
Clearly, we get a sequence of square numbers, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25.
Triangles in each row. That is, 1, 1 + 3 = 4, 1 + 3 + 5 = 9, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16,
which are obtained by adding the number of small triangles in each row.
To get from one shape to the next shape in the Koch Snowflake sequence, one replaces each line segment ‘—’

by a speed bump . As one does this more and more times, the changes become tinier and
tinier with very very small line segments. How many total line segments are there in each shape of the Koch
Snowflake? What is the corresponding number sequence? (The answer is 3, 12, 48, ..., i.e. 3 times Powers of 4;
this sequence is not shown in Table)
Examples of number sequences
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ... (All 1's)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... (Counting numbers)
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ... (Odd numbers)
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, ... (Even numbers)
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, ... (Triangular numbers)
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ... (Squares)
1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, ... (Cubes)
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ... (Virahānka numbers)
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ... (Powers of 2)
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, ... (Powers of 3)

Sol. By counting line segments, we get the sequence: 3, 12, 48, 192, 768
In this sequence, each term is three times the power of 4,
0
3×4 =3
1
3 × 4 = 12
2
3 × 4 = 48
3
3 × 4 = 192
Questions

1.
Rihan marked a point on a piece of paper. How many lines can he draw that pass through the point?
Sheetal marked two points on a piece of paper. How many different lines can she draw that pass through both of
the points?
Can you help Rihan and Sheetal find their answers?

Sol. Rihan can draw an infinite number of lines that pass through his single point.
Sheetal can draw exactly one line that passes through both of her two points.
Report Error2.
Name the line segments in Fig. Which of the five marked points are on exactly one of the line segments? Which
are on two of the line segments?

Sol. The points are on exactly one of the line segments ⇒ L and R
And,
The points lie on two of the line segments ⇒ M, P, Q
Report Error3.
Name the rays shown in Fig. Is T the starting point of each of these rays?

Sol. Two given rays are-

TA→ and TB→
Yes. T is the starting point of TA→ and TB→.
Report Error4.
Draw a rough figure and write labels appropriately to illustrate each of the following:
a. OPOP↔ and OQOQ↔ meet at O.
b. XYXY→ and PQPQ↔ intersect at point M.
c. Line l contains points E and F but not point D.
d. Point P lies on AB.
Sol.

a.

b.

c.

d.
Report Error5.
In Fig., name:
a. Five points
b. A line
c. Four rays
d. Five line segments
Sol. i. Five points:
D, E, O, C, B
ii. A line ⇒DB↔
iii. Four rays:
OB→,OC→,OE→,OD→

iv. Five line segments:

DE―,EO―,OC―,OB―,EB―
Report Error6.
Here is a ray OAOA→ (Fig.). It starts at O and passes through the point A. It also passes through the point B.
a. Can you also name it as OBOB→? Why?
b. Can we write OAOA→ as AOAO→? Why or why not?

Sol. i. We name the ray OA→ as OB→, because it is a directed line from O to B as well.

ii. we can not write OA→ as AO→ because it is a directed line from O to A.

Questions

1.
Can you find the angles in the given pictures? Draw the rays forming any one of the angles and name the vertex
of the angle.

Sol.

All the angles in the figure are-

∠ADB,∠ADC,∠BDC
Rays in the figure are-
DA→,DB→,DC→
Vertex of the angles is point D.
Report Error2.
Draw and label an angle with arms ST and SR.

Sol.

Arms are ⇒ ST and SR

Vertex ⇒ Point S
 Angle ⇒ ∠TSR
Report Error3.
Explain why APC∠APC cannot be labelled as P∠P.

Sol. There are more than one angle at P , that is, ∠APB,∠APC and ∠BPC. That is why it can we can't
say ∠APC as ∠P.

Report Error4.
Name the angles marked in the given figure.

Sol. Angles marked in the given figure are-

 ∠RTQ,∠RTP
Report Error5.
Mark any three points on your paper that are not on one line. Label them A, B, C. Draw all possible lines going
through pairs of these points. How many lines do you get? Name them. How many angles can you name using
A, B, C? Write them down, and mark each of them with a curve as in Fig.

Sol.

We get three lines ⇒ AB↔,AC↔,BC↔

All the possible angles are ⇒ ∠ABC,∠BCA,∠BAC
Report Error6.
Now mark any four points on your paper so that no three of them are on one line. Label them A, B, C, D. Draw
all possible lines going through pairs of these points. How many lines do you get? Name them. How many
angles can you name using A, B, C, D? Write them all down, and mark each of them with a curve as in Fig.

Sol.

We get four lines ⇒ AB↔,BC→,CD↔,AD↔

There are four angles ⇒ ∠ABC,∠BCD,∠CDA,∠DAB

Questions

1.
Fold a rectangular sheet of paper, then draw a line along the fold created. Name and compare the angles formed
between the fold and the sides of the paper. Make different angles by folding a rectangular sheet of paper and
compare the angles. Which is the largest and smallest angle you made?

Sol. Do yourself.
Report Error2.
In each case, determine which angle is greater and why.
a. ∠AOB or ∠XOY
 b. ∠AOB or ∠XOB
c. ∠XOB or ∠XOC

Discuss with your friends on how you decided which one is greater.

Sol. a. ∠AOB>∠XOY, because ∠XOY is contained in ∠AOB. It means ∠XOY is a part of ∠AOB.
b. ∠AOB>∠XOB, because ∠XOB is contained in ∠AOB. It means ∠XOB is a part of ∠AOB.

c. ∠XOB=∠XOC, because both the angles are formed with the same rays.
Report Error3.
Which angle is greater: ∠XOY or ∠AOB? Give reasons.

Sol. In the given figure:

∠XOA>∠BOY
⇒∠XOA+∠AOY>∠BOY+∠AOY
⇒∠XOY>∠AOB