Y R7

R
X
& &
!

12.1 – Three-Dimensional Rectangular Coordinate System

The material in the first two semesters of calculus dealt primarily with the two-
dimensional coordinate system denoted 2 . In this class most of our work will involve
the three-dimensional coordinate system denoted 3 .

name
x
o

x-y plane

Point P in R3 is determined

by
the ordered triplet

(X /
Y z)
↑ ↑ directed
directed distance
from
Didistance
rected from
distance

x-y plane
y-z plane from
X-z plane

L > X
-
Example 1: Interpret the following equations geometrically.
a. x = −1, z = 0 b. x 2 + y 2 = 4, z = −2
E
13

...
/
> X

8,
Z
S
,

y -Y -- 2

Z ~

&
&

x
n = · Chapter 12 Notes
1 Y 4A – Stewart 8th Ed.
 c. y 2 + z 2 = 1, x = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25, y = −4
Y
circle 0) Xy-trace : ⑧
radius 1 Center 10 , 0, z = 0
gives xity = Is
> X
in S
y-z plane XE-trace :
g = 0
gives xi + z = IS

,
ye-trace = 25
x =0
gives y2tz 17

Z
-
XL ⑧
s

w
~
Z

<
y
x2 +
yz + z2 = 2S

x2 + ( -

4)2 + z2 = 25

x2 + z2 + 16 = 2S

xz + + 2 = 9
Example 2: Interpret the following inequalities geometrically. 3 radius :

a. 0  x  2, 0  y  2, 0  z  2 b. x 2 + y 2  1, no restriction on z
&
nZ Y
14

on
a

= X

%"
L
Y

Z
Example 3: Describe the given set with a single equation or with a pair of equations.
a. The plane through the point ( 3, −1, 2 ) , perpendicular to the x-axis.
X
y z

-----2
o

" -

I
! <
Y
-

-
Y

b. The plane through the point ( 3, −1, 2 ) , perpendicular to the y-axis.

c. The plane through the point ( 3, −1, 2 ) , perpendicular to the z-axis.

Chapter 12 Notes
2 4A – Stewart 8th Ed.
 Distance Formula in Three Dimensions
The distance P1 P2 between the points P1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
P1 P2 =

nZ

Proof: 2 P2(x2 , y3/22)

⑧

pl (a) (z2 -z )
3
(p, = + .
zz -

z
,

th
git
IP , Pc)" = (x -
x , ) +
(yz -

y . ) +
(72 -
7 , ) p .
X I
I
&

(P 42) (72 z)" "

.
(x2 )2 + 12 - y )z
. =
x,
- , + -

!
&

⑧ (0 ,
ye 0)
.
"Y
x Y
d
=
xzx)) 1y2 e)
+
-

Equation of a Sphere
An equation of a sphere with center C ( h, k , l ) and radius r is
( x − h) + ( y − k ) + ( z − l ) = r2
2 2 2

In particular, if the center is the origin O , then an equation of the sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2

Example 4: Find the center and the radius of the sphere given by the equations
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 y + 8z = 0 .
the
step complete square twice 7 :

x2 0 9 + 16
y 2 by 9 z3 + 87 16 = +
+ -
+ +
+

- T
xz + (y 3)2
-

+ (z + 4)2 = 2S
↓ =
rad
El =S
.

sphere of radius S

center : (0 , 3, 4)

Chapter 12 Notes
3 4A – Stewart 8th Ed.