1.

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Power of restraining and by The working together of various

which something can be organs of an organism in a
started, slowed down or systematic manner so as to once a
stopped. proper response to stimulus.

Stimulus: The changes in environment to which organisms sense and respond and react
accordingly.

E.g. 1. Amoeba tends to aggregate (collect together) in moderate warm water.

2. A person touches a very hot utensil accidentally, quickly moves his hand away from
the hot utensil.

3. Plant bends toward light.

2. Why is Control and Coordination necessary?

When a stimulus acts upon the body of an organism then it has to react in a manner which is in
the best interest
of it's body and survival.

3. How do Control and Coordination in plants differ from in

animals?

Control and Coordination in Plants Control and Coordination in Plants

❖ Plants depend on hormones ❖ Animals depend on nerve impulse and

(Phytohormones) for control and hormones for control and
coordination. coordination.

❖ Hormones in plants are not secreted by ❖ Hormones in animals are secreted by

specialised glands. specialised glands.

❖ Plant hormones diffuse to place of action. ❖ Animal hormones carried in blood

vessels.
❖ Movement in plants occurs through a ❖ Movement in animals occurs through a
change in water content of the action cells. change in shape and arrangement of
protein in muscle cells.
 4. Plant Hormones ( or phytohormones )
Factors affecting Development

External factors Internal factors

Plants do not have nervous a) Genes

system and Sense organ but b) Plant hormones (
phytohormones)
can sense and respond Light, temperature,
oxygen, water, etc. by action of phytohormones.

Functions Plant growth promoters ( Plant growth inhibitor (PGI)

PGP)
Auxins Gibberellin Cytokinin Ethylene Abscisic
Acid (ABA)
Promote cell ✓ ✓ X X X
elongation
Helps in cell
division & cell
✓ ✓ ( in presence of ✓ X X
differentiation auxins )
Helps in X ✓ ✓ X X
breaking
dormancy in
seed buds
Maintain seed X ✓ X X ✓
dormancy
Promote seed X X X X X
germination
Promote fruit X ✓
growth
Aids in fruit ✓ ✓ X ✓ X
ripening
Promote
abscission
shed of leaves ✓
witing of X X X X
leaves
Delaying X X ✓
ageing in
leaves
Promote ✓
opening of
stomata
Promote ✓ ✓
closing
stomata
 5. Plant Movements

Plants do not show locomotion (movement of the entire body )as they are fixed at a place with
their roots in the ground.
However, individual parts of plants (like shoot, root, leaves, etc) do movements when subject to
external stimuli like
light, force of gravity water, touch, chemical, etc by the action of hormones caused by unequal
growth in 2 regions.

6. What is Auxin? How it affect the Plant growth?

Auxin is a Plant Hormone (phytohormone) made and secreted by meristematic tissue at the tip
of stem (or shoot).
The auxin hormone speeds up the growth of the stem and moves away from light. When light
falls only on one side of
the stem, then auxin 1ormone collects on the other side of the stem, away from light. The side
of the stem
(having more auxin) will grow faster than the other side (having less auxin). This will cause the
stem to bend. It's a growth movement.

Plant Movements made in response to external stimuli fall in 2 categories:

Directional Movement: Tropism (tropic Non-Directional Movements: Nasties

Movements) (Nastic Movements)

A growth movement of a plant part in response The movement of a plant part in response to
to an external stimulus in which the direction an external stimulus in which the direction
of stimulus determines the direction of of response is not determined by the
response. direction of stimulus.

1. Positive Tropism: If the growth (or

movement) of a Plant Part is towards
the stimulus.
2. Negative Tropism: If the growth (or
movement) of a plant part is away from
stimulus.

Significance :- various types of Tropic movement helps plants to survive.

Types:-
Stimulus Types of TROPISM
Light Phototropism Growth movement of
plant in response to
light

Gravity Geotropism Growth movement of

plant in response to
gravity

Chemical Chemotropism Growth movement of

plant in response to
chemical

Water Hydrotropism Growth movement of

plant in response to
water

Touch Thigmotropism Growth movement of

plant in response to
touch

Tropism Positive Tropism Negative Tropism

Stem (or shoot) of a Roots of a plant

plant shows shows-ve tropism as
Phototropism
Phototropism as the roots move away
stem grows towards from light.
light.

Roots of plants show Stem (or shoot) of a

+ve phototropism as plant show -ve
Geotropism
roots move geotropism as the
downwards in the stem of the plant
direction of gravity. moves upward
against direction of
gravity.

The growth of pollen

tube towards the
ovule during the
Chemotropism process of
fertilisation in-
flowers shows +ve.
chemotropism.
Pollen tube grows
towards the sugary
substance
(chemical) secreted
by ripe stigma of
carpel in flower.

The roots of plants Stem (or shoot) of a

grow towards water plant
Hydrotropism
 so roots are positive
hydrotropic.

Tendrils of climbers
show +ve
Thigmotropism
thigmotropism in
which tendrils grow
towards any support
in touch.

Phototropism: - A growth movement in plants in response to light stimulus.

Que: If a potted plant is kept in a dark room near a window from where light is coming in, the tip
of the plant bends towards
the window?
Ans: The stem (or shoot) of a plant is positively Phototropic due to presence of a plant growth
hormone 'Auxin'
formed by meristematic tissue at the tip (shoot apical) of plant. It happens as follows:

(i) Auxin moves away from light when sunlight comes from above, then auxin
hormone present in tip of stem spreads uniformly down the stem. Due to equal
presence of auxin, both the sides of the stem (A and B) frow equally rapidly and the
stem grows straight upwards.

(ii) When light falls only on the right side of the stem then the auxin
hormone collects in the left side (shady side A) of the stem, away from light. This is because the
auxin hormone prefers to stay in the shade.

(iii) Now, more auxin hormone is present in the left side of the stem but not on its right side. Due
to more auxin hormone, the
left side(A) of stem grows faster than its right side (B) where there's no auxin. Since the left side
of the stem grows faster and
becomes longer than its right side, therefore, the stem bends towards the right side in the
direction of light.

10. Response of Plants to gravity: Geotropism

(i) Roots of plants are positively geotropic as they grow downward in response to gravity
This root's positive geotropism helps them find soil and water for their growth.

(ii) Stems (or shoots) of plants are negatively geotropic as they grow up, away from the pull
of gravity. This makes sure that they will get light for photosynthesis.
 11. Response of plants to Chemicals: Chemotropism
Chemotropism: The growth movement of a plant part due to chemical stimulus.
Growth of a pollen tube towards ovule induced by a sugar substance secreted by ripe stigma
Of carpel in flower as stimulus. This can be explained as follows: -The ripe stigma in the carpel
of a flower secretes a chemical substance (which is a sugary substance) into the style
towards the ovary. This sugary substance acts asstimulus for pollen grain. Pollen grain responds
to this stimulus by growing a pollentube in downward direction into a style of carpel
and reaches the ovule in the ovary of the flower for carrying out fertilisation.

12. NASTIES ( or Nastic Movements )

The movement of plants in response to an external stimulus in which the direction of response
is not determined by
direction of stimulus.
▪ The nastic movements of plants are induced by stimuli such as heat, light, touch etc.
▪ Nastic movements are mostly exhibited by the flat organs of the plants like 'leaves' and 'petals
of flowers'.

Examples of Nastic Movements of Plants (or Nasties)

(i) The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) on touching. [non growth
movement]
(ii) The opening up of the petals of dandelion flowers in bright light and closing in the evening
when the light fades.
[growth movement]
(iii) The closing of the petals of moonflower in the morning in bright light and opening at dark
when light fades.
(growth movement)

Difference Between tropic and nastic movements

Tropic Movements Nastic Movements

Unidirectional response to the stimulus Non-directional response to the stimulus

Growth dependent movements Growth independent movements.

More or less permanent & irreversible. Temporary and reversible

Found in all plants. Found only in a few specialised plants.

Slow action. Immediate action.

 13. Types
Thigmonasty Photonasty

• Non-directional movement of a plant part • The non directional movements of a plant

in response to touch of an object. part (usually petals of flower) in response
• Eg, If we touch the leaves ( or rather to light.
leaflets) of the sensitive plant • Eg., Dandelion Flower : opens the petals
Mimosa pudica ( touch me not ), then its in bright light during daytime.
leaves fold up and drop almost immediately. • Closes the petals at dusk ( or night ) when
it gets dark.
Que: How touch-me-not performs a • Moonflower :- closes the petals during
thigmonasty? daytime when there’s bright light.
• Open the petals at dusk ( or night when it
Ans: The sensitive plant ( Mimosa pudica) has gets dark and there's no light
pad-like swellings called Pulvini at the base
of each leaf. The pulvini contain a lot of water
in their cells. Due to internal' water pressure'
( turgor) in them, all hold the leaves above
them upright. The folding up of leaves of
Mimosa pudica on touching is due to sudden
loss of water from pad-like swelling called
'pulvini' present at base of
leaves which make Pulvini lose their firmness
causing the leaves to drop and fall.

14. CONTROL & COORDINATION IN ANIMALS

❖ Multicellular animals (except organs) have specialised cells called nerve cells ( in neurons)
to respond to
stimuli and coordinate their activities.
❖ The coordination in simple multicellular animals takes place through the nervous system
only. E.g. Hydra
❖ The control and coordination in higher animals called vertebrates (including human beings)
takes place through :
i. Nervous System
ii. Endocrine system

Difference Between Nervous system and Endocrine System

Parameters Nervous System Endocrine system

Composed of specialized Composed of several

tissues, called nervous endocrine glands. Endocrine
tissue. nerve cell or neuron is gland secretes it's
the functional unit of nervous system. It's the nervous
system. It's the nervous system which is mainly
system which is mainly responsible
 responsible for control & products( composed of
coordination in complex proteins) directly into blood
animals. stream. Hormones assist the
nervous system in control
and coordination. Nervous
do not react to every nook
and corner of the body and
hence hormones are needed
to affect control &
coordination in those parts. It
helps
control mood, growth,
development, metabolism,
the
way organs work etc.
Message Electric Impulse Hormones ( chemical
messenger)

Organs Nerves, Brain, spinal cord Glands

Cell Type Neurons etc. (Besicofenit) Epithelial cells

Mode of Transmission By means of nerve By means of blood vessels.

cells(neurons)

Speed Usually fast Slow

Effect Short lived Controls Slower and long

lasting changes in body
Control unconscious/involuntary unconscious/involuntary

Neuron: is a highly specialized cell which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses.

Neurotransmitters: A neurotransmitter is a chemical transmitter or messenger that passes

signals across a chemical
synapse, between two neurons, or from one neuron to a gland or cell of muscle.

The neuron consists of following parts-

1. DENDRITES:
3. AXON:
Receives the nerve impulses
tail of the neuron. It passes
from other neurons.
message from one neuron to
other neuron, glands, muscles.

2.
3.
 2. CYTON or Cell body: 4. NERVE ENDINGS: Axon ends in several
is somewhat star shaped, with hair-like structures, called axon terminals.
many hair like structures called The axon terminals relay nerve impulses to
dendrites protruding Processes the next neuron.
impulse.
out of the margin

5. SYNAPS (Neuronal Junction): is

the site of transmission of nerve
impulses between 2 nerve cells
(neurons) or between a neuron and a
gland or muscle cell (effector).

Levels of organization in the nervous system.

is somewhat star-

Central nervous system

(CNS)
Receives the
▪Brain and spinal cord
▪ Integrative and control
canters.
shaped, with many hair

like structures called

dendrites protruding

out of the margin.

▪ Sensory (afferent) division
Peripheral
! Processesnervous system (PNS)
the impulse. ▪ Somatic and visceral sensory
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves nerve fibre
▪ Communication lines between the Conducts impulses from
CNS and the rest of the body. receptors to the CNS.

Somatic nervous system

Motor (efferent) division ▪Somatic motor (voluntary)

▪Motor nerve fibers ▪Conducts impulses from

the CNS to skeletal
▪Conducts impulses to
muscles
effectors (muscles and
glands)

Sympathetic division
Autonomic nervous system ▪Mobilizes body systems
(ANS)
from the CNS to during activity

Visceral motor (involuntary) Prepare the body for

cardiac muscles, smooth intense physical activity or
muscles, and glands for
 Parasymapathetic N.S

responsible for your "rest

and during activity digest"
responses in times of non-
emergencies. It controls the
body's responses at rest
and helps your body
regulate its normal daily
organ functions. Promotes
house keeping activities
during rest by slowin
Sympathetic motor fiber of
ANS Heart many high-
energy functions and
conserve energy.

Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
secreted in PNS: Dopamin
secreted in SNS: Cortisol
("happy" hormones) Endorphins
(stress hormones) Norepinephrine
Oxytocim

Seratonin

z
 SENSORY NEURON INTERNEURON RELAY MOTOR NEURON
NEURON

Activated by sensory input Link between the incoming Carries impulses from
from the environment. They (afferent) sensory the CNS (brain and. They
Carries impulses from the information from sensory spinal cord) to the effectors
receptor to CNS (brain & neurons and the (muscles & glands).
spinal cord). outgoing (efferent) signals
from brain to motor neuron to
initiate muscles movement.
Found in brain and spinal
cord.

Sensory Neuron Types

Receptor: are specialized tips of the nerve fibres that collect the information to be conducted
by the nerves. Receptors are in
the sence organs of the animals.

LOCATION SKIN TONGUE EYE EAR NOSE

RECEPTOR Thigmo - Gustatory- Photo- Audio(phono)- Olfacto-

receptor receptor receptor receptor receptor

FUNCTION Responsible Helps in Responsible Main function These

for pain, taste for visual is hearing and receptors
touch, heat detection stimulus balance of the receive smell
stimuli. body

Left Brain Right Brain

Analysis Creativity
Logic Intuition
Idea Arts
Facts Feelings
Maths Imagination
Training Creation
 1. Forebrain 2. Mid brain

CEREBRUM-largest part of brain Controls involuntary actions

*Thinking part of brain such as change in pupil size
*control the voluntary action . and reflex movements of
*Store information (memory), head,
speech, emotion,
visual processing, recognition of
auditory & 3. Hindbrain
taste stimuli; Centre associated
with hunger. CEREBELLUM - 2nd largest part of brain
*Receives sensory impulses -control posture/ balance.
from various parts of body and -control precision action.
integrate it. MEDULLA - control involuntary actions.
e.g. Heartbeat, vomit, salivation,
sneezing, B.P., yawning
PONS - involuntary action, regulation
of respiration. Relays signal from hind
to fore brain.

Spinal cord :- (i) connects a large part of the peripheral

nervous system to the brain. Responsible for reflex
action.
REFLEX ACTION :- Quick, sudden, involuntary, un
planned response of body to a stimulus.
Eg., 1. knee jerk withdrawal of hand on touching hot
object.
REFLEX ARC: shortest pathway for an impulse to travel
from the
receptor organ via central nervous system to the
effector.

Voluntary action Involuntary action Reflex action

Controlled majority by Controlled majority by mid & Controlled by spinal cord
forebrain hindbrain

Hormones :
❖ Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by glands in very small amount by
specialised tissues called glands. They act on
their target tissues/ organs usually away from their source. Endocrine system helps in control
and co-ordinate
living organisms and also their growth through chemical compounds called hormones.
GLANDS:
❖ An organ that makes one or more chemicals which perform specific functions in our
body.

Gland

Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland

(Duct Glands) (Ductless Glands)
Gland which transport their Ductless glands which
secretions to their target sites transport their secretions to
through ducts target their target sites through
blood stream
E.g. Sweat gland, Sebaceous (Oil) E.g. Hypothalamus, Pituitary,
gland, Lachrymal(tears) gland, Pancreas, Gonads etc.
Gastric gland, Salivary gland,
Liver, Pancreas
E
.
g
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES .
GLAND LOCATION HORMONES TARGET FUNCTION S
SITE w
HYPOTHALAMUS Brain Stimulating many Regulates e
& functions of a
Inhibiting different t
Hormones endocrine g
glands & l
organs a
PITUITARY Brain Growth many Regulate n
Hormone growth d
(GH), Thyroid Imbalance- ,
stimulating lack leads to
S
hormone dwarfism
e
(TSH),Follicle Excess leads
stimulating to gigantism b
metabolism, a
hormone FSH c
(FSH) stimulates the e
functioning of o
follicles during u
ovulation. s
. Menstrual (
cycle O
PINEAL GLAND Melatonin many Biological i
clock l
)
g
l
a
n
 Thyroid Throat Thyroxine Liver Control
(iodine metabolism of
required for carbohydrates,
it's fats, proteins.
synthesis) Balanced
growth,

Goitre- caused
by iodine
deficiency,
results in a
swollen neck
PARATHYROID Near Parathyroid Bone,
Thyroid Kidney
ADRENAL Attached Adrenaline Many Prepare body
on top of for emergency
kidneys situations and
hence also
called 'Fight or
Flight'
hormone: Anti-
stress
PANCREAS Abdomen Insulin Liver Decrease
Sugar level in
blood
Diabetes-
disease in
which blood
sugar level
increases. It's
caused
due to
Glucagon deficiency of
insulin
hormone
secreted by
pancreas.
Increase
GONADS Scrotum Testosterone Many Production of
TESTIES sperm,
Develop male
secondary
sexual
characters
OVARIES Lower Oestrogen, Uterus Menstrual
abdomen Progesterone Cycle, Develop
one female
secondary
sexual
characters
Feedback Mechanism

Is a loop that a product feeds into in order to manage it' s own production.
Feedback Mechanism is the mechanism of the body to maintain the levels of hormones in the
body in the desired limits thus
regulating the action of hormones. An increase or decrease in the levels of the hormones
triggers the feedback mechanism.
Timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by a feedback mechanism.
E.g. If sugar levels in blood rise, they are detected by cells of pancreas which respond by
producing more insulin which
reduces sugar level in blood. As blood sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.

Feedback Mechanism

Positive Feedback Mechanism Negative

Feedback Mechanis

Increases hormones secretion Stops and

inhibits the hormones from being produced

Example:

Shivering Normal human Sweating

Body Temperature Body temperature

decreases increases
Heating mechanism
activated

Example: Pancreatic cells respond to rising blood sugar level by producing more
insulin; insulin secretion decreases when

blood sugar levels fall.