COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate
Geometry
18
INTRODUCTION
Coordinate geometry is that branch of Mathematics which deals with the study of geomet.
by meansofalgebra. René Déscartes, aFrench mathematician, realised around 1637 thataline
or a curve in a plane can be represented by an algebraic equation. As a result, a new branch
of mathematics called Coordinate Geometry came into existence. In coordinate geometr
we represent a point in a plane by an ordered pair of real numbers, called coordinates of the
point; and a straight line or a curve by an algebraic equation with real coefficients. Thus, we
use algebra advantageously to the study of straight lines and geometric curves.
Recall that there is one and only one point on a number line associated with each real
number. Asimilar situation exists for points in a plane and ordered pairs of real numbers

18.1 ORDERED PAIR

An ordered pair is a pair of objects taken in a specific order.
An ordered pair is written by listing its two members in a specific order,
separating them
by a comma and enclosing the pair in parentheses. In the ordered pair (a, b), a is called the
first member (or component) and b is called the second member (or component).
Equality of ordered pairs. Tuo ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are called equal, writen as
(a, b) = (c, d), if and only if a = c and b = d.

Remarks
O The word 'ordered' implies that the order in which the two
elements of the pair occur
is meaningful. For example, if we have a sock and a shoe, the order in which they are
put on does matter.
O The ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are different unless a =
b.
OThe two components of an ordered pair may be equal.
4
18.2 COORDINATE SYSTEM
3 l-axis
When two numbered lines perpendicular to each other 2 -axis
(usually horizontal and vertical) are placed together so
that the two origins (the points corresponding to zero) -3 -2 -1

coincide then the resulting configuration is called a

cartesian coordinate system or simply a coordinate Origin
-2
system or a cartesian plane.
Let X'OX and Y'OY, two number lines perpendicular
to each other, meet at the point O (shown in the
adjoining figure), then
() X'OX is called x-axis.

A52 Understanding ICSE Mathematics - IX

 y-axis.
called
YOY is
a)XOX and YOY taken together are called coordinate axes.
point Ois called the origin.
a)the
Coordinates of a point
the coordinate plane. From
1 6 2 1

any point in
P b e

PM
: to X'OX, then
perpendicular

a OM is called
x-coordinate abscissa of P
and is usually denoted by x.
() MP is
called y-coordinate or ordinate of P Abscissa
u.
and is usually denoted by
and y taken together are called cartesian
(ii) x
coordinates or simply coordinates of P and
are denoted by (x, y).
Remarks
know the position of a point in a plane, we need two independent informations
abscissa and ordinate of the point.
The coordinates of a point indicate its position with reference to coordinate axes.
In stating the coordinates of a point, the abscissa precedes the ordinate. The two are
separated by a comma and are enclosed in the bracket ( ). Thus, a point P whose
hscissa is 'x' and ordinate is 'y is written as (x, y) or P(, y).
1Convention for signs of coordinates
(0 The x-coordinate (abscissa) of a point is positive if it is measured to the right of O
ie. along OX and is negative if it is measured to the left of O i.e. along OX.
i) The y-coordinate (ordinate) of a point is positive if it is measured upwards i.e.
along OY and is negative if it is measured downwards i.e. along OY.
Remarks
0 The coordinates of the origin O are (0, 0). Q(0, y)
0For any point on X-axis, its ordinate is always zero and
(x, 0).
Pir, 0)
So the coordinates of any point P on 1-axis are O0.0)
OFor any point on y-axis, its abscissa is always zero and
so the coordinates of any point Q on y-axis are (0, y). Y'
Quadrants
YOY divide the coordinate plane
The horizontal and the vertical number lines XOX and
Into four parts called quadrants.
x > 0, y>0 ie. abscissa and
) XOY is called the first quadrant. In this quadrant,
ordinate are both positive.
In this quadrant,
(0) YOX' is called the second quadrant. and ordinate is Y
negative
X<0, y >0 ie. abscissa is
positive. Second Fitst

(i) X*OY is called the third quadrant. In this quadrant, Ouadrant Quadrant

*<0, y <0 and ordinate are both

ie. abscissa
Thitd Fourth
negative. Quadrant Quadrant
quadrant,
(iw) Y'OX is called the fourth quadrant. In thisordinate
abscissa is positive and is
X>0, y<0 ie. y

negative.
Coordinate Geometry 453
 The signs of the coordinates of a point determine the quadrant in which the point h
and conversely, the signs of the coordinates of a point are determined by the quadrant:
which it lies. The signs of the coordinates of a point in four quadrants can be remember
with the help of the following table:

Quadrants ’ 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Coordinates XOY YOX' XOY' YOX
x (abscissa) +ve -Ve -ve +ve

y (ordinate) +Ve +ve -Ve -Ve

Thus, the points (2, 3), (-2, 3), (-2, -3) and (2, -3) lie in the first, second, third and fourf%
quadrants respectively.
18.2.2 Plotting of points
When we identify a point in the coordinate plane Y
with a given ordered pair of real numbers, we say
4
that we plot the point. For example, to plot the -4 A(2, 3) The point
point (2, 3), we adopt two steps:
2 S$0ciated
() Start from O (origin) arnd move 2 units ith (2,3)
along the x-axis to the right.
(i) From this place, move 3 units upwards -1
(parallel to y-axis) and mark a dot at that -2
place. This point, say A, of the coordinate -3
plane is the point associated with the given
ordered pair (2, 3). Label this point as
A (2, 3).

llustrative Examples
Example 1. (1) What do you mean by abscissa of a point?
(i) Point P is on x-axis and is ata distance of 4 units from y-axis to its left. Write the
coordinates of the point P.
(i) If the point P5, a + 3) lies on the x-axis, then find the value of a.
(iv) The point P(a, b) lies in the fourth quadrant. Which of a or b is greater?
Solution. () The directed distance of a point from the y-axis is called its abscissa
(or x-coordinate).
(ii) As the point P lies on x-axis and is at a distance of 4 units from yaxis to its left,
the coordinates of the point P are (-4, 0).
(ii) As the point P(5, a + 3) lies on the x-axis, its y-coordinate is zero
’a+3 =0 > a = -3
Hence, the value of a is -3
(iv) As the point P(a, b) lies in the fourth quadrant, a > 0 and b < 0
Hence, a is greater

454 Understanding ICSE Mathematics- IX

 Example 2,
Solution. ForFind the distances of points P(-3, -2) and
the point
Q(5, 0) from the xaxis and y-axis.
distance from x-axis P(-3, -)
distance from v-axis = ||-2| = 2 and
For the point
Q(5, 0): |-3| = 3
distance from X-axis =
distance from y-axis 0 and
5

Y X
Q5, 0)

P-3, -2)

Example 3. The perpendicular

perpendicular distance from thedistance of a point from the
y-axis is 5 units, Write the Iraxis is 4 units and the
if it lies in the coordinates of such a point
() Ist quadrant
(üi) Ilird quadrant (ii) IInd quadrant
(iv) IV quadrant.
Solution. Let P be point which
Aunits from the x-axis and at is at a distance of
a distance of 5 units AY
the y-axis (shown in the adjoining figure). from
() When P lies in the Ist 4 - . 5 units

coordinates of P are (5, 4). quadrant, then the 3

(i) When P lies in the IInd quadrant, 2

then the 4 units
coordinates of P are (-5, 4). 1

(ii) When P lies in the IIIrd quadrant, then

the X -10 i 2 3 4 5
-1
coordinates of P are (-5, -4).
y
(iv) When P lies in the IVth quadrant, then the
coordinates of P are (5, -4).
Example 4. If the coordinates of a point M are (-2, 9) which can also be
expressed as
(l+x, y') and y > 0, then find in which the quadrant do the following points
lie:
Py, x), Q(2, x), R(², y - 1), S(2x, -3y)
Solution. Given (-2, 9) = (1 + X, y), y >0
1+x=-2 and y =9, y > 0
x=-3 and y = 3
Ihe point P(V, x) is (3, -3), which lies in the IVth quadrant.
Ine point Q(2, x) is (2, -3), which lies in the IVth quadrant.
POnt R(. y- 1) is (-3)2,3 - 1) ie. (9, 2), which lies in the Ist quadrant.
point S(2x, -3y) i.e. (2(-3), -3(3) i.e. (-6, -9), which lies in the IIIrd quadrant.
 Example 5. l'ot the Ponts ssoCtaled with the pairs A(-2, 3), B-, -2), C2,
D0), E(0, -3) and F(3, 4). Yo ,.
Solution. To plot the point A (-2, 3) in the
coordinate plane, start from the point O (origin) A(-2,3) F0,4
and move 2 units along the t-axis to the left, and 3
2
Irom here move 3 units upwards. Mark a dot at
1
this place, and thus the point A(-2, 3) is plotted. D[-4, 0)
Similarly, plot the other points in the plane. X' -4 -3 -2
These points are shown the adjacent figure. -1

-2
B(-3,-2)
-34E(0, -3)
C(2, -4)
Example 6. Plot the following points on a squared paper:

Solution.
() To plot the point A () on a squared
(graph) paper, mark the two coordinate axes 4
YA

in such a way that the fraction can easily

2 2.
be read. For this, take 2 divisions equal to
one unit. The point A| 2;,1] is shown by
a dot in the adjacent figure.
-2
y

Y
(ii) To plot the point
B(2-2}) on a squared

(graph) paper, mark the two coordinate axes

in such a way that the fraction can easily
be read. For this, take 3 divisions equal to
one unit. The point B|2,-2 is shown by
a dot in the adjacent figure.

yv
(in) To plot the point C(1;1) on asquared
Y
paper, mark the coordinate axes in such a
way that the fractions 2
and both can
easily be read. For this, take 6 divisions equal
to one unit. The point C|1;1| is shown oi
-1
by a dot in the adjacent figure.

456 Understanding ICSE Mathematics - IX

 nUnple 7, Plot lhe points A(0, 3), B(1, 5) and
t )
on
a graph paper and check whether
collinear (lie on the sane straight linc) B(1, 5)

solution. Plot the points A(0, 3), B(1, 5) and 3 A0,3)

-1) on the graph

paper as usual. On
and Bby a straight line,
joining
A we find that
C(-2, -1) lies on this line.
poçnts
die
Hence, the
A(0, 3), B(1, 5) and C(-2, -1) are
thepoint

points
gien
-2
olinear.

Example 8. Three vertices (corners) of a rectangle

A(1, 3), B(1, -1) and C(7, -1). Plot these
oints on a graph paper and hence, use it to
ed the coordinates of the fourth vertex. Also
A(1,3)
find the area of the rectangle. D(7. 3)
caltion. Plot the points A (1, 3), B (1, -1) and
7.-1) on the graph paper as usual. Join the
sints to complete the rectangle ABCD as shown
B(1,-1) c7,-1)
in the adjacent figure. Now read the coordinates -2
fthe point Dfrom the graph paper. Clearly, the
noint Dis (7, 3), and length of rectangle =6 units
and breadth = 4 units. y
Area of rectangle ABCD = (6 x 4) sq. units
= 24 sq. units
Example 9. Three vertices of a parallelogram are A(-2, 2), B(6, 2) and C(4, -3). Plot these
points on a graph paper and hence, use it to find the coordinates of the fourth vertex
[Link] find the coordinates of the mid-point of the side CD. What is the area of the
parallelogram?
Solution. Plot the points A(-2, 2), B(6, 2) and
C(4, -3) as usual.
Complete the parallelogram ABCD. A(-2, 2) B(6, 2)
From graph, the coordinates of the point
1
Dare (-4, -3).
The coordinates of the mid-point M of
-1
CD are (0, -3).
From figure, CD = 8 units and the height -2

of the | gm ABCD corresponding to the side

CD = 5 units. b-4,-3)
Y'
MO,-9) C(4, -3)

The area of | gm ABCD

= (8 x 5) sq. units = 40 sq. units
whose length and breadth
CKample 10. Write the coordinates of the vertices of a rectanglelonger side lies along N-axis
origin, the
are 5and3 units respectively, one vertex is at the
and one of the vertices lies in the third quadrant.

Coordinate Geometry 457

 7. l'lo the following points on the sane graph paper:

2)..3).c(}and D
8. Plot the following points on the same graplh paper:

A(-).().(o). D-)
9. Piot the following points and check whether they are collinear or not:
() (1, 3), (-1, -1) and (-2, -3) (ii) (1, 2), (2, -1) and (-1, 4)
(üi) (0, 1), (2, -2) and0
10. Plot the point P(-3, 4). Draw PM and PN perpendiculars to x-axis and y-axis respectively
State the coordinates of the poinls M and
11. Plot the points A(1, 2), B(-4, 2), C(-4, --1) and D (1, -1). What kind of quadrilateral i
ABCD? Also find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.
12. Plot the points (0, 2), (3, 0), (0, -2) and (-3, 0) on a graph paper. Join these
points
(in order). Name the figure so obtained and find the area of the figure obtaine
13. Three vertices of a square are A(2, 3), B(-3, 3) and C(-3, -2). Plot these points
on a
graph paper and hence, use it to find the coordinates of the fourth vertex. Also find
the area of the square.
14. Write the coordinates of the vertices of a rectangle which is 6 units long and 4
units
wide if the rectangle is in the first quadrant, its longer side lies on the X-axis and one
vertex is at the origin.
D
15. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a
rectangle with length 6 units and
breadth3 units. is mid-point of
AB, find the coordinates of A, B, C
and D.

X
y

16. The adjoining figure shows an equilateral triangle OAB

with each side = 2a units. Find the coordinates of the
vertices.

o 02)
17. In the adjoining figure, APQR is equilateral. If the
coordinates of the pointsQ and R are (0, 2) and (0, -2)
respectively, find the coordinates of the point P. X

R (0,-2)

460 Understanding ICSE Mathenatics - IX

 DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
fornula between two variables, lhen the subjct of the forula is caled dependent
Me
Mariable is called independent variable.
olher

nd
nible
lor
exanpl:

Arepresents the area of a circle of radius R. then we know that Ais given by
theformula

Here, Ais dependent variable and Ris independent variable.

the equation//formula y =3x +5, yis dependent variable and xis independent
v a r i a b l e .

By giving different values to the independent variable, we can findthe corresponding

variabje.
values of the dependent
GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
linear equation in two variables is always a straigl1t line.
1a4

graphof a
The
draw graphs of linear equations in two variables xand y, proceed as under:
To
a Rewrite the given equation with y as the subject.
any three convenient values of x and find the corresponding values of yfor
() Select
each of the selected value of x.
of values.
(ii) Make table on both axes).
ià Draw the axes on the graph paper and choose suitable scale (same
bà Plot the points on the graph paper (coordinate plane).
lo) Connect any two points by a straight line and check that the third point lies on
it. In fact, two points are sufficient to fix the position of a straight line but we use
three points for drawing the graph to check the correctness of the graph.

llustrative Examples
Example 1. Draw the graph of y -2x + 1
Solution. The given equation is y=-2r +1
Table of values

0 1 -1

1 -1 3

Plot the points (0, 1), (1, -1) and (-1, 3) on LP

the graph paper. Connect any two points by a
straight line. The graph of the given equation
is shown in the adjoining figure.
Observe that the third point lies on the
straight line.
Example 2. Draw the graph of 3x - 2y - 2= 0
Solution. The given equation is 3r- 2y - 2 =0, it can be written as
2y = 3x-2 or y= ...(0)

Select any three values of x, say 0, 2, 4, and find the corresponding values of y by using
equation ().

Coordinate Geometry 461

 graph of a linear
F i n dt h e values of h and kequaton in x
2
if the andy
coordinate axes and graph passes through
passes N-1, -1) and
= l through (h, 4)
take l cm
Select

B(2, 5) on the
graph paper and
and
)
draw a
unit on andk
both axes.
straight line Mot
passiny. the
through points
these

(-1,Ft

Through y = 4, draw a horizontal line

to meet the
Through P, draw a vertical line graph of the straight line
which meets x-axis at AB at the
h= x= 2
2
Hdy through x =draw a
vertical line to meet the graph of
nh ). draw a horizontal line the straight AB at Q.
which meets y-axis at y = 2 ’
Hence, h= and k = 2 k=2

Exercise 18.2
[Link] the graphs of the following linear equations:
(0 2x +y +3=0 (ii) x-5y-4 =0
LDraw the graph of 3y = 12 - 2x. Take 2 cm =1 unit on both axes.
S. Draw the graph of 5x + 6v - 30 = 0 and use it to find the area the triangle formed
by the line and the coordinate
axes.
4. Draw the
graph of 4x - 3s + 12 = 0and use it to find the area of the triangle formed
"y ule lne and the coordinate axes. Take 2 cm =1unit on both axes.
S. Draw the
graph of the equation y = 3x - 4. Find graphically
0) the value of y when x (i) the value of x when y=5.
=-1
[Link] graph of alinear equation in x and y passes through (4, 0) and (0, 3). Find the
value of k if the
graph passes through (k, 15).
[Link] 2 3
the table given alongside to draw the graph 1
of astraight line. Find, graphically, the values of -2 4 -5
a and b

Coordinate Geometry 463

18.5 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF A PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
lo solve graphically a system of two simultaneous linear equations two variables
x and y, proceed as under:
(0) Draw graph (straight line) for cach of the given linear equation.
(i) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two lines drawn.
(iii) The coordinates of the point of intersection of the two lines will be the
solution of the given equations. common
(iv) Write the values of x and y.
Note
Check the above solution by substituting the values of xand y (obtained above) in both .
given equations.

Remarks
" If the two equations have a unique common solution, then the equations are called
consistent and independent. In this case, the lines have one and only one point in
common.
" If the two equations have several common solutions, then the
equations are calied
consistent and dependent. In this case, the two lines will coincide.
" If the two equations have no common solution, then the
equations are called inconsistent.
In this case, the two lines will be parallel.

Illustrative Examples
Example 1. Solve the following system of equations
4x -y= 5, 5y - 4x=7.
graphically:
Solution. The given equations can written as
y= 4x-5 (i) and
y= (4x +7) ..()
Table of values for equation ()
Table of values for equation (i)
1 3
-1 -5 -3 2

1 3
Select coordinate axes and take 1
(0, -5) and (3, 7) on a graph paper. cm = 1 unit on both the axes. Plot the points (1, -I)
Connect any two points by a straight line.
Plot the points (-3, -1),-;1 and (2, 3) on the same graph paper.
points by a straight line. The graphs of both Connect any two
given below. the straight lines are shown in the
figure
The lines intersect at the point P(2,
3). Therefore, the solution of the
X = 2, y =3 given equations >

464 Understanding ICSE Mathematics - IXx

 Pa3)

X 3 4

L-1)|

-5(o.-5

Check. On substituting x = 2, y= 3 in the given equations, we find that it satisfies both

given equations.
ample 2. Solve graphically the equations 4x- 3y = 0 and 2r + 3y - 18 = 0. Also find the
atio of the areas of the triangles formed by these lines and the coordinate axes.
dution. The given equations can be written as
...()

3
...(i)
Table of values for equation ()
7
3 6 RB(0, 6)
4 8 5
lable of values for AN P(3, 4)
equation (i1) 3
0
3 6 (6, 2)
1 2

Pper (as COordinate axes on the graph A(9, 0)

both theShown)
axes. and take 1 cm =1unit 5 6 7 8 9X

Coordinate Geometry 465

 graph paper. Connect any
Plot the points (0, 0), (3, 4) and (6, 8) on the (wo ponts
a straight line. by
any
Plot the points (0, 6), (3, 4) and (6, 2) on the graph paper. Connect two
points bya
straight line. The graphs of both the straight lines are shown in the adjoining fiou
The lines interseNt at the poinl P(3, 4). Therefore, the solution of the given equations

N=3, v=4
Note that the line 4x-3u =0 passes through origin and the line 2x + 3y- 18»0
the -axis at the point A(9, 0) and the y-axis at the point B(0, 6). There are two triangjes
i.e. APOA and AOPB formed by these lines and the coordinale axes.
to OB.
From P, draw PM perpendicular to OA, and PN perpendicular
Area of APOA Ix base xheight x OA x MP
2
1 x 9 x 4 sq. units = 18 sq. units

and area of AOPB 1 x OB x NP = x 6 x3 sq. units

2
=9 sq. units
Area of APOA
Area of AOPB
Area of APOA : Area of AOPB = 2:1

Example 3. Find graphically the vertices of the triangle whose sides have equations
2y -x = 8, 5y- x= 14 and y - 2r = 1 respectively. Take l cm = 1 unit on both axes
Soiution. The given equations can be written as
y= (r + 8) ...0
2
y=(r +14) ..i) y= 2r + 1 ..()
5

Select coordinate axes and take 1 cm =1 unit on Table of values for equation ()
both the axes. Plot the points (0, 4), (2, 5) and (-2, 3)
on the graph paper (coordinate plane). Connect any 0 2 -2
two points by a straight line. 5 3

Plot the points (- 4, 2), (1, 3) and (6, 4) on the Table of values for equation (in)
same graph paper and connect any two points by a -4 1 6
straight line.
3

(
Table of values for equation
Plot the points (0, 1), (1, 3) and (2,5) on the same 0 2
graph paper and connect any two points by a straight
line. 3 5

466 Understanding ICSE Mathematics IX

 the three lines
ATaplso f
are
shown in the
figure given
below.

0)
-23)

IrH4,21

(0,

X 44
2 3

The lines intersect at the points P, Q, R.

lines are (- 4, 2), (2, 5) and (1, 3).Therefore, the vertices of the
gven

triangle formed by
Example 4.
Atriangle is formed by the lines x + 2y -3 =
+l=0. Find graphically 0, 3x - 2y +7
= 0 and
a the coordinates of the
vertices of the triangle.
() the area of the triangle.
slution. The given equations can be written as
y=-; -3)
y=(3r +7) ..()
y=-1
...(i)
Select coordinate axes and take 1 cm = 1 unit on
both the axes. Plot the points (3, 0), (1, 1) and(-1, 2) Table of values for equation ()
n the graph paper (coordinate plane). Connect any r 3 1

two points by a straight line. 1 2

Plot the points (-1, 2), -2,;) and (-3, -1)on the Table of values for equation (ii)
egraph paper and connect any two points by a -1 -2 -3
straight line. 2
1
-1
2

Table of values for equation (iii)

Plot the (4, -1) on the
Satme graph points (0, -1), (2, -1) and 4
paper and connect any two points by a 2
straight line. -1

Coordinate Geometry 467

 Remarks

We can also write, PQ = /-x) +(y1 -y2

and Q2 y2) are taken in difieren
" The formula
remains the same if the points P(*1 y1)
quadrants. For convenience, we havc taken
these points in the irst quadrant
lo prove that a quadrilateral is a
opposite sides are equal.
() parallelogram, show that
(i) rhonmbus, show that all sides are equal.
equal and diagonals are also
(ii) rectangle, show that opposite sides are equal
Or
and one angle is 90°
show that opposite sides are equal
diagonals are also equal
(iv) square, show that all sides are equal and
Or
show that all sides are equal and one angle is 90°

Illustrative Examples
Example 1. Find the distance between the points P(-5, 7) and Q(-1, 3)
Solution. Let P(-5, 7) = P(, y) and Q(-1, 3) = Q2 V2)
The distance between the given points = PQ
=Vy-x+(y2- = -1-(-5)² +(3-7 =4 +(-4)?
= V16+ 16 = V32 =4/2 units
Example 2. Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P(2, -3) and
Q(10, y) is 10 units.
Solution. Given P(2, -3), Q(10, y) and PQ= 10
J(10- 2)2 +(y-(-3))² = 10 » 64 + (y + 3)² = 100
(y + 3)2 = 100 - 64 = 36
’ y+ 3 =6, -6 ’y=3, -9
Hence, the values of y are 3, -9
Example 3. Find the points on the x-axis which are at a distance of 2 /5 units from the point
(7, -4). How many such points are there?
Solution. Let (x, 0) be any point on the x-axis.
Since the distance between the points 0) and (7, -4) is 2V5 units,
V(r-7)² +(0-(-4) =25
(r- 7)2 + 16 = 20 ’ (x- 7)² = 4
x-7= 2, -2 ’x =9,5.
.: The points are (9, 0) and (5, 0)
The number of such points is 2
Example 4. Find the value of k if the point P(2, 4) is equidistant from the points A N
B(k, 7).
Solution. Given P(2, 4) is equidistant from the points A(5, k) and B(k, 7), so Ar=v

470 Understanding 1CSE Mathematics - IX

 -5)2 +
(4-k)2 - J(2-k) +(4- 7 PO. 4)

(4- k)² = (2- k)2

16 --8k + 2=4-4k + k² + 9
9+
4k = - 1 2 >k3

valute
of k is 3
the
henc,

A(5, ) B(k, 7)
amplee 5. Find point on the yaxis which is equidistant from the points A(6, 5) and
B-3)
P0, y) be a point on y-axis which is equidistant from
G o h t i o n .L e t
points A(6, 5) and
- 4 3 ) then

AP = BIP
J0-6)² +(y-5)2 - J0-(-4) +(y-3)?
(y-3)2
%+ (y- 5) = 16 +
y - 10y
+ 25 = 16 +y - 6y +9
36 +
=y=9.
-4u +36 = 0
point is (0, 9)
Hence, the required
Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, v) is equidistant from
Example 6. (-3, 4)
6) and
he points (3,
solution. Let P(r, y) be equidistant from the points A(3, 6) and B(-3, 4)
AP2 BP2
Then, AP'=BP
(r-3) + (y- 6) = (* + 3)2 + (u - 42
2-6x +9 +y'- 12y + 36 = +6x +9+y²- 8y +16
-12x 4y + 20 = 0
3x +y-5=0, which is the required relation.
Snmple 7. If the point P(*, y) is equidistarnt from the points A(a + b, b - a) and
Ba - b, a + b), prove that bx = ay.
Golution. Given P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A(a + b, b-a) and B(a-b, a + b), so
AP =BP AP2 = Bp2
(r- (a +b)² + (y - (b - a) =(x- (a - b)² +(y - (a +b))²
(-a- b)² - (x -a + b)² = (y-a- b)2- (y - b+ a?
(-4-b+x-a+b)(x-4-b-x-a+b) = (y-4-b+y-b+ a) (y -a-b-y-b+a)
(2r- 2a) (-2b) = (2y - 2b) (-2a)
’ b(x - a) = a(y - b) ’ bx - ab = ay - ab
bx = a4, as required.
Example 8. Find the coordinates of the point Q on the x-axis which lies on the perpendicular
bisector of the line joining the points A(-5, -2) and B(4, -2). Name the type of triangle
lormed by the points O, A and B.
aoution. As the point O is on the x-axis, so the point@ Qx, 0)
S(, 0).
B(4,-2)
of en,
the linepoint Q lies on the perpendicular bisector
B4, -2), segment joining the points A(-5, -2) and
ie. AQ = therefore, Qis equidistant from points Aand B
BQ
AQ² = Bo2 A(-5,-2)
(* + 5) +(0 + 2)2 = (x-4)2 + (0 + 2)
Coordinate Geometry 471
 t 10x + 25 +4 = 2- 8r +16 +4
18r =9 > -

Hence, the point Qis-0

2
1

As AQ = BQ, so the triangle formed by the points QA and B is isosceles,

Example 9. I the point A(2, - ) is cquidistant lrom the points P3, 8) and
the values of y. Also find distance PQ.
Solution. As the point A(2, -4) is equidistant from the points P(3, 8) and Q(-10, y),.
have
AQ = AP AQ' = AP2
(-10 - 2) +(y + 4) = (3 - 2)2 + (8 +4)2
144 + (y + 4 = 1+ 144 ’ (y+ 4) = 1
y+4= 1, -1 y=-3, -5
Hence, the values of y are -3, -5
Distance PQ = -103 +(y -8)?
When y =-3, PQ = -10-3)² +(-3-8² = V169 +121 =290;
when y = -5, PQ = J-10-3)² +(-5-8)² =/h69+169 =13/2
Example 10. Find the points on the x-axis whose distances from the points (2, 3) am4
are in the ratio 2 : 1.
Solution. Let P (x, 0) be any point on the x-axis. Let the given points be A (2, 3) and
B-). then
AP = (u-2)² +(0-3)² and BP = -+0--y
AP 2
According to given, BP
=1 AP = 2BP

»-r+4 +9=4-3x*
2- 4x + 13 = 412- 12x + 13
-312 + 8x =0 ’ x (-3x + 8) = 0
8
X=0 or -3x +8 =0 ’ x = 0 or
3

Hence, the required points are (0, 0) or

Example 11. The centre of a circle is (24, a - 7), Find the values of a if the circle passes
through the point (11, -9) and has diamncter 10 y2 units.
Solution. Radius of circle =x
2
10 W2 =5/2
The centre of the circle is C(2a, a -7) and it passes through the point P(1, -9,
CP - radius of circle

472 Understanding ICSE Mathematics - IX

 I1)+(a --7+9)2 =5/2

' + (a + 2)
= (5 W2)2
+ a' + 4a.
1+4 =50
44a + 121
+ 75 = 0
a-8a +15 =0
s - 4 0 a

0a=
3.5
=
3) ( - 5) are 3, 5
of a
thevalues

A-L ) and B(5, 7) lie on a circle with centre O(2. -3v) Find the value
e 1 2 .P o i n t s

circle.
jmple the radius of the
lind

A(-1, y) and B(5,7) lie on a circle with centre O(2, -34y),

Hence,
p o i n t s

(each being radius)

As
olbtion.
OA = OB

OA= OB2 A-1, )

-(-3y)² =(5-2)2 +(7-(-3y)2
- 2)2 +(y 3y)2
9+(4y= 9 + (7+ B(5,7)

42y +9y2 y -42y - 49 =0

49 +
16u = - 7 = 0 »y-7) y +1) =0 =y=7,-1
y-6y O2,-3y)
2 +(y-(-3u)=.1k2

OA = (-1-2)
.dius of circle = /9+16x72- = 9+784 =V793 units;
When yy=7, radius =
=
radius = 9+16x(-1? -9+16 =5 units
when y= -1,
form a triangle? If so, name the
points P (3, 2), Q(-2, -3) and R (2, 3)
ale 13. Do the
formed.
25+25 =/50 =55.
triarngle
tpe of +(-3-2)? =
ition. PQ =V(-2-3)² and
= 16+36 = 52 =2V13
OR = 2+2) +(3+3)
2-3)2 +(3-2)² =1+l=v+
PR= = 5/2 + V2 =
6/2
distances
Sum of two smaller
true.
if 72 > 52, which is
Now 6/2 > 2/13 triangle.
points form a
Therefore, the given QR?
V2)? + (V2)² =50 +2 =52 =
Also PQ² +PR² = (5 7) are
PQR is aright triangle. points (4, 2), (7, 5) and (9,
show that the
distance formula,
Example By using
collinear:. C(9, 7), then
points be A(4.2), B(7, 5) and
udon. Let the
=3/2,
+(5-2)2 =9+9- \18
B
A
AB = 7-4
(7-52 4+4= 8=2v2and
=
bC V(9-7)² + V25+25 =V0
=5/2
+(7-2)2 =
AC= V(9-4)²
AC
AB +BC =37+22 =5/2 = collinear.
Hence, the given points are

Coordinate Geonetry 473

 the
(-L-I) and ( , ) ane
Example 15. Show that the points (1, 7). (4 ).
square.
Solution. Let A(1. 7). B(4 2),C -) and D-4 4) lbe the given ponts.

AB =N4-)'+(2-7- o25-4
BO V(-1-4) +(-1-) 59-vH.
CD=-41)41) 25 -N4 and

DA = V-4-1) (4-7) 25+9V34

AB = BC=C) DA all the four sides are cqual.

Also AC= V - 1) +(-1-7)=4+64 v68 and

BD=-4-4)+(4-2) =vo4+4=vo8
AC = BD both the diagonals are equal.
Hene, the given points are the vertices of a square. D
Altematively
Find all the four sides AB, BC, CD, DA and one diagonal,
sar AC, as above.
Show that AB = BC = CD = DA.
Here, AB + BC² = 34 + 34 = 6S
= AC?
Therefore, by converse of Pvthagoras theorem, B = 90
Thus, all the four sides are equal and one angle is 90°
Hence, ABCD is a square.
Example 16. Show that the points A(3. 0), B(4. 5), C(-1, 4) and D(-2, -1) taken in order
are the v'ertices of a rhombus. Also find the area of the rhombus.

Solution. AB = V4-3 +(5-0) = 1+25 =N26,

BC = -1-4) -(4-5) =N25+1=V26,
CD = -2+1)² +(-1-4° -1+25 =N26 and
DA = 3+2)² +(0+1)² =25+1l=26
AB = BC = CD = DA ’ all the four sides are equal
ABCD is a rhombus.
Thus, the given points taken in order are the vertices of a rhombus.
Also AC = (-1-3)² +(4-0)² =V16+ 16 =V32 - 4V2 and
BD = (-2-4) +(-1-5) = V36+ 36 =N72 -6y2
Area of rhombus ABCD =(product of diagonals)

=}AC x BD=4N2x62] sq. units

= 24 sq. units

474 Understanding ICSE Mathematics - IX

 points A(2, 9), B(a, 5) and C(5, 5) are (he
1,
The
Find the
value(s) of a and hence find the vetices of athangle ABC I5
onample
angled at, at B. area of AABC
2)? +(5-9)? =ya- 2)² +16,
fa
AB
- Va-
V5-a)² +(5--5)² =V5-a² and
olution.

BC =
+(5- o13 V9+ 16
V(5-2)
AC = angled triangle at B, LABC = 90
is a right
we have
S i n c e A B C

Pythagoras
Theorem,
AC2
AB² + BC² =
2)2 + 16 + (5 - a)? = 52 A(2, 9) B(o, 5)
a² 25
4a + 4 + 16 + 25 - 10a +
14a + 20
= 0 ’ 2-7a
2 + 10 = 0
22-
=0a =2 5
(a - 2) (a- 5)
Note that when a = 5, the pont Bbecomes (5, 5), so it becomes the same point as point
possible.

which is not
the only
admissible value of a is 2
Therefore,

When
a=2, the point B comes (2, 5)
AB = V2-2) +(5 9) =V16 = 4 and

BC = /(5-2)² +(5-5)2 = /9 3
. Area of AABC = base x height = AB x BC =(x4x3) sq. units = 6 sq. units
Hence, the value of ais 2 and area of AABC =6 sq. units

nle 18. If two vertices of an equilateral triangle are (0, 0) and (3, 0), find the third
vertex.

ttinn. Given vertices are O (0, 0), A(3, 0) and let third vertex be B (x, y). Then
OA = J(3 -o)? + (0 o)² =3
OB = /x-0)² +(y -0)² =+y² and
AB - -3) +(y-0)2 - -6x +9+y2
As AOAB is equilateral, OA = OB = AB
OA = OB and OB = AB

+y²= 3 ’ r2+ y2 = 9 ...()

and
Je+y²-? -6x +9 +y? ’+y = - 6x +9 +y²
6x =9 x=
Substituting this value of x in (), we get
J +y² =9’ y² =9- .22 >y=t 3/3
4 4 2
(0, 0) 13. 0Y
Ihird vertex of equilateral triangle is

Note
and OACthatwith
there are two equilateral triangles OAD
the point O(0, 0) and A(3, 0) as two vertices
(as shown in the
adjoining figure
Coordinate Geometry 475
 Example 19. Find the centre of a circle passng through the points (6, -6), (3, -7)
(3, 3). Aso find its radius, and
Solution. The given points are A(6, -6), B(3, -7) and
C(3, 3). (6,-6) A
B(3,-7)
Let P (x, ) be the centre of the circle passing
through the points A, Band C, then
AP = BP = CP P, )

AP2 =BP² and AP2 - Cp2

AP? =Br² - 62 +(v +6)? =(r - 3j2 +(y + 7
1"- 12r + 36 + y² + 12y + 36 =2- 6x +9 +y'+ 14y + 49
-6x - 2y + 14 = 0 - 3r + y -7 = 0 .)
AP? =CP2 (- 6)2 +(u + 6)² = (x-3)2 + (y - 3)²
**-12x + 36 + ² + 12y + 36 =2-6r +9 +y²- 6y + 9
-6x + 18y + 54 = 0 ’r-3y -9 = 0 -.(i)
Multiplying (i) by 3, we get
9x + 3y - 21 = 0
On adding (ii) and (ii), we get
10x- 30 = 0 ->x =3
Substituting this value of x in (), we get
3 x 3 +y -7 =0 9+y-7= 0 ’y=-2
.:. The centre is (3, -2)
Radius = AP = J(3-6)2 +(-2+ 6 units = /9+16 units = 5 units
EXample 20. The two opposite vertices of a square are (-1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates
of the other two vertices.
D C(3, 2)
Solution. Let A (-1, 2) and C (3, 2) be two opposite vertices
of the square ABCD and vertex Bbe (x, y).
Since ABCD is a square, AB = BC
AB2 = BC2
’ (r+1+ (y - 2)? = (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)?
’ +2x+ 1 =x -6x +9 ’ 8x =8
=1
Also as ABCD is a square, ZB = 90° A
(,
’ AB + BC? = AC? (-1, 2)

’ (*+12 +(y - 2)² +(*-3)² +(y - 2)2 =(3 + 1) +(2-2)2

’ 2r- 4x + 10 + 2y2- 8y + 8 = 16
’ 2x 12 -4 x 1 + 2y'- 8y +2 = 0
’ 2y'- 8y =0 ’ y y- 4) = 0 ’ y= 0, 4
Hence, the other two vertices are (1, 0) and (1, 4)

Exercise 18.4
1. Find the distance between the following pairs of points:
() (2, 3), (4, 1) (ii) (0,0), (36, 15) (ii) (a, b), (-a, -b)
2. Ais a point on y-axis whose ordinate is 4and Bis a point on x-axis whose abscissa is
-3. Find the length of the line segment AB.

476 Understanding ICSE Mathematics- IX