Topic 7 : • Related Rates 13.

2 )

•
L' Hospital 'S Rule C 3.71

• Mean Value Theorem C 2.13 )

Related Rates
 Related Rates C 3.2 ) :

Motivation :
Suppose a
particle is
moving around a circle of radius I C 't
'
=/ )
x y .

So that its position depends on time C x I

y are Functions of time ) .

Calculate in terms of x y A dx
day . , - y
t at

Using implicit differentiation we have :

• C Htt . yet ) )

If
2X
Edt ( 't ) dat A
' '
Cl )
y
2y§f
x = t
= o

29ft IF
{⇒ = -
2X

⇐
If I ¥
-
=

•
Related rates are an application of differentiation where we have :

LAB Some quantities related to each other

' '
I
e.
g . X t y
=

LOB quantities changing at a rate C with respect to time )

e.
g .

If . dt
dt
 '
Reca " .

A sphere of radius r has Volume IT r and has diameter as

4g
Related Rates ( 3.2 )
.

A
'
Example spherical balloon is
being inflated at a constant rate of 20cm rsec .

How Fast the balloon the balloon 's

is 'S radius
changing when diameter is

20cm ?

Steps :
① Draw a diagram .

② Introduce notation .
r : radius a
V : Volume of sphere

③ Write down the rates

you have I need .

If = rate of change of radius . IF = rate of inflation

Know I
¥ 7
We :
We want 10cm
20cm
:
= see .
at E .

dt

IT ?
④ Write down an equation that relates your quantities .
V =
4g

⑤ Diffentiate both sides wit . t C implicit differentiation ) .

If = 4 trddf
⑥ Substitute the given information and solve for the desired rate .

If Tiff
'

20=4 IT Clo ) L⇒ 20=400 1=7

If =
glop ,
cmrsec .
 Recall .

A cylinder of radius r and height h has volume Tirah

Related Rates ( 3.2 )
.

2cm
Example A cylindrical Cup of radius is filled with water and cracked on the

of 1cm "
bottom .
The water is leaking out of the crack at a rate Sec
.

What is the rate at which the water level is changing when the water

level is at 3cm ?
r•

{
h

Steps :
① Draw a diagram .

② Introduce notation .
T : radius a
h :
height ,
V : Volume of water in

cylinder
③ Write down the rates
you have I need .

II
Given Want
cm7sec ddht
: :
= -
I ,
r=2 .
at h = 3cm .

'

④ Write down equation that relates quantities V= Tir h 4th

your
=
an .

DV dh
⑤ Diffentiate both Sides [Link] . t C implicit differentiation ) .
= 4 it
dt dt

⑥ Substitute the given information and solve for the desired rate .

-
I =
4T If ⇒
If =
-4,4 cmrsec .
 '

Recall A of h h
cone radius r and height has volume kg Tir
'

Related Rates ( 3.2 )

.

Example As gravel is being poured into a conical pile ,

its Volume V changes with

time As result its height h and also

.
a , radius r
change with time .

What is the relationship between these changes ?

If -
-

I (2%11)
)
'

( Implicitly
) differentiating tar h
If ( 2%
V=
I trddh
.

= h

If ( htrddh )
as
=

Is

If (
't
high )
2
I
r -
=
 Related Rates C 3.2 ) :

Example A boat is being pulled to a dock by a rope .

Consider the rate at which

the rope is pulled and the rate at which the boat approaches the dock .

How are these two rates related ?

Xmm
Z
One is a constant multiple h

J
of the other .
x

The two rates are

equal .

Let 2-
length of rope

considering
=
a

It depends on how close the X = horizontal distance to dock ,

boat is to the dock .

and h =
height of dock from water .

There's not enough information The rates we are are

to tell .
DZ and DX i

dt dt

II
'
hid 2
If I II
We have ⇒ ⇒
2- 't Z
2x
If
=
x = t O = .

( depends on how close the

boat is to the dock .

)
 '

Recall A of h h
cone radius r and height has volume Eg Tir
'

Related Rates ( 3.2 )

.

Example

10Mt
Water is
being Poured into a Water tower at a rate of min .

The water tower has the shape of an upside down circular cone

10mF
with a radius of 5M and a height of 10M .
At the instant when
the water is Sm high ,
how fast is the water level rising ?

Variables

rt
ftTf
: = tower radius
. Tw
= water radius ,
V= water Volume .

ht =
tower
height ,
hw = water height .

rt =
5

We Know ht
5MDI
: =
,
=
10M , = see ht = to

dt

We want :
dhw When hw =
5M .
Equation :
V= Iz hw
dt '
hw
=
Ez (E) hw

Tty
So du
Fa ( 3h : ddhf )
'
. =

dt =
Tt Kw Using these similar
dhw
.

⇒ 10 =
( 25 ) dt
triangles we know

5 Rw
=

⇒ dhw 10 4 40
10 hw
= .
=
m , min
dt
.

25 IT 25T ⇒ rw =
tzhw .
L Hospital
'

'S

Rule
ti Hospital 'S Rule :

Warm -

Up ④ If Fox ) =
x 49 then
Lim fix ) equals C

indeterminate
.
-

→ 49 form of type %)
of -7 .

O I Iim x -
49 ( At 7 )
x -749
of -7 ( At 7)

=
lim ( x -

4911ft 7) =
14 .

7 14 X -749 X -

49

⑥ If Fen then
=g¥g .
fight Muds (
of #
indeterminate Form
type .

'
° 's tim.
;¥s=¥m . ¥:
's Taite
Item
't
in denominator )
=
kg .

x Vs
L' Hospital 'S Rule :

④ What is life ¥ ? (
indeterminate
form of type .

O I Our
algebra tricks
For dealing with
indeterminate Forms
won't help us here !
A -

¥o
Hospital 's
Using
L' Rule
fifty ¥ Ija ¥
O
:
= = .

ti Hospital 's Rule : IF fifa Fg is an indeterminate form of type Of

tgif
±
then
¥a
FI
fifa Fg provided differentiable
are
a
F g
a
. =

, and
ginnear
.to a
.
and the limit
on the right exists or is infinite .

( Note could replace by at )

" " -

: we a to or a
. a .
 g- lnx

L' Hospital 'S Rule :

Example :
Compute the following limits :

if
⑨ ¥7, HI =
¥7 ,
K I .

o
to
% ( So .
let 's use L' Hospital 's rule ) A

X x x

⑤ lim e
=
lion e
=
lim e
= A . I
X -70 HA 2x X -7A
2
2
×
to ¥
( Fx L' Hospital 's
-

let 's
So . use rule )

'

II
② ¥Fot HE time fiFoth Y Ya
0
-

= .
= -
x =
.

E.
.

( So let 's % L' Hospital 's )

-

. use rule

⑥ EYE
In ,
o
sings sitios
= = = .

.
,
to
( not an indeterminate Form . . .
just use substitution rule .
. .
.
if
you
incorrectly tried to L'
you 'd )
use Hospital 's rule get a
-

.
 g- lnx

ti Hospital 'S Rule :

Example :
Compute tiny
,
cosxlncx
Inlet .

e
'
-

,
IT ) i

:/
Cosxlncx IT ) lim cost lim lnlx -

it ) ex
tiny
-

=
g.

#
, Htt Htt
In ( et .

e
't

) [Link] )

I
I
Iim X -
T
t 1) E-
"

¥7
=
cost
=
e
* at ex
,
to , .ee ECX )
.

-
it

( hi %
Hospital rule )
-

's

) E-
"
" '
¥7 ¥7
=
e
# ex ,
0
X -
it

IT
'
E )
"

lim ( I
-

= -
= -

e
a
tea
.

=
e X -7kt I
fo
-

% ( hi Hospital 's rule ) DNE

L' Hospital 's Rule : Indeterminate Products

④ Suppose try to evaluate lim fix

)gcx )
and we
get the

indeterminate
we
A a

form O .

no .
How should we proceed ?
F
Lip Rewrite Fg quotient and
as a

y
I
9¥ use

L' Hospital 's Rule .

Indeterminate
Example :
-

valuate him
*
of ez . firm
of type x. o ) .

We rewrite this as a quotient :

'
Iim A
fifty £
O
* x
=
=
fifty = .

Er hear exe
( hi %
Hospital 's rule )

[ Could have also rewrote in the form .

]
L' Hospital 's Rule : Indeterminate Differences

④ Suppose try to evaluate fix ) gcx )

and we
get the
indeterminate
we finna
-

form A -
x .
How should we proceed ?

Lip Convert f -

g intoquotient ( by finding
a a common denominator .

Multiplying by conjugate factoring out .

a common factor . etc . )
then use L' Hospital 's Rule .

Example :
-

valuate lim cscx -

cotx .

X -70

of

sinxtcosx
Let 'S rewrite in terms to see what we're dealing with :

±
;mo [Link] 's
:*
-

so fiidetoetmtinaptee
nos
. .
.

sin
Converting to =
I im I -

cost =
lim X
=
O .

a quotient X -70
sin x
X -70
Cost
fo
.

( L' %
Hospital 's rule )
L' Hospital 's Rule : IndeterminatePowers
" "
④ Suppose we try to evaluate finna [ fun ) and we
get the

forms
Oo .
yo . of 1 ? How should we proceed ?

?
"

indeterminate
'

Lip.
Set y
=
Ex ,

Lobos Take In of both sides :

lny -
-

gu ) ln C feel ) .

Lip Evaluate the limit .

Lip Take of both sides to solve for

e
y .

"
Example valuate (
¥Fot
Form
-

:
X
indeterminate
.

of type Oo) .

Let y
-
-
x ? So . lny -

-
ln ( xD =
xlnx .

f
Hence .
Info lay =

fief
Xlnx ti
Fox YI
=
EYE =

Foix
-

-
O .

O .

to .bg

Soa een 's

x

fight e°
¥
"
=
⇒ Foot x = I .
Mean Value
Theorem
Mean Value Theorem ( 2.13 ) .

Mean Value Theorem fix )

b)
Ca
:
Suppose is ① continuous on , .

and ② differentiable on ( ab ) .

Then there exists a

point c in ( ab ) s 't
f' Fcb )
.

cc ) = -
Fca )
in
'

instantaneous rate of change b a

$←
-

of f at x=c .
✓
average rate of change of f over [ a. b)

ie .
there exists a c sit the.
slope of the tangent line at c

is the same as the Slope of the Secant line between a I b .

Fix )
•

•
V.
d
' '

a b x
 Mean Value Theorem I )

=L
.
2.13 .

•
A special case of the Mean Value Theorem C when Fca ) = Fcb ) ) :

fix ) )

Cab
Rolle 's Theorem :
Suppose is ① continuous on .

② differentiable on ( ab )

and ③ Fca ) = Fcb ) .

Then there exists a

point c in ( ab ) S.t. F' (c) .

Fcb ) -
Fca )
b -
a

FH ) fix ) fix ) fix )

←
%

•.g① f.•
.
A
• • .

d
'
d
' '
d
'
ad d.
' '
a b a b .
b a
Mean Value Theorem I 2.13 ) .

=3
Example You are driving down the road and Two minutes
pass cop
:
a .

later down the

is
you pass another cop C located 3km road ) .
She
pulls you over .
The speed limit 80km/h .
The first cop
recorded speed at 60km/h and the second recorded 65km/h
your . . .

however she's issuing you a ticket Can she.

prove you were

speeding ?

Let Fct ) denote the position of the car at time t .

where
t is in minutes .
So .
a
-
.
O ,
b =
2 ,
Flo ) -
-

o
,
f (2) .

By the Mean Value Theorem .

we Know there exists a time
c between O A 2 S .
t .

f' (c) = Fca ) .

Flo ) =
3 -
O
=
Zz Kml Min .

in
2 O 2
speed
-

per minute

So the speed per hour at te Z (

601km/h
.
is :
=
90km/h .

By the Mean Value Theorem .

you were going
90km/h at some
moment in that 2 minute interval .
.
.
so it looks like
you're getting a ticket .
it
 Cab
Mean Value Theorem ]

Lab
:
Suppose fix ) is continuous on and differentiable
on ) .
Then there exists a c in ( ab ) St .

Mean Value Theorem ( 2 - 13 ) '

F' co -
.
Hh
b -
-

a
Fca ,
-

Example :
Show that fix ) -

-
I satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean
Value Theorem on C 1.33
,
then find all numbers c that satisfy
the conclusion of the theorem .

We Know fatty is continuous on C- a O UCO . x ) ) ,

so it's
continuous on Cl . 33 .

'

We have f HH
-

tf exists for to ,
and hence Fck is
differentiable on ( 1.3 ) .

By the MVT .
there exist a c between It 3 sit .

F' Cd
Ffg
?
HD
'

%
Tg
kg
= -
I -

=
-

Kritz IB
= = .

We Know F' co to So ⇐ 3
'
L⇒
-

c C
-

=
-
-
-

.
. .

We need Kcc 3 a so C
-

-
B
 Cab
b)
Mean Value Theorem :
Suppose fix ) is continuous on [ a. and differentiable
on ) Then there exists a c in ( ab ) St

)
.
.

Mean Value Theorem ( 2 - 13 '

t co -
.
Feb ) -
Fca )
-

b -
a

Example :
Suppose fix ) is differentiable on C -

no . a) a
FCO ) =-3 a
and F' CHE 5 for
all values of x .
What is the largest FC 2) can possibly be ?

O 1 7 12

We know FCA is differentiable on C- x. ) and hence for BERI

any
no a.
a

Fix ) is differentiable on ( an b) and continuous on [ a. b ] ( since

differentiable implies continuous ) .

In particular ,
we Can
apply the Mean Value Theorem on [ 0.23 :

By the MVT there exists a point c in Co . 2) sit .

' '
'
f- (c) = FC 2) FCO) 2 F Cc ) FC 2) C 3) ⇒ FC 2) 2 f Cc ) 3
⇒
=
-
-
-
= -

-
2 -

O Es

⇒ FC 2) E 215 ) -
3

⇒ f (2) E 7
.
 Cab
b)
Mean Value Theorem :
Suppose fix ) is continuous on [ a and differentiable
on ) Then there exists a c in ( ab ) St

)
.
.

Mean Value Theorem ( 2 - 13 '

t co -
.
Feb ) -
Fca ,
-

b -
a

'

Theorem :
IF f Cx ) = O For all x in an interval C a. b) a
then f is constant on Ca b) . .

Proof Let and Xz be two numbers in Caio ) with Xis Xz

x
any
:
, .

Since F' Cx ) -
-
O for all X in Cab ) a
we Know that fit is continuous on

[ X. XD .
and differentiable on ( X , axe ) .

there

far
FH
By the Mean Value Theorem exists a point c in Cx , ,x . ) sit .

'

f- (c) =
) ) far
FH
'

f Cd O
- -

⇒ o = since =

Xz -
X , Xz -
X ,

⇒ O = FC Xz ) -
FCX , ) ⇒ FCK ) = FCK ) .

This holds for any two numbers , X ,

I Xz a
in carb ) ,
and hence fix ) is

constant on Ca b ) . .

' ' I I
FIX )
-
- '

e .

g .
fix ) = cos x t Sin x is constant on C- I. It a
bro = t = O

Er Er
and fix ) has domain C- I . I ] .
 Cab
b)
Mean Value Theorem :
Suppose fix ) is continuous on [ a. and differentiable
on ) Then there exists a c in ( ab ) St

)
.
.

Mean Value Theorem ( 2 - 13 '

t at .
Feb ) -
Fca )
-

b -
a

Example : Show Isin X -

sing I E IX -

yl For any X. YER .

ye Th

yet
Let t Consider )Fct

sing
Cy
far
Cy
fly
Sint
x. s .
. .
=
.

We Know Fct ) =
Sint is differentiable on C- x. A ) and hence it is
,

differentiable on . X ) and continuous on [ y X ]

, .

By the Mean Value Theorem there exists a point a in .

x ) sit .

'

f- (c) ) Sin x
) cosec ,
-
= -
=

⇒
X x
y y
- -

⇒ sin X E I C I Cosell El )
-

since

x
y
-

⇒ Isin x -

sing I E IX -

Y as desired
,
.