Theres Elecwedy 9 cold junction is below the neutral temperature. An the case of Cube (hermocouple, if the cold junction is at 30°C, the temperature of inversion is SIPC When measuring temperatures with a thermocouple, care should be taken te that the neutral temperature for the pair is remote from the temperature range in use. With a thermo-couple of copper-constantan, temperature upta 400°C can be meas ured, This couple develops an emf. of 20.9 mV at 400°C and the temperature-c.m F curve is practically linear, 10.2) PELTIER EFFECT In 1834 Peltier discovered that if a current be allowed to pass through 4 circuit consisting of two dissimilar metals, there is either an evolution or absorption of heat at the junctions, i.c., the junctions are either heated or cooled, This heating or cooling of the junctions depends on the direction of the current. This effect is known as Peltier effect and is reversible unlike Joule’s effect. 10.3 THOMSON EFFECT In 1856 Thomson showed that whenever a current is allowed to pass through an unequally heated conductor, there is evolution or absorption of heat in the conductor depending on the direction of current, This effect is known as Thomson effect and is reversible. 10.4 MEASUREMENT OF THERMO E.M.F. The magnitude of thermo e.m-fs are very small, of the order of a few milli- volts and its measurement needs sufficient accuracy. To achieve this high accuracy, the ordinary potentiometer method to measure e.m.f.s is suitably modified so as to produce a potential difference of about one microvolt per centimetre length of the potentiometer wire. Experiment 10.1: To calibrate a thermocouple using a potentiometer. Apparatus: A battery, a potentiometer, a key, a resistance box, a thermocouple, 4 sensitive galvanometer, heating arrangement, two beakers, a funnel, a digital multimeter, ice, and connecting wire! Theory: Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 10.3. If £ is the e.m.f of the battery, is the resistance of the potentiometer wire and f ex ae eataioce in series with it, the current 4 uit is os (10.1) Ree and the potential drop across the potentiometer Wire AB is Er Ram Fay (10.2) the potential drop per centimeter of the wire Is Er 1 P= ———x— (10,3. erga iL 8 where Z is the total length of the wire.120 [Link], Pructicud Physies IF the thermo-e m.t across the thermocouple is balanced by # centimetres of | potentiometre wire, its value is given by (10. Vhe thermo-e.m.f across the Cu-Constantan thermocouple when its hot junction al 200°C is of the order of 10 mV. Therefore, we keep Vag = 10 mV. If E Fiqn. (10.2) gives Ren ayy which gives R= 1999, Procedure: 1. Measure the resistance r of the potentiometer wire AB using 2 post-office box 2. Measure the e.m.f F of the battery with a digital multimeter. 3. Conneet the circuit of Fig. 10.3 and take out a resistance R = 1997 from the resistance box. 4. Keep one junction of the thermocouple in heated water and the other junctiog in crushed ice in a funnel so as to filter out the melted ice. Heat the becker containing water till the water starts boiling. Note down the temperature of the hot junction, 5. Connect one end of the thermocouple to the end 4 of the potentiometer and the other end to a sensitive galvanometer whose other end is connected to a jockey. 6. With the help of the jockey, find the length / of the potentiometer wire (measure from the end 4) needed to bring the deflection in the galvanometer to zero. Now it down. 7. Let the water cool down. With every 5° fall of temperature, note down the temperature and the length / of the potentiometer wire needed for balance. 8, Calculate the ¢.m-f for each observation using the formula in Eqn. 10.4. 9. Draw a curve between the thermo-e,m.f ‘e’ and the temperature of the hol junction ‘7. Observations: Resistance of the potentiometer wire, ohm. [Link] the battery, £ = ... Volts, Length of the potentiometer wire, L =... em. Resistance in the circuit, R ohm Er 1 (inn Potential drop per cm, of the wire, P Thermo-ein] Temperature of hot Junction T °C)Thermo-Elecwietty 121 Result: The graph between the thermo-e.m./, and temperature for copper-constantan thermocouple is part ofa parabola as shown int Fig, 104. Precautions and Sourees of Error: 1. The e.w.f. of the battery should remain constant during the experiment, 2. The keys should be closed only when observations are to be made. 3. The ends of the connecting wires should be properly cleaned with a sand paper As the thermo e.m.f. to be measured is small, bad contacts will lead to trouble: some difficulties, 4. The potential difference across the potentiometer wire should not be greater than the maximum-e.m.t. of the thermocouple 5. In the thermocouple, the wires of the two metals should be in contaet at the junction only and the contact should be good. 6. The galvanometer should be very sensitive. 7. The hot junction should be kept away from the rest of the contacts of the circuit. 8. The contact between the jockey and the wire should not be made while the former is being moved along. The contact should be momentary. Experiment 10.2: Ta calibrate a thermocouple using a potentiometer and a standard cell, Apparatus: A copper constantan thermocouple, a potentiometer, a battery or accumulator, a standard cadmium cell, two resistance boxes, a sensitive galvanometer, a heating arrangement, two beakers a funnel. a clamp, a two way key, ice, connecting wires ete. Theory: A preliminary experiment gives the value of the resistance r of the potentiometer wire. To find the resistance r of the potentiometer wire. 1 kQ resistance is taken out each from R, and R; and the gap | of the two-way key K is closed, The jockey is kept at 4 and R, is changed till the deflection in the galvanometer Just goes to the null position. Without changing R, and R, any Ry further, the jockey is shified and the length J; of the potentiometer wire from the end A is noted for the balance. The resistance R; is decreased by 1 ohm and R, is increased by | ohm so that the sum (R, + R3) and hence the current J through the circuit remains constant. The balance is Hot Cold Fig, 10.5RS ical Phvstes again achieved by moving the jockey and the length /; is noted. The equations of the errenit in the two conditions ary voir S=WRy + Ry ay (10.5) ) Fepresenis the reststance of the fength (/~ 4) of the wire. From these where § Pans. tis clear that 1 ohin. » . The resistance + of the potentiometer wire of length L is thus given by L r= ohm, 0056) = To Find the Thermo-EMF Now sinee the e.m.£ ofthe standard cell Sis of the order of | Vand R= 10° ohm, current im the circuit is of the order of | mA. To measure the thermo-e.m.f-s of the order of a few millivolts, we want less current in the circuit so that the drop V4g across the potentiometer wire is not more than the maximum e.m.f. of the thermocouple, For Cu-constantan couple. the e.m.f. is of the order of 10 mV when the hot junction iat 200°C. Since we are not going beyond this temperature, we keep Vg = 10 mV, a (10.7) Ry+ Ror From the known values of £, rand V,g we can find the sum (Ry + Rp) suitable for the experiment. Now a resistance of the order of 1 kQ is taken from Ry keeping R\ > Rz at the calculated value, Gap | of the key is closed and by adjusting the values of R, and Rz but keeping R, + Ry constant, balance is obtained with the jockey at 4 Note that this X; may be different from the earlier value for determining r. The current in the cireuit is s Now, the Gap | is opened and 2 is closed to bring the thermocouple in the circuit. If the hot junction is at temperature T and the cold junction is at 0°C, this produces an e.m.f, The balance point is obtained at a position P on the wire which is ata distance / cm from the end The potential drop per cm of the wire = J resistance per em of the wire. bb Se Lo RL So the length / of the potentiometer wire for the balance is equivalent to the thermo e.m.f. given by Srl eum (10,8) Procedure 1. Make the connections as shown in Fig, 10.5, 2. Find the resistance r of the potentiometer wite as described in the theory. 3, Caleulate the suitable value of (&; ~ R,) (as discussed in theory) so that the drop across the potentiometer wire is not greater than the maximum emf. of the thermocouple.Thermo Electrict a3 4, Set the resistances R) and Ry such ay to keep their sum at the valuc calculated above. Close the key Ay and the pay of the key A With jockey at A, adjust the values of 2 and Ry (not changing their sum) to pet zero defection in the galya- nometer 5. Keep one of Ihe junctions (hot) of the thermocouple in water nd the other j tion (cold) im ice, Kept in a funnel so as to filter out the melted icc. Heal the water fill it starts boiling. Note down the temperature of the hot junction (For obtaining still higher temperatures, keep the junction dipped in mereury in a test-tube and keep the test-tube in a sand bath which is heated directly on the heater.) Open the gap | and close the gap 2 of the key. Note down the length / needed to bring the defection in the galvanometer to zero. Calculate the corresponding e.m.f from the formula in Eqn, (10.8) 7. Let the hot junction cool, With every fall of 5° of temperature, note down the temperature and the corresponding length / and calculate the thermo e.m.f. 8, Draw a curve with temperature of the hot junction 7 on x-axis and the corr sponding thermo-e.m.f. on y-axis. Observations c- 2 e.m.f, of the standard cells S = 1.0184 Volts. Resistance of the potentiometer wire, x = ... ohm. Ry +Ry~... ohm R)=...ohm Ry=...ohm Length of the wire £ =... cm 4 Ss Potential drop per cm of wire, P= a -mV [Link]] Temperamre ofhor | Balance point length of Thermo emf. junction (°C) __| potentiometer wire, L(cm) = Px Lim¥) Result; Same as in Experiment 10.1. Precaution and Sources of Error: Same as in Experiment 10.1 Exercise: To calculate the thermoelectric power of a given thermocouple at a given temperature. 10.5 THERMOELECTRIC POWER Thermoelectric power of a thermocouple is defined as the e.m.f. produced for unit temperature difference between the two junctions. It is a function of temperature and hence is defined for a specific temperature, The thermo e.m.f. £ of a thermocouple as a function of temperature T of the hot junction (the cold junction being kept at 0°C) is given byte [Link]. Practical Physics E~ aT + bT? _From the graph of E versus 7, the 1wo points (E), 7;) and (Ez, T2) are chosey and from the two Eqns, obtained, the valties of the constants a and 6 are found, then as the thermoelectric power, @2 = + 267 dv it can be found at any given temperature T. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA | Q Define Seebeck effect, Peltier effect and Thomson effect. Q. How does the e.m.. in a thermocouple arise? Ans, When two different metals are joined, the free electrons of one metal flow to the other because of the difference of the electronic pressure in them. As a result one meta) becomes positive with respect to the other and a potential difference is created atthe Junction. This contact potential difference is much higher for hot junction than thay for cold junction. This gives rise to an emf across the thermocouple. Q. How is thermocouple constructed? Name some pairs of metals that are generally used in thermocouples. Q. Explain the difference between ‘Joule effect’ and “Peltier effect”. Ans. In Joule effect, the heat generated is propoctional to the square of the current and hence is independent of the direction of the current. In Peltier effect the heating or cooling at a junction is proportional to the current. Thus, a junction which is heated by a current will be cooled if the direction of eurrent is reversed. Q. What is meant by ‘neutral temperature’ of a couple? ‘Ans. The temperature of the hot junction at which the thermo emf becomes maximum is called the neutral temperature, Q. What is meant by temperature of inversion? Ans. The temperature of the hot junction at which the direction of current through the thermocouple reverses and the e.m.f. becomes zero is called the temperature of inversion. Q. What will happen if the temperature of hot junction is raised beyond the tempera- ture of inversion? Ans, The emf becomes negative and goes on increasing. Q. Mention two practical applications of a thermocouple. Ans, To measure the temperature at a point and to measure radiant heat. Q. What is the order of thermo emf generated in copper-constantan thermo couple. Can an ordinary voltmeter be used (o measure the thermo-emf? Ans, [tis about 41 pV/°C. No Q. How is the temperature of inversion retated to the neutral temperature? ‘Ans. The temperature of inversion is us much above the neutral temperature as the cold junction is below it. Q. Is the thermo emf vs. temperature curve linear? . No. [visa parabola. For a small range of temperature it is fairly linear, Q. What is thermo-electrie power? ‘Ans, It is defined as the increase in thermo-emf of a thermocouple at @ particular Iemperature of the hot junction per unit degree rise in temperature of the hot jume- tion. It is the slope of the thermo emf vs. temperature curve, dE/dT. Q. What is the value of the thermo electric power at the neutral temperature? Ans. Zero.