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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The term sculpture is wider than what people might think. It is an
art work that grows and changes and is certainly extending the
gambits of its activities and involving new type of objectives
Sculpture is a branch of visual art that is concerned with
the creation of expressive form in three dimensions. Sculpture is
also a means of representing visual information about something
real or imagined.
Basically, it is a language of visual communication to the
artist of all generation. It is essentially an exercise in creative
ability involving such basics as seeing, remembering, recording
and expressing. Sculpture is not a spoken language; It is rather a
language of an artist to express ideas and knowledge. The aim of
this work is for experimentation, commemoration and
communication.
However, in this course the word sculpture has been
defined as the transformation of ideas into concrete reality [Aboli,
2003]. Some experts argued sculpture in different ways this
largely depend on their views. The oxford dictionary defines
sculpture as caving or modeling wood, medal, thus represent in or
decorate with sculpture by a sculptor.
According to Reamen [2000] ‘’unpublished’’ states that
sculpture involves representing images through carving, casting
metals or molding. However, colliers encyclopedia define
sculpture as an art of carving , molding or assembling wood,
stone, metal or other materials into three dimensional work of
art , monuments statues, bust and architectural or moment are
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familiar forms of sculpture in all developed civilization.
Also, the new western dictionary defined sculpture as the
making of three dimensional work of stone, clay, metal and wood.
The chamber 21 century dictionary looks at the art of carving or
modeling with clay, wood, stone, plaster etc. Also, the
encyclopedia states that sculpture is one of the most complex of
the arts. Although the word sculpture originally meant art, and
implied the techniques of carving Modeled objects are also called
sculpture.
Oxford advanced learners dictionary put it that the term
sculpture is the act of making figures, object by carving wood or
stone, shaping clay, pouring metals into moulds. These few
definitions above all focused toward one perspective. But what is
generally accepted as sculpture is that it is both a process and a
product of one‘s imagination. This product is also visible and can
often be touched or felt.
RELEVANCE OF THE WORK
Naturally man is a creative being he lives by doing the
intelligence giving to him by God as the source of his creative
activities. This intelligence is responsible for the ability of man to
adapt to any giving environment. Since men lives by doing, it is
also through doing that he is able to live happily. Hunting gives life
for sure. Since the word sculpture is not in two vacuums therefore,
it is present in the environment as a means of non verbal
communication, perhaps music aimed at giving more light or
laying more emphasis concerning our daily life styles, our cultural
phenomenon. The impacts to contemporary world particularly in
Nigeria, more over this sculptural piece ‘Hunting’ is shop to awake
people conscience, this project is made to communicate to the
people to understand Hunting.
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AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
The role of this sculpture is stated as follows;
* It serves as a means of representing or communicating based on the
design of the sculpture piece, it informs us about everyday change of
human life.
* It helps in recording everyday life experience in our communities and
society depending on the type of medium or media used in the job.
* It trains the mind to be skillful according to pragmatist belief.
* It helps in beautifying our environment as nature has designed the
world today.
In wise, sculpture can be seen as culture and here, culture is a
total behavior of the people, this means that society cannot do without
art neither art can be separated from other wise, sculpture can be seen
as
culture and here, culture is a total behavior of the people, this means
that society cannot do without art neither art can be separated from
society.
According to Aken [1999 unpublished] explains that art is the
expression of personal inner feeling which is presented by personal
manner. Reamed [1999] opines that life of man is entirely expressed in
agreeing with above statement. It is also to acknowledge and show in
regard to level or manner in which society is undergoing changes in
difficulties. The area of sculpture is a professional field, it create room
for learning the day to day activities in our society and as a course in
applied arts.
PURPOSE OF THE WORK
The work will help in beckoning peoples mind in either changing
their mind, since some may or will have certain comparably in them
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and to make a proper orientation. So sculpture piece is relative of the
world of people with the music.
This project is also one of the core requirements in fulfillment of
my N.C.E to the beautification of the college premises, it now serve as a
legally potency and keeping the people busy and happy.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
In art, artist usually use different media or method to express
themselves i.e their feelings method communicating information to the
general public all differs from each other.
Sculpture which is a visual art is a process of expressing or
communicating information, through the use of organized visual
materials on a two or three dimensional surface.
HISTORY OF HUNTING
These have been facets of human nature since the dawn of
mankind indeed; hunting is one of the oldest traceable human activities
on earth. Whether for sport commerce, or cultural reasons, hunting has
been part of mankind heritage for millennia.
Our ancient ancestors subsisted on a diet foraged from their
environment, including seafood collected from the shore, meat hunted
and trapped, and roots gathered from the veldt evidence from stone as
early as 164,000 years ago. These stone-age hunters manufactured
sharp secrete blade-lets by skillfully chipping away the grey rock with a
heavier hammer stone. Our predecessors then used fire to animal and
harden their stone blades these tools, though rudimentary, were
effective for the kill.
Numerous scratched and cut bones found in these prehistoric
caves show that the inhabitants.
Relied on hunting a variety of game from the surrounding plains.
The bones of dossier, cape fur seal, Black wildest, eland, and giant cape
buffalo have been found amongst the sediment. in addition to hunting
for their very survival, early humans also incorporated the hunt into
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artistic and ritual activities. Bushman rock art depicts images of the
hunt dating back to 120000 years, along with sun shaman performing
the trance dance in the spirit world, the sun medicine men believed
they could this hunter gather lifestyle persisted in many parts of the
world with persistence hunt still practiced by the bushmen of the
control Kalahari desert in southern Africa today the tracking abilities of
this tribe are legendary they rely on their phenomenal endurance to
ran darn their prey over hours or even days .
The san regarded as one of the oldest living tribes on part
traditionally killed their prey with.
Spears, shaves, or small bow and poison-tipped arrows, many
indigenous African tribes relied on.
Hunting to protect their livestock herds, to supplement their
diets, and as symbolic rite of passage. The mainsail of Kenya specialized
in hunting lion with long spears, short stabbing spears, and oxide
shields.
The sandbur employed heavy club and the Swazi used a sharp
bladed axe. Group hunts were common to many tribes animals were
driven into pits or net and then slaughtered with spears, tales of the
traditional hunting skills of the cheetah and the lazy hunting wars
trucker rely only on their own speed stealth and tact to kill their young.
With the ditch animal in the cape early in the 16TH century, hunting on
the Africa continent took on very different complexion firearms
replaced traditional weapons and stealth hunting. The French
mementos and British followed and wagon-travelling voortrekkors
spread out trailing longer members of game on the African veldt. Strips
of gang on the African vend. Strips of dried and salted meat, or biltong,
became popular as a durable food source among the farming
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communities and the wagon travelling trekker-as hunting tradition
popular ivory rnino horn, feather, and animal skin become greatly
froze.
Big game and sport hunting on the continent began with entry of
the European colonists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Missionaries, soldiers and settler flocked to the exciting and explored
landscape’ the settler took advantage of the vast army of unique
animals that roamed the region. As the demand for word struck, the
slaughtering of elephant took a massive scale. Elephant tasks prized
trophies for the alit. Hunting safaris become trendy pursuit among the
wealthy, particularly in Britain and the United States. Thus the area of
the great white hunter began.
Professional hunters led ambition expeditions into the African
interior, affine at the expense of the local wildlife populations. R.J.
Cunningham famously headed one of the best famously head of one of
the best publicized African safaris, that of formers president Theodore
“teddy” Roosevelt during his excursion into British east African in 1909,
more than 1100 animals fell to the groups guns and traps the white
setters also cleared land for extensive farms at the expense of the local
hunting.
MEANING OF HUNTING
Is the human practice of seeking pursuing, capturing, or killing wildlife
or feral animals. The most common reasons for humans to hunt are to
harvest food and use fall animal products (fur/hide, bone/tusks,
horn/antler, etc) for recreation taxidermy (see trophy hunting),to
eliminate pests and hwsance animals that damage crops
/livestock/poultry our spread diseases (see garmenting), for trade/
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tourism (see safari) or for ecological conservation against
overpopulation and invasive spicier.
Recreationally hunter species are generally referred to as the
game and are usually mammals and birds. A person participating in a
hunt is a hunter or (less commonly).
Huntsmen, a natural area use for hunting is called a game reserve
an experienced hunter who helps organize a hunt and for manage the
game reserve is known as a gamekeeper.
Many non-human animals also hunt (se predation as part of their
feeding and parental behaviors, sometimes in quantities exceeding
immediate dietary needs. The one that does the hunting is the predator
and the one being hunter is the prey. Hunting activities by human arose
in homoerectus or earlier, in the order of millions of years ago. Hunting
has become deeply embedded in various human cultures and was one
an important part of the rural economies classified by economies as
part of primary production alongside forestry agriculture and fishery
modem regulations (see game law) distinguish lawful hunting activates
form illegal poaching which involves the unauthorized and unregulated
killing, trapping or capture or animals.
Apart from food provision, hunting can be a means of population
control. Hunting advocates state that regulated hunting can be A
necessary component of modern wildlife managements, for example to
help maintain a healthy proportion of animal populations within an
environment ecological carrying capacity when natural check such as
natural predators are absent or insufficient or to provide landing for
being programs and maintenance of natural reserves and conservation
parks however, excessive hunting has also healthily contributed to the
endangerment extirpation and extinction of many animal. Some
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animal rights and anti-hunting activists regards hunting as cruel,
perverse and unnecessary blood sport certain hunting practices, such as
connect hunts and ludicrously paid/bribed trophy hours[especially to
poor countries]. Are considered unethical and exploitative even by
some hunters.
Marine mammals such as whales and pennies are also targets of
hunting both recreationally and commercially, often with heated
controversies regarding the morality, ethics and legality of such
practices. The pursuit harvesting or catch and release of fish and
aquatic cephalopods and crustacean is called fishing, which however is
widely accepted and not commonly categorized as a form of hunting
even though it essentially is. It is also not considered hunting to pursue
animal without intending to kill them, as in wildlife photograph, bird
watching or scientific-research activities which involve tranquillizing or
trapping inserts and other arthropods for trophy collection or the
forming or gathering of plants and mushrooms, are also not regarded
as hunting skillful tracking and acquisition of an elusive target has
caused the word hunt to be used the vernacular as a metaphor for
searching and obtaining something as in treasure hunting bargain
hunting for vote and even hunting down corruption and waste.
To early human hunting was a necessity the quarry provided also
clothing from the skins, as well as material for tools from the bones,
horns, and hooves both archaeological evidence from the pot and
observation of simpler societies of the present show widespread
preoccupation with, and ingenuity in methods of hunting these varied
and very, with the nature of terrain the animal hunted, the ingenuity
and inventiveness of the hunters and the materials and technologies at
their disposal weapons ranged upward in intricacy and effectiveness
from stick and stones used to kill birds and small game to specially
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shaped clubs and throwing sticks such as the African knob Kerry, the
thrombus of the upper Niles and the Australian boomerang to spears
ranging from simple pointer sticks to those with separate fore shaft,
usually barbed and armed with heads of sharpened stone, bone, or
metal except in Australian, bow and arrows were revived by awed
hunters in the 19th century. The blowpipe or blowgun, with it poisoned
darts is one of the hunter’s deadliest weapons.
Camouflages and disguises were used to conceal the early hunter,
who also used nooses, traps, snares, pits, decoys, baits, and poison
dogs were probably trained to hunt as early as Neolithic times and
came to be bread for specialized skills. The horse was adapted to the
hunt in the 2nd millennium B.C.E.
The development of agriculture made hunting less a sole means
of support, but it was still pursued to protect crops , flocked, or herds
as well as for food the hunter’s continual training us with the
implements and in tracking and stalking hard a social value in
maintaining group activity earning prestige and preserve tradition.
RELIGION OF HUNTING
Many prehistoric deities are depicted as predator or prey of
hunting for most Paleolithic culture. in many pagan religions, specific
rituals are conducted before or after a hunt, the rituals done may very
according to the species hunted or the season the hunt is taking place
often a hunting ground, or the hunt for one or more species, was
reserved or prohibited in the context of a temple cult in Oman religion,
Diana is the godless of the hunt.
Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an occupation easel as a
sport of the kingly. Even figures considered divine are described to have
engaged in hunting one of the names of the good Shiva is mrigavgadha,
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which translates as ‘’the deer but for all animals and animal instincts
(mirage trishaw) Shiva as mrigavgadha, is the one who destroys the
animals instincts in human beings in the epic Ramayana, dashoratha,
the father of rams is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark . durian
one of this hunting expedition, the Accidentally killed shriven mistaking
him for game during rams exile in the forest, ravine kidnapped his wife,
vita, from their hut, while rams was asked by site to capture a golden
deer, and his brother lakshuman went after him . Accidentally killed the
say kingdom and his wife with arrow mistaking them fir a deer.
Jainism teacher followers to have tremendous respect for all of
life. Prohibition for hunting and meat eating are the fundamental
conditions for being a join, Buddhism’s first precept is the respect for all
sentient life. The general approach by all Buddhists is to avoid killing
any living animals, Buddha explained the issues by saying ‘’all fear
death; company others with oneself, one should neither kill nor cause
to kill.
In Sikhism, only meat obtained from hunting or slaughtered with
the jhalka is permitted the Sikh guars, especially gaga hargobind and
guru go bind Singh were ardent hunter many old Sikh rehutnamas like
perm sum rag, recommend hunting wild boar and deer however,
among modern silks, the precise of hunting has died down, same even
saying that all meat is forbidden.
From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman
Catholic Church clerics. Thus corpus juries canonical (II, X, Declare.
vents) say, ‘’we forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions
through the woods with haunts; and we also forbid them to keep
hawking or falcons. The decree of the Lateran, held under pope
innocent ill, decreed (cannon); ‘’ we interdict hunting or hawking to all
clerics the decree of the council of Trent is worded more mildly; let
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clerics abstain from illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction
declaring noisy (alamorosa) hunting unlawful but not quiet (quieter)
hunting.
Ferraris gives it as the general sense of (agonists that hunting is
allowed to clerics if it be indulged or rarely and for sufficient cause as
necessity utility or ‘’honest’’ recreation, and with that moderation
which is becoming to the ecclesiastical state Ziegler, however, thinks
that the letter or spirit of the laws of the church.
Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful
hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is a certain that a bishop can
absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done
by synods at Milan, Avignon, liege, cologne and elsewhere. Benedict
XIV declared that such synordal decrees are not too severe, as an
absolute prohibition is more conformable to the ecclesial law. In
practice, therefore, the synod statutes of various localities must be
consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit if
altogether.
In Jewish law hunting is not forbidden although there is are
aversion to it. The great 18th century authority rabbi yechezkol land an
after a study considered cruelty to animals insofar as the animals generally
killed quickly and not fortuned there is an unseemly element in can be
dangerous and pluralism places an extreme emphasis on the valve of
human life.
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CHATER THREE
MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT/ PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUES
Naturally man cannot do without any materials or tools when
working. Before any successful work is done you mush have an
equipment(tools) Creating his work. The materials use in producing
sculpture work are different from the one used in drawing, graphics,
painting and exile this materials used by sculptors are discussed below.
MATERIALS: The following media were used for the production of the
project work, these are..
1. Cement
2. Iron rod 10mm and 8mm
3. Quarter rod
4. Sand barding wire
5. Chicken mesh
EQUIPMENT/TOOLS: These equipment or tools used for this project
works include the following.
1. Measuring tape
2. Saw
3. Hammer
4. Hand trowel
5. Hand glove
6. Head pan
7. Brush
8. Sculpture knife
9. Flat spoon
10. Goggles.
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USE OF EQUIPMENT.
1. MEASURING TAPE- Is used in measuring the width and length of
materials.
2. SAW- Is used for cutting of rods when it is measured and marked
accordingly.
3. HAMMER- Is used for the bending of rods.
4. HAND TROWEL- Is mainly for mixing small quantity of cement and
applying to the armature and also for plastering.
5. HEAD PAN- Is use for measuring the quantity of cement, sand and
grovels as wells carrying of water.
6. BRUSH- Is used for cleaning or painting.
7. SCULPTURE KIFE- Is used for measuring the quantity of cement to
the armature.
8. GOGGLES- IS used to protect the contort of light from the eyes or
eye effects.
PROCEDURE/ TECHNIQUES
The procedure of the sculpture work depends on the related
topic. Measuring tape was used to determine and measure out the
length of the figure and then mark it out on the rod, the rod is cut
according to the size and try firm to form armature the rod serves as
bone, which is called armature or the skeleton. This icon is try together
with the help of the pliers.
The stage or process is mainly cone with the starting procedure to
the finishing under armature, you must first measure a rod cut the
length and bend it together to from armature and bring out the desired
shape after the armature is formed, cut out the chicken mesh and
covered armature, inside the armature helps to reduce the quantity of
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cement that could have fill the inside of armature and coursing it to be
very heavy.
After meshing the ratio of 1:3 that is one head pan of sand and
mix it together with water and from the base or slab. After some days
when it get set you go to the application of cement on the armature by
mixing cement and sand together that is the ratio of 1:2 which is one
head pan of cement and two head pan of sand to produce the first layer
on the armature. This is mix is not smoothly applied so that when
applying the second one it will stick to it.
The second layer you now mix cement and sand at the ratio of 1:3
that is one head pan of cement and three head pan of sand and mix
with water and start the application of the second layer, when Appling
the second layer you must be carefully because of high point so that if
you want to apply cement, you must take into consideration the de
press ions you may make use of hammer or chisel and still it should not
be sooth.
The third layer, in this case you must have to bring out the feature
of the work so the application of cement and sand is mixed at the ratio
of 1:1 that is the major reason is to resist water or allowed water to
penetrate into the work. Note that the work must be well dried after
each layer before applying the next layer.
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CHAPTER FOUR
PROBLEMS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION.
PROBLEM: Problems are difficulties or constraints that tend to
frustrate one effort in any way. In achieving any Endeavour it is
sometimes unavoidable but is overcome through determination. This
project is of great importance towards our future and as a Mather of
fact is not accomplish without attainment constraints.
This problem comes as follows:
1. FINANCE: It is a common fact that nothing can be done without
(means)-money. In this regard much time was expended in
soliciting for funds from any parents/relatives.
2. MATERLAIS: This project required basic and necessary materials
for accomplishment. Some of this were not accessible and that
constituted a big problem alternatively I resorted to improvisation
to avoid much delay.
3. TECHIQUE AND APPROACHES: The technique that was learned
theoretically proved difficult for me in practical application.
However, the good supervision offered by my supervisor bailed
me out of problem and relatively help me by acquiring more
practical still.
RECOMMENDATION.
For future and better academic work, I make the following
recommendations.
1. Since my first year I have not weld anything. This was as a result
of initial perception on the use of tools in project work.
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2. Basic equipment should be expose for student right from
early from in school with this they can develop manipulative
abilities in use of certain materials e.g. welding machine as for
me
3. The fine art department has been inconveniencing students
(learners) performances. This is as a result of a growing
number and keen learners were few in number therefore the
school should look with interest into this inconveniencing
situation.
4. Effort should be made in the area of employing qualified art
teachers to enhance learning will.
5. Supervisors should be motivated to identify with reasonable
solution during learning teaching.
SUMMARY.
The study of art involves the theoretical and the practical aspects.
The practical aspect involves the manipulation of equipment and the
use of various materials in the production of art done. Executing
practical proficient in the study field of interest in the cause of
executing practical project, the student is faced with problem of various
from which he/she is expected to solve and come out success fully with
a measure of standard in quality.
CONCLUSION.
We can say a country is developed when we view the progress that can
help student to be self employed or self valiant is most needed.
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REFERENCES.
Ibrahim, Banjoki (2009 AD) Cultural and Creative Art, made easy for
junior secondary School (U.B.E. 7-9)
Reamed [Link]. (2004). Vocational and Technical education F.C.E
Obudu.
Uzama Osagie Erese and Ezekiel Dele Ogubssina- Creative Art and Craffs
(2002).
Uzoagbe l.N.- Undersandting Art in General Education. Third Edition
(2002).
Wangboye T. Art for Secondary Schools (1982)
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APPENDIX ONE
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APPENDIX TWO