2.

9 APPLYING R ON DATASETS
Ifunctions
n this section you will be introduced to using the basic
and operations of R in processing data, your
baptism of re. You will also be introduced to some of the
functions that are commonly used in R, particularly in Data
Processing as we go along with this learning session.

To start, let’s create a simple dataset of 31 records of

students with Jame, Age and Score. We can do this in
severals ways:
• Create the dataset using the [Link] function.
• Create the list in any spreadsheet application, save the le
in a CSV format then load it in R using the read_csv2
function.
• Create the dataset in MS Excel and use the read_excel
function from the readxl Library.
• Create the dataset in a JSON format (.json) and use the
fromJSON function from the rjson Library.
The list goes on… and mostly, it will need you to install
Libraries and understand the functions to make it work.

But with this learning session, we will stay within the base
functions that are included within the R Base Packages. And
with this, we can use either the read_csv function or create
the dataset using the [Link] function. And before
anything else, we need to have a data that we can work on.
So, let’s use a “made-up” dataset of student with Names, Age
and Score to simulate a test score record of random students
whose ages are between 19 to 23 years of age and a score
ranging from 60 to 100.

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 Sample Dataset
(you can generate your own records)
Name Age Score

Alice 20 85

Bob 21 78

Charlie 19 92

David 22 65

Eva 20 88

Frank 23 95

Grace 21 70

Henry 20 76

Ivy 19 90

Jack 22 60

Kate 21 82

Leo 20 91

Mia 23 87

Noah 21 79

Oliver 20 84

Paul 22 68

Quinn 19 93

Ruby 21 77

Sam 20 89

Tina 22 64

Uma 21 81

Vic 20 86

Will 23 90

Xena 19 95

Yara 21 72

Zack 20 80

Anna 22 67

Ben 21 74

Carla 20 88

Derek 23 85

Ella 21 78

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 You can copy the sample dataset to your favorite
spreadsheet application and save it as a CSV le (i.e.
[Link]), just your the default settings. Once saved,
all you need to do is to open your R Console or R Studio IDE
and run the following command:

1. Check your Current Working Directory:

> getwd()

# this command allows you to get the current working directory of your R
# this will surely be set to a default location, your User Directory

2. Set your New Working Directory:

> setwd()

# this command will allow you set the working directory for your R
# let’s make sure to specify a working directory for our R session
# replace MyWorkingDirectory with your preferred directory

> setwd(‘MyWorkingDirectory’)

3. Load your dataset from a CSV File:

> students <- [Link](‘[Link]’, header = TRUE)

4. If all goes well, your dataset, named students, will be

loaded to R. Then we now try to view our dataset.

> students
# this will just directly print values of the dataset (students)

> head(students)
# display the first 6 records of the dataset

> tail(students)
# this will directly print the last 6 records of the dataset

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 If you were able to display the dataset in step #4, then you
are all set for data processing. But, before we do that, let’s do
an alternative process in creating a dataset. And take note,
this will require a bit more work but it is a good way to better
understand dataset preparation using [Link] and
vectors. So, let’s do some manual dataset creation.

1. Create each records (Name, Age & Score) using the

vector data structure and combine function, c().

> Name <- c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "David", "Eva", "Frank", "Grace", "Henry",
"Ivy", "Jack","Kate", "Leo", "Mia", "Noah", "Oliver", “Paul","Quinn",
"Ruby", "Sam", "Tina", "Uma", "Vic", "Will", "Xena", "Yara", "Zack",
"Anna", "Ben", "Carla", "Derek", “Ella")

> Age <- c(20, 21, 19, 22, 20, 23, 21, 20, 19, 22, 21, 20, 23, 21, 20, 22,
19, 21, 20, 22, 21, 20, 23, 19, 21, 20, 22, 21, 20, 23, 21)

> Score <- c(85, 78, 92, 65, 88, 95, 70, 76, 90, 60, 82, 91, 87, 79,
84, 68, 93, 77, 89, 64, 81, 86, 90, 95, 72, 80, 67, 74,
88, 85, 78)

# each of the created vectors represent the columns of the student dataset

2. Create the dataset (students) using the [Link]()

function.

> students <- [Link](Name, Age, Score)

# this command combines all 3 vectors into a dataframe (students)

# take note on the arrangement of the vectors

3. Test your dataset by displaying the values. Refer to Step

#4 in page 79.

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 Now that we have a dataset that we can work on, let’s
inspect it rst to better understand what we are dealing with
before doing something with it.

• Display the Dataset Structure

> str(students)
# str() is a function that displays the structure of the Object

• Check the Dimension of the Dataset

> dim(students)
# dim() displays the dimensions of the Object

• Draw out the names of the Columns

> names(students)
# names() will list down the Names of the Object (Columns)

• Get the General Description of the Dataset

> summary(students)
# summary() will list down a General Description of the Object
# the displayed result will vary based on the Object itself

• Plot a General Visualization of the Dataset

(more on this data exploration and visualization, Module 3)

> plot(students)
# plot() will list draw a general visualization based on the records and
columns of the Object.
# this will allow you to assess which variables would be best fitted to be
processed and evaluated more to better describe the dataset

Now let’s use some investigate further on our dataset and

use the Basic Concepts of R to process the data. Let’s start by

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asking some questions to better understand the dataset and
we will implement some R codes to get the results.

1. How many records does the dataset contain?

> dim(students)
# dim() displays 2 values, rows and columns

> nrow(students)
# nrow() displays the number of rows in an object.
# ncol() displays the number of columns in an object.
# dim() displays both

Answer: ___

2. How many students in each Age?

> table(students$Age)
# table() displays the count of each unique value of a specific column

Answer: 19 20 21 22 23
__ __ __ __ __

3. What are the unique ages represented in the dataset?

> unique(students$Age)
# unique() displays each unique value of a specific column

Answer: __ __ __ __ __

4. What is the average score of the students?

> mean(students$Score)
# mean() calculates and displays the average of the values of the column

Answer: _____

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5. Which student has the highest score?

> max(students$Score)
# max() displays maximum value of the provided data

> students[[Link](students$Score), ]
# [Link]() searches for the maximum value and returns the complete
record (row) of the dataset using the index value

Answer: ____

6. Which student has the lowest score?

> min(students$Score)
# min() displays minimum value of the provided data

> students[[Link](students$Score), ]
# [Link]() searches for the minimum value and returns the complete
record (row) of the dataset using the index value

Answer: ____

7. What is the median age of the students?

> median(students$Age)
# median() searches and displays the median value of the provided data

Answer: ____

8. How many students scored above 80?

> number_of_students_above_80 <- sum(students$Score > 80)

# sum() when used this way will behave as a count() in other languages

Answer: ____

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9. What is the age range of the students (oldest and
youngest)?

> range(students$Age)
# range() displays the minimum and maximum value of a specific dataset
# min() and max() can also be used. But these are 2 different commands

10. Are there any students with the same score? If so, how
many?

> table(students$Score)
# this is the simplest command to execute, find the score with a value
greater than 1 (one) and that’s it

> myTab <- table(students$Score)

> myTab_duplicate <- myTab[myTab > 1]
> nrow(myTab_duplicate)
# this is a bit complicated but all it does is create a table of unique values
of Score and a count of repetition then at the second command, it removes
all records whose count is not greater than 1.
# the last command counts the number of rows in your Object.

> sum(duplicated(students$Score))
# duplicated() counts the number of items that has a duplicated value
# using sum() as a counter

Answer: ____

11. How many students fall within speci c age groups

(e.g., 18-20, 21-23)?

> myTab_by_Age <- cut(students$Age, breaks = c(18, 20, 23), right = FALSE)
> myTab_count <- table(myTab_by_Age)
# cut() categorizes the ages based on the provided parameters in the breaks,
# the right parameters specifies if the right most value is included or not
# with the given category, running the table(), counts the number of
occurrences each category repeats itself, in other words, count.

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Answer: [18,20) [20,23)
_____ _____

12. What percentage of students scored above the

average score?

> mean(students$Score > mean(students$Score)) * 100

# mean() is the average of the Score.
# this process will collate all Scores that are greater than the average score
and then computes the percentage of the Scores above the average score.

Answer: _____

13. List down the all the students and put a remark Passed
when the score is 75 or above and Failed if not.

> for (i in 1:nrow(students)) {

if (students$Score[i] >= 75) {
cat(students$Name[i], "Passed.\n")
}
else {
cat(students$Name[i], "Failed.\n")
}
}

14. Create additional column in the students dataset

named Grade where A is given to Scores from 90 and
above, B from 80 to 89, C for Scores below 80

> students$Grade <- ifelse(students$Score >= 90, "A",

ifelse(students$Score >= 80, "B", "C"))
# creating a new column in a dataset is as simple as calling the students
dataset and placing a new column name Grade (students$Grade)

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HANDS-ON ACTIVITY # 4
W ell then, now that we have learned how to use the basic
commands in R to process data, let us now emulate what we
have done in this session.

Scenario:
You are provided a dataset with at least 3 columns and 40
records. You are then asked to describe the dataset and
provide some data processing operation an produce a
valuable result.

Data: You can create a dataset on your own or nd some

simple datasets online

Assessing and Describing a Dataset:

Objective: Apply some analysis to describe your dataset and

present some valuable data to further description of the said
dataset.

Steps:

1. Create your dataset.

2. Load your dataset to R (refer to pages 77 to 80).

3. Use the basic R commands that will describe the

dataset (refer to page 81).

4. Once you are done with the basic dataset description,

do some data processing to better evaluate and process
the information in your dataset. (use the example questions
found in pages 81 to 85 as reference).

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Paste or write your R Scripts below.
(Should you be using a CSV file for your dataset, please include a copy within
this document)

>

(Add more sheets when needed)

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>

(Add more sheets when needed)

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