EMBEDDED NETWORKING

PROTOCOLS
MODULE 6
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION
❑ I2C is invented in 1989 by Philips semiconductor
❑ It is a serial protocol with only two wire interface like UART
❑ Widely used for short distance and intra-board communication
❑ I2C has the best features of both SPI and UART protocols
❑ It can support multi-master and
multi-slave configuration

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

INTRODUCTION
❑ I2C protocol use only two pins Serial Data (SDA) and Serial
Clock (SCL)

❑ Data is transmitted bit by bit along SDA in I2C

❑ SDA (Serial Data) – Bidirectional connection between master

and slave

❑ SCL (Serial Clock) – clock signal

INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

INTRODUCTION
❑ I2C is also a synchronous protocol, hence the output is
synchronized using clock signal

❑ Common clock signal is shared between master and slave

❑ Master always controls the clock signal

❑ Master device addresses the slave devices via SCL

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

HOW I2C WORKS

❑ Data is transferred as messages in I2C
❑ Messages are broken to frames of data
❑ Each message contains a binary address frame of the slave
and data frames
❑ One or many data frames with data can be transferred in
one message
❑ Message has start and stop conditions, read, write, ACK &
NACK bit between each data frame
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
HOW I2C WORKS
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

HOW I2C WORKS

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

HOW I2C WORKS

❑ Start Condition: SDA pin switches from high to low voltage
level before the SCL pin switches from high to low

❑ Stop Condition: SDA pin switches from low to high voltage after
SCL pin switches from low to high

❑ Address Frame: 7- or 10-bit unique address is assigned to

each slave for identifying when master wants to connect to it
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

HOW I2C WORKS

❑ Read/Write Bit: This bit defines the state of master, whether it is
sending data (low) or receiving data (high)

❑ ACK/NACK Bit: Each frame is followed by a ACK bit.

❑ If message is successfully received, an ACK bit is returned

INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-1: The master sets

the start condition by
setting all SDA pin to low
before setting SCL pin

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-2: The master sends

7 or 10 bit address to
each slave with which it
wants to communicate
with, along with the
read/write bit

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-3:
▪ After receiving address from
master, slave compare the
address with its own address
▪ If the address matches, ACK
bit is sent and SDA pin is
switched to low
▪ If address does not matches
slave keeps the SDA pin
high
[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-4: The master sends or

receives the data frame

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-5: After each successful

data reception, the
receiving device sent an
ACK bit

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-6: To end the data

transmission, the master sets
the SCL pin high before
setting SDA pin high

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

Multiple Master
with Multiple Slaves

Single Master with

Multiple Slaves

[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

❑ ADVANTAGES:
▪ Only uses two wires
▪ Supports multiple masters and slaves
▪ Use chip addressing
▪ ACK/NACK bit for successful transmission
▪ it can work well with both slow and fast ICs.

❑ DISADVANTAGES:
▪ Slower data transfer rate than SPI
▪ Clock speed limitation & power dissipation because of pull-up resistor
▪ hardware complexity increases with multi master/slave configuration
▪ Frame overhead due to ack bits and device address bits
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

I2C Line Pin in Arduino

SDA A4
SCL A5
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Arduino function for I2C protocol (Wire Library)

[Link]() //Initialize the I2C bus

[Link](address, quantity)
//address- 7 bit address of the device to request bytes
//quantity- The number of bytes to request

[Link]() //receives a byte of data transmitted from slave to master

[Link]() //sends data to master from slave on request
[Link](handler) //register a function to call when master request data
//from slave
[Link](handler) - //Registers a function to be called when a slave device
//receives a transmission from a master
[Link]() //reads a byte transmitted form slave to master
[Link]() //writes data to slave on request from master
[Link]() //modifies the clock frequency of I2C
Refer. URL :[Link]
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Master read I2C – Arduino Interface

include <Wire.h>
void setup()
{
[Link](); // join i2c bus (address optional for master)
[Link](9600); // start serial for output
}
void loop()
{
[Link](8, 6); // request 6 bytes from slavedevice #8
while ([Link]())
{
// slave may send less than requested
char c = [Link](); // receive a byte as character
[Link](c); // print the character
}
delay(500);
}
INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Slave sender I2C – Arduino Interface

#include <Wire.h>
void setup()
{
[Link](8); // join i2c bus with address #8
[Link](requestEvent); // register event
}
void loop()
{
delay(100);
}
// function that executes whenever data is requested by master
// this function is registered as an event, see setup()
void requestEvent()
{ [Link]("hello "); // respond with message of 6 bytes
// as expected by master
}
 CAN
Control Area Network
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

INTRODUCTION
❑ CAN bus allows all ECUs to communicate with each other via
a single bus
❑ CAN bus has two wires- CAN low and CAN high

❑ NEED FOR CAN:

▪ Simple and low cost – Communicate via one single bus
▪ Fully centralized – one point of entry
▪ Extremely robust – towards electromagnetic interference
and electric disturbance
▪ Efficient – CAN frame has ID for prioritization
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

Pictorial view of the point to point wiring connection

CONTROL AREA NETWORK
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

INTRODUCTION
❑ CAN protocol is a set of rules for transmitting and receiving
messages in a network of electronic devices.
❑ It is a method of communication used in automobiles to
communicate between electronic devices like active
suspension, ABS, gear control, lighting control, air
conditioning, airbags, central locking etc.
❑ Every electronic device is connected using a common serial
bus to receive and transmit data using CAN protocol
CONTROL AREA NETWORK
INTRODUCTION
❑ The node must have hardware and software embedded in
them to have data exchange

❑ Host controller (ECU/MCU) is responsible for the functioning of

the respective node.
❑ CAN controller convert the messages in accordance with the
CAN protocols for transmitting via CAN transceiver
❑ CAN controller can either be connected separately or embedded
inside the host controller
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

ADVANTAGES
▪ Low cost: They are cheap on bulk production
▪ Reliable: Highly immune to EMI and excellent error detection
and error handling
▪ Flexibility: can be easily connected / disconnected
▪ Good Speed: 1 MBit/s @ 40m bus length.
▪ Multi-master communication
▪ Fault Confinement
▪ Broadcast capability
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

CAN ARCHITECTURE
❑ CAN uses the existing OSI reference model for data
transmission
❑ CAN protocol uses lower two layers of OSI physical layer and
data link layer.
❑ System designer defined the functionality of remaining five
layers according to needs
❑ Host controller uses application layer of OSI model
❑ CAN controller incorporate logical link control (LLC) and MAC
medium access control of data link layer.
❑ LLC allows filtering of messages by using unique ID
CONTROL AREA NETWORK
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

CAN ARCHITECTURE

❑ Once, framing is done it is followed by arbitration, error

detection and acknowledgement handled by MAC layer

❑ CAN trans-receiver takes care of encoding and decoding.

❑ Finally, CAN trans-receiver synchronizes with the CAN bus for

message transmission
CONTROL AREA NETWORK
HOW CAN PROTOCOL WORKS?
❑ Master-slave configuration is not supported in the CAN protocol
architecture
❑ Each node cannot access every other node for reading and
writing data on CAN bus
❑ Based on the availability of bus, CAN bus writes the CAN frame
❑ Frame is defined structure, carrying sequence of bit or bytes of
data
❑ In CAN protocol predefined unique ID is used instead of
destination address
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

HOW CAN PROTOCOL WORKS?

❑ Every byte of information is defined in the CAN protocol

❑ All nodes receive the CAN frame and based on the ID nodes
decides whether to accept it or not

❑ Highest priority message gets the bus access and low priority
nodes will wait till the bus is available

❑ Nodes can be added without re-programming

CONTROL AREA NETWORK
MESSAGE FRAMING
❑ Messages in CAN are sent in a format called frames.
❑ Framing of message is done by MAC sub layer of Data Link
Layer.
❑ There are two type of frames standard or extended.
❑ These frames can be differentiated on the basis of identifier
fields.
❑ CAN frame with 11-bit identifier fields called Standard CAN
and with 29-bit identifier field is called Extended frame
❑ Binary values in CAN protocol are termed as dominant (logic
0) and recessive (logic 1) bits.
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

SOF 11 bit RTR IDE r0 DLC 0…8 CRC ACK EOF IFS
identifier byte
data

Various fields in standard CAN

 SOF 11 bit RTR IDE r0 DLC 0…8 CRC ACK EOF IFS

CONTROL AREA NETWORK

identi byte
fier data

STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

❑ SOF - Start of Frame bit. It indicates start of message and used
to synchronize the nodes on a bus. A dominant bit (logic 0) in
the field marks the start of frame.

❑ IDENTIFIER-It serves dual purpose, one to determine which

node has access to the bus and second to identify the type of
message.

❑ RTR - Remote Transmission Request. It identifies whether it’s a

data frame or a remote frame. RTR is dominant when it is a
data frame and recessive when it is a remote frame
 SOF 11 bit RTR IDE r0 DLC 0…8 CRC ACK EOF IFS

CONTROL AREA NETWORK

identi byte
fier data

STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

❑ IDE – Identifier Extension. It is used to specify the frame format.
Dominant bit is for standard and recessive for extended frame.

❑ R0 - Reversed bit. Not used currently and kept for future use.

❑ DLC – Data Length Code. It is 4-bit data length code that

contains the number of bytes being transmitted.

❑ DATA – Used to store up to 64 data bits of application data to

be transmitted.
 SOF 11 bit RTR IDE r0 DLC 0…8 CRC ACK EOF IFS

CONTROL AREA NETWORK

identi byte
fier data

STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

❑ CRC– Cyclic Redundancy Check. The 16-bit (15 bits plus
delimiter) cyclic redundancy check (CRC) contains the
checksum of the preceding application data for error
detection.

❑ ACK – Acknowledge (ACK) field. It compromises of the ACK

slot and the ACK delimiter. When the data is received
correctly the recessive bit in ACK slot is overwritten as
dominant bit by the receiver.
 SOF 11 bit RTR IDE r0 DLC 0…8 CRC ACK EOF IFS

CONTROL AREA NETWORK

identi byte
fier data

STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

❑ EOF– End of Frame (EOF). The 7-bit field marks the end of a
CAN frame (message) and disables

❑ IFS - Inter Frame Space that specifies minimum number of bits

separating consecutive messages

❑ IFS provides the intermission between two frames and consists of three
recessive bits known as intermission bits. This time allows nodes for
internal processing before the start of next frame.
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

EXTENDED CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

❑ It is same as 11-bit identifier with some added fields

❑ SRR- Substitute Reverse Request- always transmitted as a

recessive bit to make sure standard data frame always have
the same priority

❑ R1- It is another bit not used currently and kept for future use.
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

MESSAGE FRAME - TYPES

❑ There are four different frames which can be used on the bus.
❑ Data frames- most commonly used frame for data
transmission from one node to another node
❑ Data Frames contains Arbitration Fields, Control Fields, Data
Fields, CRC Fields, a 2-bit Acknowledge Field and an End of
Frame.
❑ Remote frames – seeks permission for data transmission from
another node
❑ Similar to data frame without data field & RTR bit is
recessive.
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

MESSAGE FRAME - TYPES

❑ Error frames – If transmitting or receiving node detects an error, it will
immediately abort transmission and send error frame consisting of an
error flag made up of dominant bits and error flag delimiter made up of
eight recessive bits.

Field within DATA or Error Frame Interface space or

Error Frame overload frame

Error Active
0……12 8
Error Flag Field Error Delimiter Field
Error Passive
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

MESSAGE FRAME - TYPES

❑ Overload frame-It is similar to error frame but used for providing extra
delay between the messages. An Overload frame is generated by a
node when it becomes too busy and is not ready to receive.
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

❑ Future of CAN bus

❑ Need to accommodate increasing advanced vehicle
❑ Role of Internet of Things in vehicles
❑ Development of autonomous vehicles
❑ The advancement of cloud computing
❑ To address security issues
❑ Vehicle telematics
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

❑ BIT STUFFING METHOD

❑ After 5 bits of identical value (either dominant or recessive), a
supplementary bit having an intentionally opposite value.

❑ To ‘break the rhythm’, and thus indicate that everything is all right,
despite appearances.

❑ This technique slightly extends the transmission time of a message.

❑ But it, lays an active part in safeguarding its content during transport.
CONTROL AREA NETWORK
❑ BIT STUFFING METHOD
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

❑ Arbitration field
❑ Set of bits in the message frame assigned to each message to
control arbitration.

❑ Consists of the identifier bits and the bit immediately following,

called the RTR (remote transmission request).

❑ Identifier –
❑ Length of the identifier is 11 bits,
❑ The bits are transmitted in the order from ID_10 toID_0
❑ the 7 most significant bits (from ID_10 to ID_4) must not all be recessive.

❑ RTR – Must be dominant bit.

CONTROL AREA NETWORK

❑ Arbitration field
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

❑ Remote Frame - RTR bit – Recessive

CONTROL AREA NETWORK

Types of ERRORS in CAN

❑ In Physical Layer
❑ Bit Error - bit itself is affected by errors
❑ Bit Stuffing Error - involuntary (parasites, transmissions, forgotten elements) or
sometimes deliberate.
❑ In Frame Layer
❑ CRC delimiter error
❑ ACKnowledgement delimiter error
❑ end of frame error
❑ error delimiter error
❑ overload delimiter error
❑ The presence of errors will be signaled by an error frame which is
generated on the bus to inform those entitled
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

❑ CONFINEMENT ERRORS

❑ The term ‘confinement’ implies a vast mechanism having the

purpose of determining whether a node is:
❑ not disturbed at all,
❑ slightly disturbed
❑ rather more seriously disturbed by errors
❑ too disturbed and must switch to bus off
CONTROL AREA NETWORK
❑ Processing confinement errors
CONTROL AREA NETWORK

❑ Bus Access
ZIGBEE
ZIGBEE
INTRODUCTION
❑ ZigBee protocol is mostly used in the power constraint short
distance communication

❑ Why another short-range communication protocol ?

❑ Bluetooth
❑ Wi-Fi

❑ ZigBee is specially built for control and sensor applications

❑ ZigBee is a standard with very low cost, low power device, low
data rate and short range communications
ZIGBEE
INTRODUCTION
❑ Most commonly used standard in WSN, IoT
❑ Open-source standard developed by ZigBee Alliance
❑ It works on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area
networks
❑ ZigBee operates at 868 MHz (Europe), 902-928MHz (US &
Australia) and 2.4 GHz (worldwide) frequencies
❑ Data rate of 250 kbps for low data rate applications
ZIGBEE

❑ ZigBee devices can cover a distance range between 10-100

meters.
❑ It supports master-slave configuration or master-master
configuration
❑ ZigBee architecture consist of coordinator, router and end
device
❑ ZigBee supports star, tree and mesh topologies
❑ Modes of operation – Beacon and Beacon less
ZIGBEE
❑ Coordinator
❑ Root of network
❑ One coordinator in each network
❑ Performs channel selection, assigning node ID, allocation
of unique address
❑ Routers
❑ Intermediate node between coordinator and end node
❑ Route traffic between different nodes
❑ Allows other end devices to join network
ZIGBEE
❑ End Node
❑ All traffic to end device is first routed to parent node
❑ sleep mode to increase battery efficiency

❑ Architecture
ZIGBEE
❑ Channel Access
❑ The coordinator assigns only one channel to the network
❑ Methods of channel access
❑ Contention based - need not synchronized and used CSMA
❑ CSMA: Channel goes to receive mode and check for any
signal, if no signal is detected then it will start data
transmission or else wait for a random period of time
❑ Contention free - Allocates specific time slot to each device
❑ GTS- Guaranteed Time Slot
ZIGBEE

ZigBee characteristics
❑ Low power consumption – extended battery life
❑ Low data rate – 200-250 kbps
❑ Wi-Fi- 11 Mbps, Bluetooth – 1 Mbps
❑ Short range
❑ 75-100 meter indoor
❑ Up to 300 meters outdoor
❑ Network join time- 30 sec
❑ Large and small networks – 65000 (theoretical)
❑ Low cost
❑ Uses AES encryption for security
ZIGBEE

Zigbee protocol stack

ZIGBEE

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY packet structure

PHY Service Data
Start of packet
Preamble (32 ) PHY header (8) Unit (PSDU)
delimiter (8)
(0-1016 bits)

Preamble – synchronization
Start of packet delimiter
PHY header – PSDU length
PSDU – data field
ZIGBEE

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frame format

o Data frame
o Beacon frame
o Acknowledgement frame
o Command frame
General MAC Frame Format
Octets : 2 1 0/2 0/2/8 0/2 0/2/8 Variable 2
Frame Sequence Destination Destination Source PAN Source Frame Frame
Control number PAN identifier Address Identifier Address payload Check
Sequence
MAC header MAC MAC footer
Payload
ZIGBEE

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frame format –

Beacon Frame Format
Octets : 2 1 4 or10 2 Variable variable Variable 2
Frame Beacon Source Super frame GTS field Pending Beacon Frame
control sequence address specification address payload check
number information field sequence
MAC header MAC payload MAC
Footer

• The beacon frame is transmitted periodically by the PAN coordinator.

• It provides information about the network management through the super
frame and GTS fields.
• It also synchronizes the network devices and indicates the proper
communication period for them.
ZIGBEE

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frame format

Command Frame Format
Octets: 2 1 4 to 20 1 Variable 2
Frame control Data Sequence Address Command type Command Frame Check
number information payload sequence
MAC header MAC payload MAC Footer

• Useful for communication between the network devices.

• The command identifier specifies actions like association, disassociation,
and data, GTS or beacon request.
ZIGBEE

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frame format

Data Frame Format
Octets : 2 1 4 to 20 Variable 2
Frame Control Data Sequence Address Data payload Frame check
number information sequence
MAC header MAC payload MAC footer

Acknowledgment Frame Format

Octets : 2 1 2
Frame control Data Sequence Number Frame Check sequence
MAC header MAC footer
ZIGBEE

Parameters Description
Radio Technology IEEE 802.15.4

Frequency band/Channels 2.4 GHz (ISM band)

16-channels (2 MHz wide)
Data rate 250 Kbits/sec

Encryption support AES-128 at Network Layer

Communication range 75-100 meter indoor
300+ meters line of sight
Network size (Theoretical) Up to 65,000
ZIGBEE

Advantages of ZigBee Protocol

❑ Simple setup and maintenance

❑ Low power consumption, ideal for long lifetime devices

❑ It can be used for lighting, security, appliance and home

access

❑ Low latency and low data rate

❑ It offers network flexibility and scalability

ZIGBEE

ZigBee connection with Arduino

ZIGBEE
Arduino Coding for Zigbee interface
#include <SoftwareSerial.h> if ([Link]())
SoftwareSerial XBee(0, 1); {
void setup() [Link]([Link]());
{ }
[Link](9600); }
[Link](9600);
}
void loop()
{
if ([Link]())
{
[Link]([Link]());
}
Bluetooth
BLUETOOTH
❑ Bluetooth is a transceiver protocol works in 2.4GHz wireless
link
❑ It’s a secure protocol, and it’s perfect for short-range, low-
power, low-cost, wireless transmissions
❑ Bluetooth is a dynamic standard where devices can
automatically find each other, establish connections, and
discover what they can do for each other on an ad hoc basis.
❑ Bluetooth networks can be referred as piconet and scatternet
❑ It use a master/slave model
BLUETOOTH : INTRODUCTION
❑ A single master device can be connected to up to seven different
slave devices
❑ The master coordinates communication throughout the piconet.
❑ It can send data to any of its slaves and request data from them
as well
❑ Slaves are only allowed to transmit to and receive from their
master.
❑ They can’t talk to other slaves in the piconet
❑ Every single Bluetooth device has a unique 48-bit address,
commonly abbreviated BD_ADDR. This will usually be presented in
the form of a 12-digit hexadecimal value
BLUETOOTH

Examples of Bluetooth master/slave piconet topologies.

BLUETOOTH
VERSIONS
BLUETOOTH
ARCHITECTURE

Applications

Others TCS SDP RFCOMM

Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)

Host Controller

Link Manager Protocol (LMP)

Baseband

Radio
BLUETOOTH : ARCHITECTURE
❑ Radio:
❑ This layer defines the requirements for a transceiver to
operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band such as frequency bands,
frequency hopping specifications, and modulation
techniques.

❑ Baseband:
❑ Baseband layer describes the specification of the Bluetooth
Link Controller (LC), and carries baseband protocol.
❑ Defines the addressing scheme, packet frame format,
timing, and power control algorithms.
❑ Two types of link can be created in baseband are ACL and
SCO.
BLUETOOTH
Two types of link between master and slave

❑ Asynchronous Connection Less (ACL)

▪ Packet switched data
▪ Slave can have only one ACL link to master
▪ Used for correct delivery over fast delivery
▪ Maximum data rate of 721 kbps

❑ Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)

▪ Real time data transmission
▪ Damaged packet cannot be retransmitted
▪ Data rate of 64 kbps
BLUETOOTH: ARCHITECTURE
❑ LMP:
❑ Used by the Link managers for link set-up and control.
❑ Other main functions of LMP are device authentication, message
encryption, and negotiation of packet sizes.

❑ Host Controller Interface (HCI):

❑ Provides a command interface to the Baseband LC and Link
Manager, to access hardware status and control registers.

❑ L2CAP:
❑ Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
supports higher level protocol multiplexing, packet
segmentation and reassembly, and also conveys the QoS.
BLUETOOTH: ARCHITECTURE
❑ RFCOMM:
❑ RFCOMM protocol provides emulation of serial ports
over the L2CAP protocol.

❑ SDP: Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)

❑ Provides a means for applications to discover which
services are provided by or available through a Bluetooth
device

❑ TCS: telephony control protocol for telephony service

❑ Applications: This includes the application profiles that allow

the user to interact with the Bluetooth applications.
BLUETOOTH: Frame Format
72 bits 54 bits 0-2744 bits
Access Code Header Data

Preamble Synchronisation Trailer Header Payload body CRC

(4) (64) (4)
Access code (AC) Data - contains data or control
▪ Used for packet identification information from upper layer
▪ Once packet is received, receiver in piconet will Header – identifies logical channel
compare the incoming signal with AC, if any Payload body – contains user data
mismatch is found packet will be ignored CRC- 16 bit checksum
▪ 72 bit AC is derived from master identity
▪ It is used for synchronization
▪ Three types
▪ Channel AC – targets piconet ID
▪ Device AC – individual devices
▪ Inquiry AC – used during pairing
BLUETOOTH: Frame Format

3 bits 4 bits 1 bits 1 bits 1 bits 8 bits

AM_ADDR Type Flow ARQN SEQN HEC

Header
▪ Address – it can address up to 7 slave devices, if it is 0, then messages will
broadcasted
▪ Type – defines type of incoming data
▪ ACL – Data medium (DM) or Data High (DH)
▪ SCO - Data Voice (DV) and High Quality Voice (HV)
▪ 12 types of packet for each SCO and HV
▪ 4 common control packets
▪ Flow- 1 bit flow control
▪ ARQN – 1 bit acknowledgement
▪ SEQN – 1 bit sequential numbering scheme for packet ordering
▪ HEC – Header error check
▪ Header = 3 X 18 bits = 54 bits
BLUETOOTH: Bonding & Pairing

❑ Pairing requires an authentication process to establish

connection between devices.

❑ Sometimes pairing is a simple “Just Works” operation,

❑ where the click of a button is all it takes to pair (this is common for
devices with no UI, like headsets).

❑ Older, legacy (v2.0 and earlier), pairing processes involve the

entering of a common PIN code on each device.
❑ The PIN code can range in length and complexity from four numbers
(e.g. “0000” or “1234”) to a 16-character alphanumeric string.
BLUETOOTH: Connection Process

❑ Creating a Bluetooth connection between two devices is a

multi-step process involving three progressive states.

❑ Step-1 Inquiry:
❑ If two Bluetooth devices know absolutely nothing about
each other
❑ One must run an inquiry to try to discover the other
❑ On receiving the inquiry, the device which listens to such a
request will send back address, name and other information
BLUETOOTH: Connection Process

❑ Step-2 Paging (Connecting) –

❑ Paging is the process of forming a connection between two
Bluetooth devices.

❑ Step-3 Connection –
❑ After a device has completed the paging process, it enters
the connection state.
❑ The mode of operation of device is decided in connection
phase
BLUETOOTH: Connection Modes
BLUETOOTH: Connection Modes
❑ Active Mode –
❑ Regular connected mode, where device send and receive data (
regular connection up-to 7 devices)
❑ Sniff Mode –
❑ Power saving mode, less active mode (frees slave for predetermined
period of time, recurring fixed time slot)
❑ Hold Mode –
❑ Temporary mode, device will be sleeping for a particular period of
time (frees slave for predetermined period of time, one time slot)
❑ Park Mode –
❑ Sleep mode with infinite time, slave will wake only if master tells it to
wake up (maximum of 255 devices can be added)
BLUETOOTH: Power Class

❑ The transmit power determines the range of a Bluetooth

module and it is defined by its power class.

❑ There are three defined classes of power:

Class Number Max Output Power Max Output Power Max Range

Class 1 20 dBm 100 mW 100 m

Class 2 4 dBm 2.5 mW 10 m
Class 3 0 dBm 1 mW 10 cm
BLUETOOTH: HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE

❑ HC‐05 module is an easy-to-use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port

Protocol) module, designed for transparent wireless serial
connection setup.

❑ The HC-05 Bluetooth Module can be used in a Master or Slave

configuration, making it a great solution for wireless
communication.

❑ This serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth

V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps modulation with
complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband.
BLUETOOTH: HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE

❑ The Bluetooth module HC-05 is a MASTER/SLAVE module.

❑ By default the factory setting is SLAVE.

❑ Role of the module (Master / Slave) can be configured only by

AT COMMANDS.

❑ Master module can initiate a connection to other devices.

❑ The user can use it simply for a serial port replacement to
establish connection between MCU and GPS, PC to your
embedded project, etc.
BLUETOOTH: HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE

❑ Hardware Features
▪ Up to +4 dBm RF transmit power.
▪ 3.3 to 5 V I/O.
▪ PIO (Programmable Input/Output) control.
▪ UART interface with programmable baud rate.
▪ With integrated antenna.

❑ Software Features
▪ Slave default Baud rate: 9600,
▪ Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity.
▪ Auto‐connect to the last device on power as default.
▪ Permit pairing device to connect as default.
▪ Auto‐pairing PINCODE:”1234” as default
BLUETOOTH: HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE
BLUETOOTH: HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE

Arduino Write a program to control a LED connected at Pin 7 of Arduino through command
send by Bluetooth supported mobile device.
#define ledPin 7 if (state == '0’) {
int state = 0; digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn LED OFF
void setup() { [Link]("LED: OFF"); // Send back, to the
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); phone, the String "LED: ON"
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); state = 0;
[Link](38400); }
} else if (state == '1') {
void loop() { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
if([Link]() > 0){ [Link]("LED: ON");;
// Checks whether data is comming from the state = 0;
serial port }
state = [Link](); }
// Reads the data from the serial port
}
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi

❑ WiFi is an alternative network to wired network which is

commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode.

❑ WiFi is stand for Wireless Fidelity is generic term that refers to

IEEE802.11 standard for Wireless Local Networks or WLANs.

❑ WiFi connects computers to each other, to the internet and to

the wired network.
Wi-Fi: Elements of Network
❑ WIFI uses radio technology to transmit and receive data at
high speed.
❑ Access Point (AP) –
❑ AP is a wireless LAN transceiver or “base station” that can
connect one or many wireless devices simultaneously to the
Internet.
❑ Wi-Fi cards –
❑ Accept the wireless signal and relay information. They can
be internal and external.
❑ Safeguards –
❑ Firewalls and anti-virus software protect networks from
uninvited users and keep information secure.
Wi-Fi: Elements of Network
❑ SSID (Service Set Identifier) :
❑ It is a 32-character name which identifies the Wi-Fi network and
differentiate one Wi-Fi to another Wi-Fi.
❑ All the devices are attempting to connect a particular SSID.
❑ Simply, SSID is the name of the wireless network.

❑ WPA-PSK (Wi-Fi Protected Access- Pre-Shared Key) :

❑ Program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance Authority to secure wireless
networks with the use of Pre-Shared Key(PSK) authentication.
❑ WPA has 3 types, such as WPA. WPA2, WPA3.
❑ It is a way of encrypting Wi-Fi signal to protect from unwanted users.

❑ Wi-Fi uses Ad-Hoc networks to transmit.

❑ It is a point-to-point network without any interface.
Wi-Fi: Topologies
❑ Peer-to-peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode)

❑ AP-based topology (Infrastructure Mode)

Wi-Fi
Peer-to-peer Topology

❑ AP is not required.

❑ Client devices within a cell can communicate with each other

directly.

❑ It is useful for setting up a wireless network quickly and easily.

Wi-Fi
Peer-to-peer Topology
Wi-Fi
Infrastructure network

❑ The client communicate through Access Point.

❑ Any communication has to go through AP.

❑ If a Mobile Station (MS), like a computer, a PDA, or a phone,

wants to communicate with another MS, it needs to send the
information to AP first, then AP sends it to the destination MS.
Wi-Fi
Infrastructure network
Wi-Fi
Hotspots
❑ Hotspot is a geographical area that has a readily accessible
wireless network.
❑ Hotspots are equipped with broad band Internet connection
and one or more Access points that allow users to access the
internet wirelessly.
❑ Hotspots can be setup in any public location that can support
an Internet connection.
Wi-Fi
How a Wi-Fi Network Works

❑ Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to an

internet connection.

❑ An access point acts as a base station.

❑ When Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hotspot the device

can then connect to that network wirelessly.
Wi-Fi
How a Wi-Fi Network Works

❑ A single access point can support up to 30 users and can

function within a range of 100 – 150 feet indoors and up to 300
feet outdoors.

❑ Many access points can be connected to each other via

Ethernet cables to create a single large network.
Wi-Fi
Advantages
❑ Mobility
❑ Ease of Installation
❑ Flexibility
❑ Cost
❑ Reliability
❑ Security
❑ Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
❑ Roaming
❑ Speed
Wi-Fi: Topologies
Limitations

❑ Interference
❑ Degradation in performance
❑ High power consumption
❑ Limited range
Wi-Fi: Topologies
Limitations

❑ Interference
❑ Degradation in performance
❑ High power consumption
❑ Limited range
Wi-Fi
Interface with Arduino

❑ ESP8266
Wi-Fi
Interface with Arduino

❑ ESP8266
Wi-Fi
Interface with Arduino

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial ESPserial(2, 3); // RX | TX
void setup()
{
[Link](115200); // communication with the host computer
//while (!Serial) { ; }
// Start the software serial for communication with the ESP8266
[Link](115200);
[Link]("");
[Link]("Remember to set Both NL & CR in the serial monitor.");
[Link]("Ready");
[Link]("");
}
Wi-Fi
Interface with Arduino

void loop()
{
// listen for communication from the ESP8266 and then write it to the serial
monitor
if ( [Link]() ) { [Link]( [Link]() ); }
// listen for user input and send it to the ESP8266
if ( [Link]() ) { [Link]( [Link]() ); }
}
RS232
Introduction
• RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232)
• Interference Standard
• Commonly used in computer serial ports.
• Standard defines the electrical
characteristics and timing of signals.
• Standard, TIA – 232 – F
History
• RS-232 was introduced in 1962
• RS-232 compatible port was a standard feature for serial
communication.
• Standard was revised and updated by Electronic Industries Alliance
and since 1988, by Telecommunications Industry Association.
• C version of standard issued in 1969
Standard
• In RS232, user data is sent as a time series of bits.
• Both Synchronous and Async. Transmissions are supported
• RS232 devices can be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or
Data Communication Terminal (DCE), defines that each device which
wires will be sending and receiving each signal.
• DTE : Refers to the terminals and computers that send and
receive the data
• DCE : Refers to the communication equipment, such a modems,
responsible for transmitting the data.
Limitations
• Limited transmission speed,
• Relatively large voltage swing,
• Big standard connectors
• Multi-drop connection amongst more than 2 devices is not defined.
• Also, multi-drop have limitations in speed and compatibility.

• This led to the development of Universal Serial Bus (USB)

PINs
[Link] Carrier Detect – After a data terminal is detected,
a signal is sent to the data set that is going to be
transmitted to the terminal.
[Link] Data – The data set receives the initial signal
via the receive data line (RxD).
[Link] Data – The data terminal gets a signal from
the data set, a confirmation that there is a connection
between the data terminal and the data set.
[Link] Terminal Ready – A positive voltage is applied to
the data terminal ready (DTR) line, a sign that the data
terminal is prepared for the transmission of data.
[Link] Ground – A return for all the signals on a single
interface, the signal ground (SG) offers a return path for
serial communications. Without SG, serial data cannot
be transmitted between devices.
PINs
6. Data Set Ready – A positive voltage is applied to the data
set ready (DSR) line, which ensures the serial
communications between a data terminal and a data set
can be completed.
7. Request to Send – A positive voltage indicates the request
to send (RTS) can be performed, which means the data set
is able to send information to the data terminal without
interference.
8. Clear to Send – After a connection has been established
between a data terminal and a distant modem, a clear to
send (CS) signal ensures the data terminal recognizes that
communications can be performed.
9. Ring Indicator – The ring indicator (RI) signal will be
activated if a modem that operates as a data set detects
low frequency. When this occurs, the data terminal is
alerted, but the RI will not stop the flow of serial data
between devices.
Handshaking in RS-232
• To ensure reliable data transmission between two devices, the data
transmission must be coordinated.
• Many of the pins of RS-232 connector are used for handshaking.