PERI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (AUTONOMOUS) Set.

A
No.
Mannivakkam, Chennai-48
B.E./[Link]. DEGREE MODELEXAMINATION MAY 2025
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE
Regulations 2021
Semester: VI
Date: 19.05.2025
Subject Code: CS3591
Time: Three Hours
Subject Name: Computer Networks
Maximum Marks: 100
Answer all Questions
PART-A (10x 2=20Marks)
Q. No. CO CL
1 Write down the requirements to build a computer networks. 1
Building a computer network requires careful planning and specific
components to ensure efficiency, security, and scalability. R
1. Hardware Components, 2. Software & Protocols, 3. Network
Design & Configuration,4. Security Measures,5. Scalability &
Maintenance.
2 Compare LAN and WAN 1
Here’s a comparison between LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN
(Wide Area Network):
Feature LAN WAN
A network within a small A network that spans large
Definition geographic area, like a geographic areas, connecting
home, office, or building. multiple LANs.
Limited to a small space
Coverage Covers cities, countries, or even
(usually within a few
Area continents.
kilometers).
Slower compared to LAN due to
Generally faster (e.g., 100
Speed long-distance data transmission
Mbps – 10 Gbps).
(e.g., 1 Mbps – 1 Gbps).
Typically owned, operated, U
Ownershi Managed by telecom providers
and maintained by an
p or ISPs.
individual or organization.
Expensive due to infrastructure
Lower setup and
Cost requirements and leased
maintenance costs.
connections.
More vulnerable to cyber
Easier to secure since it's a
Security threats due to wider
private network.
accessibility.
Technolo Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Fiber MPLS, VPNs, Satellite links,
gy Used optics. Cellular networks.
The Internet, corporate
Office network, home Wi-Fi,
Example networks connecting branches
school network.
globally.
3 Define Flow control. 2 R
Flow control is a technique used in data communication to manage the
rate at which data is transmitted between devices. It ensures that the
sender does not overwhelm the receiver with more data than it can
process, preventing data loss and congestion.
4 What are the services provided by Transport Layer protocol. 2 U
The Transport Layer of the OSI model is responsible for ensuring
reliable data transfer between devices. It provides several essential
Subject Code: CS3691
 services:
1. Connection Establishment & Termination
2. Reliable Data Transfer
3. Flow Control
4. Error Detection & Correction
5. Multiplexing & Demultiplexing
6. Segmentation & Reassembly
7. Congestion Control
(QoS) Management
5 Why IPv6 is preferred over IPv4? 3
IPv6 is preferred over IPv4 mainly because it addresses limitations of
the older protocol and offers several improvements.
1. Larger Address Space,[Link] Security,3. Better R
Performance & Efficiency
4. Enhanced Mobility & Auto-Configuration,5. Support for IoT
(Internet of Things).
6 Find the class of each address. a) 11000001 10000011 00011011 3 R
11111111
b) [Link]
Convert the first octet (11000001) to decimal:
 11000001 in decimal = 193
 IP addresses are categorized based on the first octet:
 Class A: 1–126
 Class B: 128–191
 Class C: 192–223
 Class D: 224–239 (Multicast)
 Class E: 240–255 (Experimental)
Since 193 falls in Class C, the given address belongs to Class C.
(b) [Link]
 The first octet is 252, which falls in the 240–255 range, meaning
it belongs to Class E (Experimental, typically reserved for
research).
7 How do the routers differentiate the incoming unicast, multicast, 4 R
broadcast IP packets.
Routers differentiate unicast, multicast, and broadcast IP packets
based on their destination IP addresses and specific handling rules.
8 What is Routing information protocol (RIP)? 4 U
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing
protocol used in computer networks to determine the best path for
data packets. It operates by periodically sharing routing information
with neighboring routers to maintain an updated routing table.
9 Find the hamming distance between the two pair of code words: A = 5 R
01011;
B = 11110.
The Hamming distance between two binary strings is the number of
positions at which the corresponding bits are different.
Given:
A = 01011
B = 11110
Now, compare each bit position:
A B
Positi Differe
(01011 (11110
on nce
) )
1st 0 1 ✅
2nd 1 1 ❌

Subject Code: CS3691

 3rd 0 1 ✅
4th 1 1 ❌
5th 1 0 ✅
Total Differences = 3
Thus, the Hamming distance between A and B is 3.

10 What is a Virtual LAN? 5 U

A Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a logical network segment within a larger
physical network, allowing devices to communicate as if they were on
the same local network—even if they are physically spread across
different locations.
PART-B (5 x 13 = 65Marks)
Q. No. Split CO CL
up
11 (a) What are the layers of the ISO/OSI protocol stack? Briefly 13 1
list out their functions.
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model
consists of seven layers, each with a specific function in
network communication. Here's a brief overview:
1. Physical Layer
 Handles hardware transmission (cables, switches,
wireless signals).
 Defines data bit transmission (electrical, optical
signals).
2. Data Link Layer
 Ensures error-free data transfer between adjacent
network devices.
 Uses MAC addresses for device identification.
 Example: Ethernet, Wi-Fi
3. Network Layer
 Manages IP addressing and routing between
networks.
 Determines the best path for data packets.
 Example: IP, ICMP (ping) U
4. Transport Layer
 Provides end-to-end communication and reliability.
 Implements flow control & error handling.
 Example: TCP, UDP
5. Session Layer
 Establishes, manages, and terminates
communication sessions.
 Example: Remote login (SSH, NetBIOS)
6. Presentation Layer
 Formats, encrypts, and compresses data before
transmission.
 Ensures interoperability between different data
representations.
 Example: SSL/TLS encryption
7. Application Layer
 Interfaces directly with end-user applications.
 Manages network services like file transfer, email,
web browsing.
 Example: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS
[OR]
(b) Explain different types of networks in detail with neat 13 1 U
diagram
Subject Code: CS3691
 Computer networks are classified based on their
geographical scope, functionality, and architecture. Here’s
a detailed explanation of the different types of networks:
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
 Definition: A network that connects devices within a
small geographical area such as a home, office, or
campus.
 Characteristics:
o High-speed data transmission (typically 100
Mbps to 10 Gbps).
o Low latency and minimal interference.
o Uses Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or fiber-optic connections.
 Example: Office or home network where computers,
printers, and devices communicate.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Definition: A network that spans large geographical
areas, connecting multiple LANs.
 Characteristics:
o Slower data transmission compared to LAN
(typically 1 Mbps to 1 Gbps).
o Often maintained by ISPs (Internet Service
Providers).
o Uses leased lines, satellite links, or MPLS.
 Example: The Internet or a corporate network
connecting offices worldwide.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Definition: A network that covers a city or large
campus.
 Characteristics:
o Faster than WAN but slower than LAN.
o Uses fiber-optic backbone for high-speed
transmission.
o Generally owned by telecom companies or
organizations.
 Example: University campuses, city-wide public Wi-Fi
networks.

4. Personal Area Network (PAN)

 Definition: A network for personal use, connecting
devices within a short range.
 Characteristics:
o Covers a few meters.
o Used for short-range communication.
o Bluetooth or infrared technologies are common.
 Example: Smartwatches connected to mobile
phones, home automation systems.

5. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

 Definition: A secure network that allows remote
access to private networks using encryption.
 Characteristics:
o Enables secure communication over public
networks.
o Uses tunneling protocols (PPTP, IPSec,
OpenVPN).
o Provides anonymity and enhanced security.

Subject Code: CS3691

  Example: Remote employees accessing corporate
servers securely.

6. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

 Definition: A wireless version of LAN using radio
signals (Wi-Fi).
 Characteristics:
o Uses access points (APs) for connectivity.
o Provides mobility and flexibility.
 Example: Wi-Fi networks in homes, coffee shops,
airports.

12 (a) With neat architecture, Explain TCP and its sliding window 13 2 U
algorithm for flow control.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Sliding
Window Algorithm
Overview of TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable,
connection-oriented protocol used in network
communication. It ensures accurate data transmission
between sender and receiver by using mechanisms like
error checking, flow control, and congestion control.
TCP Architecture
TCP follows a client-server model, where communication
occurs through a structured process:
1. Connection Establishment – Uses the Three-Way
Handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK).
2. Data Transmission – Segments data into packets
and sends them efficiently.
3. Flow Control & Congestion Control – Regulates
data transmission speed.
4. Connection Termination – Ensures proper closure of
the session.
TCP Header Format:
 Source & Destination Ports – Identifies
communication endpoints.
 Sequence & Acknowledgment Numbers – Ensures
proper data delivery.
 Window Size – Controls the amount of data that can
be sent.
 Flags – Includes SYN, ACK, FIN for session
management.

Sliding Window Algorithm for Flow Control

The Sliding Window Protocol is used in TCP to manage
the flow of data between sender and receiver. It ensures:
 Efficient transmission without overwhelming the
receiver.
 Optimized use of available bandwidth.
Working of Sliding Window:
1. Fixed Window Size: The sender can send multiple
packets (not just one at a time) before requiring an
acknowledgment.
2. Acknowledgment Process: The receiver
acknowledges received packets and moves the
window forward.
3. Dynamic Adjustment: TCP adjusts the window size

Subject Code: CS3691

 based on network conditions.
Types of Sliding Windows:
1. Go-Back-N (GBN) – If an error occurs, the sender
retransmits all packets from the lost one onward.
2. Selective Repeat (SR) – Only the corrupted or lost
packets are retransmitted.

[OR]
(b) Define UDP? Discuss the operations of UDP. Explain the UDP 13 2
checksum with one example
Definition of UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless,
lightweight transport layer protocol used for fast data
transmission. Unlike TCP, UDP does not ensure reliability,
sequencing, or error correction—it simply sends data
packets without establishing a connection.
Operations of UDP
UDP operates based on the following principles:
1. Connectionless Communication – No handshaking
or connection establishment; data is sent directly.
2. Fast Transmission – Ideal for real-time applications
(gaming, video streaming, VoIP).
3. No Flow Control or Error Recovery – Missing or
corrupted packets are not retransmitted.
4. Uses UDP Port Numbers – Helps in multiplexing
multiple applications (e.g., DNS uses Port 53, DHCP
uses Port 67/68).
UDP Checksum Explained with an Example
The UDP checksum ensures basic error detection for
transmitted data. It is calculated using: U
 Pseudo-header (IP source & destination)
 UDP header (port numbers, length)
 Data payload (actual transmitted information)
Example Calculation
Let's assume we send the following UDP packet:
Field Value (Hex)
Source IP [Link]
Destination
[Link]
IP
Source Port 5000
Destination
6000
Port
Data Payload "HELLO" (ASCII)
Computed using the sum of
Checksum
all fields
The checksum calculation follows these steps:
1. Convert each field into binary or hex representation.
2. Add all fields together.
3. Compute the one’s complement of the sum.
4. Insert the computed checksum into the UDP header.
13 (a) Write short notes on i)DHCP ii)ICMP 13 3 U
Short Notes on:
(i) DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
 Definition: DHCP is a network protocol used to
automatically assign IP addresses and other network
configurations to devices.
 Functionality:

Subject Code: CS3691

 o Eliminates the need for manual IP configuration.
o Ensures efficient IP address management and
prevents conflicts.
o Provides additional network settings like Subnet
Mask, Gateway, and DNS Server.
 Operation:
1. The client sends a DHCP Discover message to
locate a DHCP server.
2. The server responds with a DHCP Offer,
suggesting available IP addresses.
3. The client selects an offer and sends a DHCP
Request.
4. The server assigns the IP and confirms with a
DHCP Acknowledgment.
 Example Usage: DHCP is widely used in home and
enterprise networks for automatic device
configuration.

(ii) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

 Definition: ICMP is used for network diagnostics and
error reporting. It helps devices communicate network
status and troubleshoot connectivity issues.
 Functionality:
o Detects network errors and unreachable
destinations.
o Supports tools like ping (to check
connectivity) and traceroute (to track data
paths).
o Not used for data transmission—only for status
messages.
 Common ICMP Messages:
o Echo Request & Reply: Used by the ping
command for connectivity testing.
o Destination Unreachable: Indicates failed
packet delivery.
o Time Exceeded: Signals packet expiration
during transmission.
o Redirect: Suggests a better route for packet
forwarding.
 Example Usage: ICMP helps administrators diagnose
network issues and improve efficiency.
[OR]
(b) What is the need for ICMP? Mention ICMP MESSAGES and 13 3 U
their purpose.
Need for ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
ICMP is essential for network communication as it helps
diagnose, report, and troubleshoot connectivity issues. It
plays a vital role in ensuring efficient data transmission by:
 Error Detection & Reporting – Notifies devices of
unreachable destinations or packet losses.
 Network Diagnostics – Used by tools like ping and
traceroute to check connectivity.
 Traffic Management – Helps routers and devices
optimize data flow by suggesting better routes.
ICMP Messages and Their Purpose:
ICMP messages are classified into two main categories—
Error Messages and Informational Messages.
1. Error Messages:
Subject Code: CS3691
  Destination Unreachable – Indicates that the packet
cannot reach its destination.
 Time Exceeded – Sent when a packet’s TTL (Time-To-
Live) expires, often used by traceroute.
 Redirect Message – Informs the sender about a
better route for communication.
 Source Quench – Signals congestion control by
asking the sender to slow down data transmission.
2. Informational Messages:
 Echo Request & Echo Reply – Used by the ping
command to test network connectivity.
 Router Advertisement & Solicitation – Helps in
network discovery and routing optimization.
 Timestamp Request & Reply – Synchronizes time
between devices.
14 (a) Explain the functions of Routing information protocol. With 13 4 U
a neat diagram explain distance vector routing protocol.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) – Functions &
Distance Vector Routing
Functions of Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector
routing protocol used for routing data packets in
networks. Its key functions include:
1. Dynamic Route Management – Automatically
updates routing tables based on network changes.
2. Hop Count-Based Routing – Determines the best
route based on least number of hops (max limit: 15
hops).
3. Periodic Updates – Sends routing updates every 30
seconds to maintain network efficiency.
4. Loop Prevention Mechanisms – Uses techniques
like split horizon, poison reverse, and hold-down
timers to prevent routing loops.
5. Supports IPv4 & IPv6 –
o RIPv1 (Classful Routing, no subnet support).
o RIPv2 (Classless Routing, supports
authentication & subnetting).
o RIPng (Designed for IPv6 networks).

Distance Vector Routing Protocol Explained with

Diagram
Distance-vector routing determines optimal paths based
on hop counts and periodic table updates.
Working of Distance Vector Routing:
 Each router maintains a routing table with
information about reachable destinations.
 Routers exchange updates with neighboring routers
at regular intervals.
 Distance (hop count) is used as the metric to select
the best path.
 If no response is received within a timeout, the route
is marked as unavailable.
Neat Diagram Representation

Subject Code: CS3691

 [OR]
(b) Explain in detail the operation of OSPF protocol and BGP 13 4 U
protocol
Operation of OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
Protocol
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state routing
protocol used in large networks. It dynamically calculates
the best path using the Dijkstra’s Shortest Path
Algorithm and maintains efficiency by responding quickly
to network changes.
Key Operations of OSPF:
1. Neighbor Establishment
o Routers form relationships using Hello packets.
o Neighbor routers exchange topology
information.
2. Link-State Advertisement (LSA) Exchange
o Routers broadcast network topology changes.
o LSAs are flooded across the network to keep
routing tables updated.
3. Shortest Path Calculation (SPF Algorithm)
o Dijkstra’s algorithm computes the shortest path
based on link cost.
o Each router builds its own topology map.
4. Routing Table Updates
o OSPF ensures updated routes when network
changes occur.
o Uses Areas (OSPF Area 0 - Backbone Area) to
control update propagation.
5. Cost-Based Metrics
o OSPF assigns a cost to each route (lower cost =
preferred path).
o Cost is based on bandwidth (higher bandwidth
= lower cost).
6. Fast Convergence & Scalability
o Adapts quickly to topology changes.
o Supports hierarchical design for efficient routing.

Operation of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is an exterior gateway
protocol used to route data between autonomous systems
Subject Code: CS3691
 (AS) on the internet. It ensures efficient, scalable, and
policy-based routing decisions.
Key Operations of BGP:
1. Peer Establishment
o BGP routers establish TCP-based sessions.
o Peers exchange routing updates.
2. Path Selection Based on Attributes
o BGP doesn’t use shortest path but evaluates
multiple attributes, such as:
 AS Path – Avoids routing loops.
 Next Hop – Determines the reachability of
a route.
 Local Preference – Prioritizes routes
within an AS.
 MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator) –
Chooses preferred exit points.
3. Routing Updates & Convergence
o Advertises only the best paths instead of
flooding updates.
o Ensures stability using timers and route
damping.
4. Inter-AS Communication
o Used by ISPs to manage global internet routing.
o Supports iBGP (Internal BGP) for intra-AS
routing and eBGP (External BGP) for inter-AS
routing.
5. Policy-Based Routing Control
o Allows administrators to influence route
selection.
o Used in load balancing, traffic engineering,
and network security.
BGP is widely used in large-scale networks, ensuring stable
and optimized internet routing, while OSPF is preferred for
internal enterprise networks due to its efficiency.
15 (a) Explain the architecture of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN 13 5 U
Architecture of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11 defines the standard for Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLANs), enabling wireless communication
between devices using radio frequency.
1. Components of 802.11 Architecture:
The IEEE 802.11 WLAN architecture consists of the following
elements:
1. Stations (STA)
o Wireless devices (laptops, smartphones)
equipped with a network interface.
o Each STA has a wireless adapter for
communication.
2. Access Point (AP)
o Acts as a bridge between wireless and wired
networks.
o Provides connectivity by managing wireless
traffic.
3. Basic Service Set (BSS)
o A group of STAs that communicate within a
wireless area.
o Two types:
 Independent BSS (IBSS): Ad-hoc mode

Subject Code: CS3691

 (peer-to-peer, no AP).
 Infrastructure BSS: Uses an AP for
centralized communication.
4. Extended Service Set (ESS)
o Multiple BSSs connected via APs, forming a
larger network.
o Provides seamless roaming across multiple
access points.
5. Distribution System (DS)
o Connects different APs in an ESS, forming a
unified network.
o Uses wired Ethernet or wireless backbone.

2. Operation of IEEE 802.11:

The 802.11 standard operates based on:
1. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) – Avoids data transmission
collisions.
2. Data Transmission Modes:
o Direct Communication (Ad-hoc mode) –
Devices communicate without an AP.
o Infrastructure Mode – Devices connect
through an AP for managed communication.
3. Roaming Mechanism: Supports seamless transition
between APs in an ESS.

3. IEEE 802.11 Protocol Variants:

There are different versions of 802.11, each improving
speed and efficiency:
 802.11b – First widely adopted version (up to 11
Mbps).
 802.11g – Enhanced speed (up to 54 Mbps).
 802.11n – Introduced MIMO (multiple antennas, up to
600 Mbps).
 802.11ac – Supports Gigabit speeds.
 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) – Latest standard with increased
efficiency for high-density networks.


[OR]

Subject Code: CS3691

 (b) Describe the CSMA/CD protocol and comment on its 13 5 U
performance for medium access.
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection) Protocol
CSMA/CD is a network access protocol used in Ethernet
(wired networks) to manage data transmission and
avoid collisions. It ensures efficient medium usage by
detecting collisions and retransmitting data when necessary.

How CSMA/CD Works

1. Carrier Sense: A device checks if the network
medium (cable) is idle before transmitting.
2. Multiple Access: If the medium is free, the device
sends data.
3. Collision Detection:
o If two devices transmit simultaneously, a
collision occurs.
o Devices detect the collision by monitoring signal
interference.
4. Backoff & Retransmission:
o If a collision is detected, devices wait for a
random time before attempting retransmission.
o This reduces repeated collisions and improves
efficiency.

Performance of CSMA/CD for Medium Access

✅ Advantages:
 Efficient in Small Networks: Works well when fewer
devices are active.
 Simple Implementation: Requires minimal
configuration.
 Collision Recovery: Quickly detects and resolves
conflicts.
❌ Limitations:
 Reduced Performance in Large Networks: More
collisions occur as network traffic increases.
 Wasted Bandwidth: Collisions lead to
retransmissions, reducing efficiency.
 Limited to Wired Networks: CSMA/CD is not used
in Wi-Fi (wireless networks use CSMA/CA instead).

Q. No. PART – C = (1X15=15 MARKS) Split CO CL

up
16 (a) i)How would you summarize TCP congestion control like 7 2 U
slow start fast transmit and fast recovery.
TCP Congestion Control Mechanisms Summary
TCP employs congestion control techniques to manage
network traffic efficiently and avoid packet loss due to 8
congestion. Here’s a breakdown of key mechanisms:
1. Slow Start
 When a new connection starts, TCP gradually
increases the transmission rate.
Subject Code: CS3691
 Begins with a small congestion window (CWND)
and doubles CWND after each successful
acknowledgment.
 Helps prevent overwhelming the network with
excessive traffic.
2. Fast Retransmit
 If three duplicate ACKs are received for the same
packet, TCP assumes packet loss (without waiting for a
timeout).
 The lost packet is immediately retransmitted,
reducing delay.
 Speeds up recovery compared to waiting for a full
timeout.
3. Fast Recovery
 Instead of restarting from slow start, TCP reduces
the congestion window size but allows continued
transmission.
 CWND is halved, then grows linearly, preventing
extreme throughput reduction.
 Ensures efficient recovery while avoiding sudden
network overload.
Summary of Effectiveness
 Slow Start prevents excessive transmission initially.
 Fast Retransmit speeds up loss recovery.
 Fast Recovery ensures smooth congestion
avoidance.

ii)With TCP slow start and AIMD for congestion control, show
how the window size will vary for a transmission where
every 5th packet is lost. Assume an advertised window size
of 50MSS
TCP Congestion Control: Slow Start and AIMD with Packet
Loss
Let's analyze how TCP congestion window (CWND) varies
under Slow Start and AIMD (Additive Increase,
Multiplicative Decrease) when every 5th packet is lost,
assuming an advertised window size of 50 MSS.

Phase 1: Slow Start

 TCP begins with CWND = 1 MSS and doubles CWND
with every ACK received.
 Growth pattern:
o 1 → 2 → 4 → 8 → 16 → 32 MSS
 Every 5th packet is lost, triggering congestion
avoidance at CWND = 32 MSS.

Phase 2: Multiplicative Decrease (Loss Detected)

 Loss at CWND = 32 MSS → TCP reduces CWND to half
→ CWND = 16 MSS.

Phase 3: Additive Increase (AIMD)

 After loss, TCP enters AIMD mode, increasing CWND by
1 MSS per RTT:
o 17 → 18 → 19 → 20 ... up to another loss at 32
MSS.
 This cycle repeats, following the pattern:
o CWND doubles in slow start, then drops to half
upon packet loss.
o After a drop, CWND increases linearly (AIMD) until
the next loss.

Subject Code: CS3691

 [OR]
(b) Explain the various approaches to improve quality of 15 2 U
services in a data transmission network.
Approaches to Improve Quality of Service (QoS) in
Data Transmission Networks
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to techniques used to
optimize network performance, ensuring reliable, efficient,
and prioritized data delivery. Here are some key
approaches:

1. Bandwidth Management & Traffic Shaping

 Traffic Prioritization: Allocates bandwidth based on
application requirements (e.g., VoIP, video streaming).
 Rate Limiting: Controls excessive data flow to
prevent congestion.
 Traffic Shaping: Smooths out bursts of network
traffic for better stability.

2. Packet Scheduling & Prioritization

 Queuing Algorithms:
o FIFO (First-In, First-Out): Processes packets
in arrival order.
o Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ): Assigns
priority to critical packets.
o Priority Queuing (PQ): Ensures high-priority
traffic gets processed first.

3. Congestion Control Mechanisms

 TCP Congestion Control: Implements Slow Start,
AIMD, Fast Retransmit & Fast Recovery to regulate
data flow.
 Random Early Detection (RED): Drops packets
selectively before congestion occurs.
 Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN): Alerts
devices about congestion before packet loss happens.

4. Quality of Service Protocols

 Differentiated Services (DiffServ): Marks packets
with priority levels for efficient routing.
 Integrated Services (IntServ): Reserves resources
for critical applications to guarantee performance.
 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS): Enhances
routing efficiency by creating predefined network
paths.

5. Error Detection & Correction

 Forward Error Correction (FEC): Adds redundant
data to correct errors at the receiving end.
 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ): Requests
retransmission of lost or corrupted packets.
 Checksums & CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check):
Validates packet integrity during transmission.

6. Network Optimization Techniques

 Load Balancing: Distributes traffic evenly across
multiple paths to reduce bottlenecks.
Subject Code: CS3691
  Caching & Compression: Reduces redundant data
transmission for faster access.
 Upgrading Infrastructure: Using high-speed fiber-
optic links or advanced wireless standards (Wi-Fi 6,
5G) improves efficiency.

7. Security & Access Control Measures

 Firewalls & Intrusion Prevention: Blocks malicious
traffic affecting performance.
 Encryption Protocols (TLS, IPSec): Protects data
integrity and transmission quality.
 Access Control Lists (ACLs): Restricts unauthorized
traffic for optimal network function.
Implementing these QoS enhancements improves
reliability, speeds up data transfers, and ensures consistent
network performance. Do you need a deeper explanation on
any specific approach? Let me know!

Subject Code: CS3691