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Btech Notes3

The document discusses various laws and principles related to the periodic table, including Newland's Law of Octaves and Moseley's experiments, which highlight the arrangement of elements based on atomic mass and properties. It also covers the classification of elements into groups and blocks, trends in atomic size, electronegativity, and the behavior of different element families. Additionally, it addresses the complexities of isotopes and the periodicity of elements, emphasizing the significance of atomic structure in understanding chemical properties.

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singhsanjiv.200725
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9 views44 pages

Btech Notes3

The document discusses various laws and principles related to the periodic table, including Newland's Law of Octaves and Moseley's experiments, which highlight the arrangement of elements based on atomic mass and properties. It also covers the classification of elements into groups and blocks, trends in atomic size, electronegativity, and the behavior of different element families. Additionally, it addresses the complexities of isotopes and the periodicity of elements, emphasizing the significance of atomic structure in understanding chemical properties.

Uploaded by

singhsanjiv.200725
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Hadide = G8) Pr, ta, Hg, Bg Arblock = no-of fnsen orl! > : “blo. = : | DS) 2 <— , zt ° ce a Gres, A oe MA) 119 n g@-2 P-blak = 19 FAM yey St Nor PSE “SRP C2n)cajH1g) atl are fransitinvele EXEPHON - Lanthanum. aednlocr, i”? * hard metal and high Pup and bp P=6 £4004 Conductor of heat and olectricly Grgoau eute = La — 6s254+ © acts ay chalk Cer smn, cone Ac-4st6ds / CORA etek a a 2-o Zz atMaD w= Screening gation Rabe ye Arrange e-¢€ (ns np) (ndnF) - 8) C28 2p) C35 3p) (34D, CAs 4ph (444) g dor’ em US em Ke left me hoga wai lei wn Se screening ebbect hoga quoieate & gor, pyen v feris =0-3 —_— oo wy (nsnp) iis "O:38 exc fy Carat og so fr (44) deach ++ 4s Cad,nt) 0-35 4 each Snidding pow = srprard Rue Increase co Size Penarration pow = S>prd>t 3 Prepares <—————> © Atomic Size t- a) Covalent radius (ntermoleudiar di tence Antermoteudar Ai slene y he " Aalomic > Drcovalent 40k homogenous ' For haterogenrow Aka ~ inkermoleuday di stan Tp. — Covalent radius ofA _gfren. Xe -wralend radios of gy Ky ~ elecbo cre) ob A Mp - electro ve) 64 ® dap = Tr 4% q-° o1 |X a7 Xo! 'SBOR -Sing monded » DRCR™ double bonded STBCR - tiple *Porsame ato * BD Metauic radius — dm Am = inter moleutan distance — gaca> DBCR >TBCR Tn F Caromic JOVander wall radius - closat Aictanwe bln gases MEL Yaronic < Sygy -*oniy bor Noble 903 — @ Tonic radius #TS< Raton * Tar > Actom TH1- Same elem 5 Aifferend chorge ejitna tve =putna chota egitna -ve = urna ba T-2:- for isoelectronic (-e sam no open * Jina qve > ulna chota © "Yhtna -ve * Factors $ Size x 1. 5 ©, novofshal Zeb ° Caw > Scovaent —— > Trend of Size <——_—. © LAR eet Size L Mo of she -same Noblegs >> A>B>C- - STB noefswut op size t Zepyqtonat H Tonic Size Trend <— *Down the group — incr eared - A Ly Bet2. ch ye ok OF Mat,S Mgt? Ad t® S px seat | Kin Gxt? ot Sy epg \set arr 0 Cst\ pate . mY] Tir gise Ya wo bda + Laryat GHon-Cste Smallak - Ht, | * Largat Anion -E- — * smadask - FO i. Sonisalion. © zn? Hing Orde = = Ga ° For writi © Ben Snsnatb ; page ee toring ora ey required for wemoring Le room Gaseous Atte Isolated atem Hg > TQ * Jo bhi orda kx ten, . ces eR EM tre chr TE > ausoy endstwrmic, AH>0 OIG order deke ec Likh lot e LET D> | removal very dipticutt ke TE mun + Mow compare and, 4 Fem vemovad very easy Caneel Jo answer 24 e4a whi hog voli ; TE, 1E, c1eg. zh @® Stobitay of L =gi) ATE *——> Trend of te <—————+ En, TEna =giren 3 ; al GS and p block !- ATE \6ev ange. UATE £16 - Rath stepte Except \- L< B< Be cc < O< NC eeNe i : LH NA CMC MALSE SSCP LAL EE > Eleuron Gata @uth ——— *Ber>B «NO Senengy released when Lem is added OG> AY pes +0 an isolated genous otem - 7/09 1H AS? Se : : $m ean Sb e- Ki need ha ac ts Bic b Hay CAave De i need wu hal “ J-Bt- TEV BAY. e EAstve AGGE =-ve Eka-ve A6Ge et+ve Almost EGE s-ve for atl Excapt- Be,Mg ,N ; Noble gas © Units = K3Imo\ ,Kcat} mat) ev-ator deal=41BI Lev ese xyolay: Li >Nad kK > R@b>Cs BEWMg> G > Sr >Ba y Ge-1%+-B> TLD GarAd >In G-IWi- > Si >Ge > ebD>Sny R-4b Lontrackn EGE, = tye, -ve. EQe, =+tye Catways erdebrerm!d) eT-B '-Scr>¥ >La >Ae (Ar-3) LEGE.)>1EGEs| os always BAMA CSA (G4) 2 Only defined for Sand p-block: @ Mok Non- motuttic elomant =Cl omort CA and eye =Cl (In d- block :- ® U-Rit- no reqater trend am <> Thend Of EQE <————— (6) Allred = Rochow Seale (%Xpp) "LOR :- sized Zap T EAT Hap = 0-984 revovalend “Foe + Sized 2h y EADY ae fi radius peripl joni €Me2 < EMes oy. ome B Br>T Xp = Xar £o-quy eg S>Se>Ter0>Po FSa Semmes UR CNS Ch CN seca = ; oH =a > Electronegat rity <——— e FL =4.0 wigan eS or 1 Paramagnthic - attrackd Toward mg LOT M EPC Oe , fied. 4 #0 Dunrpaded em. . — = =s=I>P>H Aue Smid ©FSO>NSU>Br>C 2: ditom fo - repettasl ta may Th 22 Vro AVS < TAs fietd . 2, =0 4 NO unpaid 7 Ga val alee) & ' i ip- 7 @ Factors 1 B Aiagonal Retain ship- resemble 70” 2; a ee 7 Sama prop by P-2 and P-% clemmnts on | 7 emec (Bena hs tve fon ® LEN RS at se @ Mature of sumousdityatn | 4. Gredroereily + tendency yo abkrack = Appliudtion eben 5 Cee armed 1 fonic = 16 [Aen] + 3/5 Loon @ Pauling Sale — moat used (Xp) %ionic >SO- Compound (ous ; XarXp = 0:206 {Bacw (A: kallm) ‘Lioni 50 ~ compound covatint oy For Soy = Den=2-4 XA=X%q = O02 A Bare (A= KSIme) Corabnt <5 — ionte a Kae enet A Xa=eneb@ A= Rana ncaa» ena bos 7 nergy: t Bay) Vs MMuttitcan Scale Bens 1- we — Ba-o = Ena - (Eanm Ene) toy. art i Ep-m = Bond energy A-B 4% Eanian 7 Bend eneray o AR 222 — @Bond Length :- WD) Muli ban '6 Scale !- 2m Ane = An tg 0-04) Ben} On = T-P+EA (ree chien @ Mature of Hydroxide '- Potential b : J EA = Clechon en & polarity =) JO Jyada polar woh; ev abhi nity pani me eas ly E tategar | een has no Jyada en voola tutke em leke UN « hla Jata hai » _ en A-0>0-H ON 25) ~ Adie Lienade ot & pon tnt adits), a” e Whenever iOnic compound ey placed — @ LE dy amy polar solvent its fore reduce kcal/mol ev [aim y 1C/mal LE X44, 41, 4 = Chory a by factor ah K w Lahe senion! = thd Atenuy), kyo 2 80 Keamson % 32 Veen bh ——— Hydration Enthatpy <—— amount of energy VUeaxd when 4 - Mol ohany jon dissolved on wotor er=AteAr. e Hydra > exothamic AH LiCl> Li Br >LiT E Peac Ber WY WE = K4, Vy =charge on ton vo = radiw of fun © Charge bactor Us macn - Priority 1-4 >O Lie" Lig6 € Lign”? DEE SUC Mad CKtC RECS ry P-3:- Nao MgO Al,0a 102 Du 4 + > 4 > W*+lay) > Nat la). > Cs(ay) ee ee oe S element radius t hydra radiw L POs S03 Cb0z * Clement radius Wy dreaded rodiu Acidic Acid Shonget one of A actdic Tewic mobiuty « _! L-Ri- Acidic Cher T hoy Way Aroted radius Besic Char b on P). © element Charge * Hyd radius T * Clement charge | Hyd radi J Metal => Basic > Ampho Non-moeal 3 Acidic , Neutred S mebuity % atm radi OmiAM state cleidic Strength Cor same cloment ~—> PRedict Cndo/exo <——___- oe > 4 j ~block elominty > - cen sncotuene Ors ex Coption) EGE, = exaturmic seo oe ate EGE, = endotmuamic. 44 _ eo p c “Cl ——3 cL (exo) AT Ste — Weiare (205) cen) 205, Va05 —amphaitoute . —> Lattice (aennn nN LUO eae EGG : G9 PeQuIre fo brexk orn aye Punjab Sindh AL inty! 3 ' mel comp Qe Pb sn t DW Wm tlw = (dU =4vey A Amphoterre sf © nor , 4% Felearecl to form Jmol comp S CArsenicy 8 ‘ fom ib wna pee aot b (Antimony) (DH=-n)& boemaLen Adi 0 AS320¢ Seon? wb [2 No 05 NO + Nercral Oxtdes) Ampho $b,0 S$b,0s Adc yh 2 oa? AMPK — Aepdic 6 rey CHEMICAL, BONDING * Metuys WWerus = Tonic bond + Nuon mutt + Mon-metal= Cov alouk bend < Nemuai/mord + Mon-mitl = 0 -erat nate # metal & Metal =Mekeliic bund @ Tonic Pond = C*+4 A> oe Low r-€ Wegh GA Process = exethumie @ Ovalent bond = Lone pair pre be t. Octet Compt, octet Mobs gas hare Compite otal so ety one stable Hypovalemt > Tacompun oubet a. . Sibu > BEG, , Bs Berns PAX Jo Entomet exes oo but prebte ¢ Hyperralent — €x panded ocket Pds ,SFe => St acts as lewis Aetd TdA_p — merer expand otek: eodde- speda => No-eb e odd saws poramegneHic- x209, XeFe, xePa, e Noble gus = Kee web, , Me O02 Fas YEOPY Rn-Rnf2, Kr- Kafe th oe TransiHon metal ims > OH au Mer compl octee bat OAL Abode - ss Lents biruchne €——— d+ FRA CA — & Leuk in no- wer Bondy 7 Max BD GFE H ) een sbse erm Q. Represent valene e- CF CA with ded 3. Make bend Such tnat oct & comptar 4. charge en specto av = fre 40 CA MH em remore Hve > give 40 Ch Tf en askdad Ls if © pruent git tro ———> Valence Bend J ~ Choment combure to tom Formal charge = TvE-NBE-BE | i TVE = Tete valence e NRE = Mon- bended e- CP-Ones Covaleney = BE = Bonded ee = Change on Species: mo of covalent bond footed — "OW Valence ste e~ partiel pak © ond format fake place =) Enorgy * min a OveLepping > valence shotL > opposite spre ee T-bend =head en nm - side vomg (4) c2) S— side wry (8) +S 4S =o (always) © S42 =o bond on respective anus” "AEB = 16, 24518 © Pr tPy Py tPa, Pa thx, Mo overkap q Xanis yah DaXL Px t Poe a x nx Pyt ey KR c a Po te RK nS + same Aype of d-orbitels ony ererlep @ Pond strength % sHrength of overlap Pie (o >®) Qs-45) = strongest 25-25 W-%p L2p-2p. (-s) < Gp) <(p-p) (9h H dam) S N17 exleat of overtapping T 2s-25 < 28-35 € Qs- 4S. @x- overtapping | PA-pr < pr-dn Wypridigeition <—_—____—- @ Bug sidemaringey orbits Of Same energy r Bre Be © No: Hel = NI tonu C Taxa 7 Sf Wybrid orbital oof Abin spe a P w hybrid Orbitat equiralenck Un energy and B-a = 100° él : De @ cry 4 ‘ybrid Orbital more stable 4 ‘ e Kybrid Orbital . pure alendic orbital wre Strength strength sp? 4 * Valence orbitals = Wybrictised Par lug:og" * Aust enargy orbitals => hybridised.- © Ho | ° St mot. jrceys 4 0 Anat Only half fill Q 3= ©. | orbttals partet patel in nyoridi snot one 1 Sema Hoe fet fille al 6 573 Yegnapeel LX deiangun Stp 2 SP — Lina LuoW=sou-S” Lated nt Sete 3 sp+ Trigona Planar @s Fy _ Zar fun! 2 180° Sp? > Tetrohedral sp?A- Trigonsl 5 =f ager 2he pula = 10° bi- pyramidal 2 T Np 7S€2 Saws Spd® - odahédrel — sprd?- pentajonal Os P ae bi-pyramidal. Sp7d® : “Triangular. ———> VSEPR Trory <—————_ Prema ce 9 ot Predicts 440 shape of molecules: @TIZ> (15) Ov a i eae such frat repeclsion Tins oot Tohaped P Ondemic Lp-Lp dSp-bp > bp --bp fe G12 Stra Lenser At 180! = repubsin run . O-! ! Qeo- Trago nal by . Pyramid 50 104". 25° 0 My = 109° ® Ske spde RO? RBI = Pind CA —s-—f * Pind no of bp and 4p May” atom in pling LY ©VSEP =.8p4 Bp @arss © It (AP=0) Geo = Strudure Br ize setae chy ow (4p #0) En stra lp W not included ice * Agar Lp hai fo struchue pra ke Akh Lena - ° Be, 1g0 Bema Reha Sp @Xele Spd? dzr,dxry2, dxz} RERCNEN G2 aman xe tk ese Ockahe drag * Eneegy of RY < Energy of “aR A f Lone pai © Stabiuty [RH > StebiUd SI Ze28 Tiere nats ond iy of : ys Hoe, *Tetul ton par = CA)sp + (TAP ~ Fe e () Bend order = avg no- ef bonds M-4°- struduy bano and count - M-2 = B02 Tota bord 244 2 © bend o- 24 ky . ath Cases '-Arbond and acidic bydrogen s tve charge =CA «-re ching = A but O=-ve "K bond net count tr bp ; Hil pecias have * Acidic H ko 0 se bond Krenge (oxy acid) M-3:- nal eee species ha on: ordnr tp =o M-4 :- MoT. STO WOES Cay = equith™ dist = Tetrohedrok 3 a + BL a@ size epator ae scree, ance lw moleades @ no,* SOs - spt - Trigoad rahe ere PS per 5 Bk Bond Shength Se o¢$ so + day = Ta t%q — O01 Ben) - 3 - SP © BL = spcspresp3. ° Ha Sigdt CH Bond Angle . ; «Size Of TAR bond ante S1Fo™ = spd? = Oi's orled octahedral comparison of BA Fur le Ep enna) Core T:- hybridisation met same > - sp > sp? >sp? 180° 120° 109.28 RBI:- cat Bi- hypridisabion same Lp dith- ° Jor ony acicls ead on nk H attacked to O noo 2P + Jor any ory acid overall OL P [P zo] alany) Cave OM - At! same But > (Sp 40) ex @) TA is differnt CA & same 3 BA x 1 5°? ee on oR TA HO? yoy b h . BTA wy same CH & Aibferent ® xeoky - spd BAA eNCCA) excep = PN ve 7F Pp = Bs = BU, = BGr, Fowse AA Reson ~ : ° ante , OU bend paramo au Aame, Be aaa *Repubron Oca 2 Lp-tp > Jop-tp > Bp be e o TB-lp> DB-tp >SBLp TB-TB> TB-PB> TSB... . >se-36 @® Bona L= amount of ere , PAWhed to break a bend @eE= Bond energy, = Bend dss ocratton emer: = a BE a Bond stoengtny Quad ord | Be ex - Ad > Br, > >Iy we CRY Smal size of F ——0dd @- Speejieg eS +3 ENCED 2-5 3 thon odde> is Bunkd soa hyp else not. * Odd ev nspeda SDalways parr . highly reachve = 1. Loose or gain Les BBO i mans _* Moleave nat Aimnise CR localise es) INO , 2-0, | *Repulsion. af odd e- < tb-bp repulsion += S = Pl gsbond -t St Op Us noe portited — syp og NO SLES orbital Ss Poste t feats) @ + : lea cae eee Spe? 1 2 ~ a prt BALA th Lo 120) A? Brag 's Rute, —_—_____ [eceeCONO DEC Are ant ore ipeed Pertod, A. CA musk have 4 dp. B enttad Df pele Monant <———___ o degree of Potency 6} coralent bend, Vector 4dy unit =Cm eo * Deby =10=3-3x10% * lessen —>» more on © Mee = H->-F V at +? +244, 21,050 * depends on (1) Aen X 4 Wy oh Lp is caluo ays away Azo CMA, * Symm/unsymm Snape * ag, ef pola me Of "mM ole uld- Types :- Motecwe > polar . 2140 Mon-pelar © 2) =0 Typl2 t- Aen=o -non polar, ben #0 = potar * Pokect symm = Non-petar ‘PNotp , aU TA same ° ; Wy us Only concatled by Yap: SED ok two different atoms nirer cud * Perpect moleute = Scome TA, 0 Lp ° Yo loute = © SPieved x yy0 cate 2p * Usno =Uxd ax Electron -Debidudt bending <———_(B Bridge bonding :- when no sept | ‘=? One atem = vacant Orbital, * Only porsible WEN + BHor — Rone -pair 4+WO AKOMS GAL abardy bounded ° AWOYS co-ordi mie * P-2 clement /P-3 = donar aterm vot ty Lp — 2p,3p,3d * P-2 element /(p-3 =acceptor atom UHH low onergy OT bi tals W Back Bonding Etbet BB => ere atum -2Nd Peed Ot — 20d/3"d prriod. (2P,.2s — s,37,34) - 8-6 Ors musk bea P2 alomoent - CG: ReFe \ Ate e-Be —& Ponty ont BG ON ata Ame + Ofpects *- #B-B & “Bond ordel —> Bend Length LL © BB+ Bond strength TT © BR a Lg 1 chybenng —GAchny TA LR ohyb same- BA same + >G> BonAangte t or const npover decree © BQ change yb OF remacn Same * Donor aten,— CA hyb change OA charge else not > Non-evesteng Molecules <——— . setubte te polar’ salventd *SFu,SFe , Pfs exut while OFY , 0% and NFs Anexit Ri 0-2 element quve expand okt * PIs wap) and SCle —X SUg -X while Tele V PIs (sod) ~ * Fe, PEG» Xefe ,kefy, XeF2-W SHe > PHS, Mee , Xefy , ACH. —X Re [Hem Jump MAL Era deta 5 yeh atom be noamal form ke sch Gude Wait, Steate Uindrance * PolarisaHion x change a She of anion: > back-bending | = Slechon deficient Bleubon rich bridse Bridge bondtng bender T-A =H p20 TA = tp #0 Banana bord Bridge bord ez Mas, Becle eg- BHs Gow, AU, We ™ ——> Tonic Bond——-,_ PO * Bond bli Cation - Anion te non- direction — s hatd by Abrong elecho nen ate Rice © compound - hard , bri Hie , orgs ui nd # Teomorphiom - df |feurt tonie compound Same erystd amacgmenk : Cond® + © same charge on cation, anion — « same radi nao 7 | # same no: Sf waka crystala \ @x-Znsody .TH,O and Fesoy.tH20 | PAU alums are fsoMoPhow - eHegh mating and boiling poink * Conductivity — Low Cin sod) L Wugh Gen oy) dsatid < fused < aqueous : & Latte ent € mn en + Sobuble Latta ent > Wy drake am = insoluble > Fagan's Rule <—___——~ *Jonic bend have parttal covalent Character tfeiunic = Wl Aen| +396) Bent] =tovalr © Fajan ~ tonic main vi covalent char hong © Covaleat char X pelartsak'm of polarts(y Power * polarising power X charge unertion | Ws size

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