SSC JE Civil
Timber , Ply-Wood
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Shubham Aggarwal
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SSC JE | BMC | Timber Types |Prep |Defects |Forms
|Time: 9PM
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A commercial Form of wood
Green Timber
Freshly felled timber which has not lost much of its
moisture or timber which still contains free water in its cell
cavities.
SSC JE | BMC | Timber Types |Prep |Defects |Forms
|Time: 9PM
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A commercial Form of wood
Advantages of Timber
• Easily Available
• Easy to Transport & Handle
• More Thermal Insulation
• Sound Absorption
• Electrical Resistance as compared to steel & concrete
• Good Absorber of Shocks
• Easy Repairs and alterations
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A commercial Form of wood
Applications of Timber
Wood is very widely used in Buildings as :
• Doors
• Windows
• Frames
• Temporary Partition Walls
• Roof Trusses
• Formwork, etc.
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Trees are according to the mode of growth :
1
2
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Trees are according to the mode of growth :
Exogeneous Tress
Trees grow outwards and are used for making structural
elements.
They can be sub divided into :
1
2
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Conifers (Exogeneous Tress)
• They are Evergreen Trees
• They have pointed needle like leaves
Properties:
• Light in Colour
• Resinous
• Light Weight
• Soft Wood
Example: Deodar, Chir, Fir, Pine, etc
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Deciduous (Exogeneous Tress)
• They are Evergreen Trees
• They have broad leaves
Properties:
• Dark in Colour
• Not Resinous
• Heavy Weight
• Hard Wood
Example: Shisham, Oak, Teak etc
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Comparison
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A commercial Form of wood
Endogenous Tress
Tress that grow inwards.
Example : Bamboo
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A commercial Form of wood
Classification of Timber
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Based on Its Position
Timber Position
Standing Living Tree
Rough A Part of a Felled Tree
Converted Logs of timber converted in
different forms.
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Based on Its Modulus of Elasticity
Group Modulus of Elasticity (E)
A > 12.5 KN/m2
B ( 9.8 - 12.5 ) KN/m2
C ( 5.6 - 9.8 ) KN/m2
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Based on Its Availability
Class Availability (per Year)
X Most Common (more than 1415m3 per
year)
Y Common (355m3 - 1415m3 per year)
Z Less Common (less than 355m3 per year)
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Based on Its Availability
Durability Life ( in Months)
High > 120
Medium 60 – 120
Low < 60
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Based on Its Seasoning
Refractory Class Properties
High A Slow & Difficult to Season-Free from
Defects
Medium B may be Seasoned free from Surface
Defects
Low C Rapidly Seasoned free from Defects
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Based on Its Treatability of Heartwood
Class Properties
A Easily Treatable
B Treatable, but complete penetration of
preservative not always obtained
C Only Partially Treatable
D Refractory to Treatment
E Heartwood Very Refractory to Treatment
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Seasoning of Timber
The objects of seasoning wood are as follows:
1. Reduce the shrinkage and warping.
2. Increase Strength
3. Increased Durability
4. Increased Workability
5. Reduce its tendency Decay
6. Suitable for Painting
7. Reduce its weight
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Methods of Seasoning
1. Natural / Air Seasoning
The log of wood is sawn into planks of convenient sizes and
stacked under a covered shed in cross-wise direction in
alternate layers so as to permit free circulation of air.
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Methods of Seasoning
2. Artificial Seasoning
There are many methods to do so :
a) Water Seasoning
b) Boiling
c) Klin Seasoning
d) Chemical Seasoning
e) Electric Seasoning
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Sawing of Timber
1. Flat Sawing
2. Quarter Sawing
3. Tangential Sawing
4. Radial Sawing
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Sawing of Timber
1. Flat Sawing
2. Quarter Sawing
3. Tangential Sawing
4. Radial Sawing
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Preservation of Timber
• The durability of wood is decidedly variable property. If well-
seasoned and kept in a dry place, if immersed in water, or if
buried in ground, wood often lasts for centuries.
• If Unprotected , wood can easily decay by
• Swelling (when it gets wet)
• Fungi
• Insects
• Fire, etc.
• One of the basic approaches to protect it is to create
Favorable conditions.
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Examples of Preservative
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Examples of Preservative
1. Water Soluble (Inside Location)
1. Zinc Chloride (Fungi)
2. Boric Acid (Borax) (Fungi)
2. Water In-Soluble
1. D.D.T (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro-ethane)
2. Penta-Chloro-Phenol
The Timber can be further painted, polished.
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Methods of Application of Preservative
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Due to Abnormal Growth :
1. Checks
2. Shakes
3. Rind gall
4. Knots
5. Twisted Fibres
6. Foxiness
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Due to Abnormal Growth :
1. Checks
It is a longitudinal crack which is usually normal to the annual
rings. These adversely affect the durability of timber because
they readily admit moisture and air.
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Due to Abnormal Growth :
2. Shake
They are longitudinal separations in the wood between the
annual rings
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Due to Abnormal Growth :
3. Rind Gall
• Indicates abnormal growth.
• They develop at points from where
branches are improperly cut off or
removed.
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Due to Abnormal Growth :
4. Knot
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Due to Abnormal Growth :
5. Twisted Fibers
Flowing of wins in one Direction in young age
of tree.
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Due to Abnormal Growth :
5. Foxiness
It is sign of decay in Overmatured tree by
discoloration into reddish or yellow colour..
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Due to Conversion :
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Due to Seasoning :
The types of defect due to seasoning are:
1. Bow
2. Cup
3. Twist
4. Warp
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Due to Fungi :
1. Dry Rot
They make food by converting timber into dry powder form.
This occurs mainly when there is No ventilation of Air
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Due to Fungi :
2. Wet Rot
Wet rot is caused by fungi that decompose the timber and convert it
into a grayish-brown powder form
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• The primary process in the manufacture of wood-based
products is veneering which produces thin sheets of wood
known as veneers.
• The thickness of veneers varies from 0.4 to 0.6 mm.
• It should exceed 1 mm.
• Most Suitable Wood : Walnut.
• Teak, Sissoo, Rose wood, etc. are also used.
• Used for manufacture of : Plywood , Laminated Boards.
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• A wood panel glued under pressure from an odd number
(usually 3 to 13) of layers/piles of veneers is known as
plywood.
• The outer most veneer sheet : Faces.
• The interior ply : Grain directions parallel to that of the faces
are termed as Core.
• Other piles which have grain directions perpendicular to that
in the face are termed as Cross Bands.
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The thickness of plywood boards for general and structural
purposes should be as :
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1. Good strength in both the directions.
2. Less Shrinkage than wood
3. Plywood can be curved into desired shapes
4. It has better splitting resistance due to the grains in adjacent
veneers in cross direction as such nailing can be done very
safely even near the edges.
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1. Making Partitions
2. Ceilings
3. Doors
4. Concrete Form-Work
5. Plywood Boards
6. Lamin boards , etc.
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• They are manufactured from particles of wood which are agglomerated,
formed and pressed together using an organic binder together in the
presence of heat, pressure or moisture.
• They are manufactured from small timber pieces and wood wastes.
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• These boards provide :
1. Dimensional Stability
2. Smooth Uniform Surface
3. No Difficulty in Nailing.
• The trees used for making particle boards are :
1. Eucalyptus
2. Rubber Wood
3. Waste of Sawmill
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Batten Boards have core made up of 80 mm wide wood
pieces forming a slab glued between at least two surface
veneers.
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Lamin boards have a core of strips, each not exceeding 7
mm in thickness glued together to form a slab which in
turn is glued between two or more outer veneers.
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