The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act of 2010 established specialized courts to handle environmental protection and conservation cases in India. It aims to expedite environmental justice by providing a fast-track mechanism to resolve disputes involving environmental laws. The tribunal is mandated to ensure fair and equitable justice and adherence to the principles of sustainable development and polluter pays. Additionally, the NGT emphasizes the provision of relief and compensation to affected parties, promoting the conservation of forests and other natural resources by addressing a range of cases from pollution control to industrial safety .

The Vienna Convention of 1985 established an international legal framework to address ozone depletion. It marked the beginning of cooperative efforts to phase out substances harmful to the ozone layer. The convention set the stage for the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which detailed specific commitments to reducing the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Further augmentations include the Kigali Amendment of 2016, which targeted the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), substances known as potent greenhouse gases which also indirectly affect the ozone layer. These measures collectively contribute to the ongoing recovery of the ozone layer .

The Stockholm Conference, held in 1972, marked a significant milestone in international environmental administration. It was the first major global gathering aimed at addressing environmental issues, setting the stage for subsequent international policies and conventions. The conference led to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), tasked with promoting environmental sustainability worldwide. It also inspired numerous other international agreements that focused on specific environmental issues such as biodiversity, climate change, and pollution. The Stockholm Conference's foundational role in advocating for global cooperation on environmental issues is evident in modern frameworks that continue to address and mitigate environmental challenges .

The Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the interconnectedness of global efforts in addressing worldwide challenges. Goal 17, "Partnerships for the Goals," specifically focuses on strengthening the means of implementation and revitalizing the global partnership for sustainable development. It acknowledges that the achievement of SDGs requires a strong commitment to working collaboratively, involving governments, private sector, civil society, and other stakeholders, to leverage resources and expertise .

Since its adoption in 2015, the Paris Agreement has been a pivotal framework in global climate action. It effectively brings together countries under a common cause to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with the crucial goal of limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. However, its effectiveness is often debated due to varying national commitments and the non-binding nature of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). While it has successfully raised awareness and catalyzed national and international policy changes towards sustainable energy and climate adaptation practices, challenges remain in terms of financial commitments, accountability, and achieving the desired reduction in global emissions .

The Johannesburg Summit, or Rio+10, held in 2002, was a platform to review the progress made since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. It aimed to build on the Rio Summit's achievements by further integrating sustainable development into practical action at national and international levels. The summit assessed implementation gaps in Agenda 21, the comprehensive plan formulated in Rio, and advocated for enhanced partnerships between governments, international organizations, and civil society. Johannesburg also emphasized poverty eradication, safe drinking water, sanitation, and renewable energy, thereby expanding the sustainable development agenda established a decade earlier .

Goal 13, "Climate Action," is crucial within the Sustainable Development Goals framework as it addresses the urgent need to combat climate change and its impacts. It reinforces the commitment to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters worldwide. The goal underscores the importance of international cooperation in climate action, aligning with other goals such as sustainable energy (Goal 7), sustainable cities (Goal 11), and life on land (Goal 15). By integrating climate action into policies and planning, this goal acknowledges that mitigating climate change is essential for sustainable development, and its successful implementation is interdependent with achieving the broader SDG objectives .

The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 was established against the backdrop of increasing deforestation and degradation of India's forest resources in the decades following independence. The primary issues it addresses include regulating the use of forest lands for non-forest purposes, preventing deforestation, and promoting afforestation. This Act was a legislative response to ensure that forest lands are preserved for ecological and environmental balance, supporting initiatives that prevent further loss of biodiversity and encouraging the protection and conservation of forests across the country .

The Kigali Amendment, adopted in 2016, is a significant expansion of the original Montreal Protocol. Its main components focus on phasing down the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, unlike the original protocol that targeted substances depleting the ozone layer. The amendment sets targets to reduce global HFC use by more than 80% over the next 30 years. It also includes timelines for developed and developing countries to curtail HFC production and use, addressing both climate change and protecting the ozone layer indirectly by promoting alternative, environmentally-friendly technologies .

SDG 12, "Responsible Consumption and Production," plays a crucial role in bridging economic growth with environmental sustainability by promoting resource and energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and access to basic services and green jobs. It encourages policies that support sustainable consumption patterns, focusing on reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse. This goal emphasizes the need for businesses to adopt sustainable practices and integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle. By fostering sustainable production and consumption, SDG 12 aims to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, thereby contributing to an economy that is both efficient and resilient .