REVIEWER IN BIOLOGY II 3.

Budding
- involves forming new
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
individual from an outgrowth
REPRODUCTION on the parents body.
- Buds branch go from the side
- is the biological process by which new of the body, then breaks off to
individual organism are produced from produce new organism.
their "parents" Examples: hydra, polyp, yeast
Reproduction in Animals: Animals cell.
reproduce SEXUALLY and ASEXUALLY
or by both means. PARTHOGENESIS

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - a development that involves an

activated unfertilized egg that undergo
- A type of reproduction of animals mitosis in the absence of cytokinesis
whereby a single parent produces - the 2 nuclei then fuse together to form
offspring by cell division or without the diploid nucleus then further
fusion of gametes. develop as if it had been fertilized.
Types of Asexual Reproduction Example: aphid bee, wasp, ants

1. Regeneration SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

- - reproduction involving the union of

gametes.
involves the production and - from zygote (fertilized egg) to a
differentiation of new tissues to reproductively capable individual
replace missing and damaged
parts of the body.

- it involves cellular replication CHARACTERISTICS OF NEARLY ALL

by mitosis followed by EUKARYOTES
differentiation of tissues. ISOGAMY
Examples: hydra, flatworm, - gametes are structurally similar
annelids (common in simple eukaryote
2. Fragmentation ANISOGAMY
-A form of asexual reproduction - gametes are distinctly different-the
in which an organism is split smaller of the pair of gametes is
into fragments. Each of these considered male.
fragments develop into SPECIAL CASE: In some animals, both
matured, fully grown individuals female and male reproductive organs
that are identical to their occur within same individual. They are
parents. called HERMAPHRODITES. (can produce
Example: planaria both sperm and eggs but they usually
don’t self-fertilized)
GONAD
EXAMPLES:
- Primary sex organs in animals
EUTHERIAN
- Produce the gametes
- any member of the
- Also produce hormones that regulate
mammalian group
the development of gametes and
characterized by the
secondary sex organs act as
presence of a placenta,
pheromones
which facilitates exchan
TESTIS – male gonad ge of nutrients and
wastes between the
OVARY – female gonad blood of the mother
GAMATOGENESIS and that of the fetus.
MONOTREME
- Long sequence of events that take place - monotremes are very
in the production of sperm cell and egg primitive for mammals
cell because, like reptiles
and birds, they
lay eggs rather than
ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT having live birth.
- produce milk to
- the processes that lead eventually to
nourish the young.
the formation of a new animal starting
from cells derived from one or more MARSUPIAL
parent individuals
- are the group of
Two (2) Types of Development mammals commonly
thought of as pouched
1. Indirect Development
mammals.
o involves one or more
- They give birth very
intermediate larval forms
early and the young
before the adult form is
animal, essentially a
attained.
helpless embryo, climbs
o fertilization follows the random
from the mother's birth
release of gametes in the
canal to the nipples.
environment
o occurs mostly in aquatic STEM CELL
animals , butterflies and frog
- biological cells found in almost all
2. Direct Development
multicellular organisms that can divide
o offspring hatch or born in
and differentiate into diverse
miniature adult form
specialized cell types and can self-
o Typically those where female
renew to produce more stem cells.
produce smaller number of
MULTIPOTENT – related cell line
large yolk eggs
PLURIPOTENT – diverse cell type
o extended development is
TOTIPOTENT – most viable organism
sustained by transfer of
nutrients.
GENETICS MENDELIAN/CLASSICAL
GENETICS
- study of heredity
- study of inherited traits and their MENDELIAN GENETICS
variation
- Branch of Genetics that deals with the
HEREDITY transmission of genes between
generations.
- a biological process where a parent - organisms with different traits or
passes certain genes onto their children phenotype are mated and transmissions
or offspring. of gene to the next generation occur.
GENE

- a specific genetic unit controlling a MENDELIAN LAW OF

single trait that was passed on from INHERITANCE
generation to generation
- Segment of DNA GREGOR MENDEL

ALLELE - A monk and a Scientist

- Known as the “Father of Modern
- gene can exist in several different forms Genetics”
of gene. - Mendel’s pea plant experiment
conducted between 1856 to 1863
 DOMINANT – An allele/trait that established many of the rules of
expresses its phenotype when heredity, now referred to as the “Law of
heterozygous with a recessive allele Mendelian Inheritance”
 RECESSIVE - describes a trait or gene
that is masked by the presence of
dominant gene LAW OF DOMINANCE
 HOMOZYGOUS - describes a diploid
individual who has two identical alleles.
 HETEROZYGOUS - describes a diploid
individual who has different copies of
the same gene.

GENOTYPE

- The genetic composition of an

individual especially in terms of allele in
a particular gene.

PHENOTYPE

- physical appearance of an individual

- Observable characteristics of an
individual.
LAW OF SEGREGATION

- During the formation of gametes (eggs SEX-LINKED (X)

or sperm), the two alleles responsible
X-LINKED DOMINANT
for a particular trait separate from each
other. Alleles for a particular trait are - mode of genetic inheritance by which a
then "recombined" at fertilization, dominant gene is carried on the X
producing the genotype for the traits of chromosome.
the offspring. - X-linked dominant inheritance indicates
that a gene responsible for a genetic
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
disorder is located on the X
- Alleles for different traits are chromosome
distributed to sex cells (offspring) - only one copy of the allele is sufficient
independently of one another. to cause the disorder when inherited
(Example: the trait for height and the
trait for color of peas do not depend on
each other. These traits are
independent of each other and can
independently and randomly be
distributed into the sperm or egg cells.)
from a parent who has the disorder.

NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

NON-MENDELIAN X-LINKED RECESSIVE

- Sex-linked traits are kinds of non- - X-linked inheritance means that the
Mendelian inheritance pattern that has gene causing the trait or the disorder is
traits that are passed on via the sex located on the X chromosome.
chromosomes of an organism - As in autosomal recessive inheritance,
- traits that are passed down on the X or two copies of a disease allele on the X
Y chromosomes and often appear in chromosome are required for an
only one sex as opposed to the other individual with two X chromosomes (a
 female) to be affected with an X-linked
recessive disease.
SEX-INFLUENCED

- Sex-influenced traits are autosomal

traits that are expressed based on the
influence of the sex, in particular the
sex hormones: e.g. testosterone in
males and estrogen and progesterone
in females.
- Although these traits can be seen in
both the sexes, the degree or frequency
of the phenotypic expression varies
according to the sex.
- Although these traits can be seen in
both the sexes, the degree or frequency
- Since males have only one X
chromosome, any male with one copy
of an X-linked recessive disease allele is
affected.

of the phenotypic expression varies

according to the sex.
SEX-LINKED (Y)
Example: Baldness Pattern (it is
Y-LINKED common to male because of their
testosterone)
- Inheritance of genes on the Y
chromosome.
- Since, only males normally have a Y
chromosome, Y-linked genes can only
SEX-LIMITED
be transmitted from father to son. Y-
linked inheritance is also called - are genes that are present in both sexes
holandric inheritance. of sexually reproducing species but are
- Y-linked traits never occur in females expressed in only one sex and remain
and occur in all male descendants of an 'turned off' in the other.
- sex-limited genes cause the two sexes
to show different traits or phenotypes,
despite having the same genotype.
- due to anatomical differences

affected male.
- The concepts of dominant and recessive
do not apply to Y-linked traits, as only
one allele (on the Y) is ever present in
anyone (male) individual.