Project Based On ,

2 WD Vehicle Drone (Air + Land Surveillance)

Under Guidance Of,

Prof. Ashwini Patil Mam

Submitted By,
Sagar Malawade
Dattprasad Kakde
Divya Wagh
 Abstract

The rapid growth of surveillance technology has created a need for

systems that can operate seamlessly across multiple terrains. Traditional
ground vehicles and aerial drones, when used independently, face
limitations such as restricted mobility or limited ight time. To overcome
these challenges, this project proposes the design and development of a
hybrid 2WD Vehicle Drone capable of functioning both on land and in the
air. The system integrates a two-wheel drive vehicle base for stable ground
movement with a quadcopter mechanism for aerial operations, supported
by sensors, a microcontroller, and a camera module for real-time video
surveillance. Wireless communication enables remote monitoring and
control via mobile or IoT platforms. The proposed design provides a
compact, cost-effective, and versatile surveillance solution suitable for
defense, disaster management, agriculture, and industrial applications.
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 Introduction

In recent years, surveillance has become an essential requirement in

diverse elds such as defense, disaster management, agriculture, and
industrial security. Traditional ground vehicles and aerial drones, though
effective, suffer from certain limitations when used independently. Ground
vehicles are restricted by terrain and mobility, while aerial drones face
challenges like limited ight time and obstacles in low-altitude navigation.
To overcome these constraints, a hybrid system is proposed in the form of
a 2WD Vehicle Drone capable of operating both on land and in the air.
This innovative design combines the stability and endurance of a two-
wheel drive vehicle with the exibility and wide coverage of a quadcopter
drone, providing an ef cient, cost-effective, and versatile solution for real-
time surveillance across multiple terrains.
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 Problem Statement

Conventional surveillance systems rely either on ground vehicles or on

aerial drones, each of which has inherent limitations. Ground vehicles are
restricted by uneven terrain, limited coverage area, and obstacles that
block their path, while aerial drones face challenges such as limited ight
time, high energy consumption, and navigation issues at low altitude.
Using them separately increases cost and reduces ef ciency. There is
therefore a need for a compact, cost-effective, and hybrid solution that can
operate both on land and in the air, ensuring wider coverage, exibility,
and real-time monitoring. This project addresses this gap by designing a
2WD Vehicle Drone capable of dual-mode operation for multi-terrain
surveillance.
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 Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design and develop a hybrid 2WD
Vehicle Drone that can effectively perform surveillance tasks on both land and
in the air. The system is intended to combine the endurance and stability of a
ground vehicle with the exibility and wider coverage of an aerial drone.
Speci c goals include enabling real-time video monitoring through an onboard
camera, achieving wireless remote control via mobile or IoT platforms, and
ensuring ef cient power management for dual-mode operation. Additionally,
the project seeks to provide a compact, low-cost, and practical solution that can
be applied in defense, disaster management, agriculture, industrial security, and
smart city applications.
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 Literature Review

Surveillance robots have been studied extensively in the domains of

unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
UGVs are widely used for ground-level inspection and monitoring due to
their stability and longer operational time; however, their effectiveness
reduces in uneven terrains and areas with obstacles. UAVs, particularly
quadcopters, provide wide-area coverage and aerial surveillance but are
constrained by limited battery life and dif culties in operating at low
altitudes. Several research works have attempted to integrate IoT-enabled
drones for real-time data transmission, while others have explored
autonomous navigation using GPS and vision-based sensors. Some hybrid
models combining UAV and UGV capabilities have been proposed in
academic literature, but most face challenges related to weight distribution,
power management, and cost-effectiveness. Based on this review, it is
evident that there is a signi cant gap in developing a compact, affordable,
and ef cient hybrid surveillance system that seamlessly integrates both
land and aerial modes. This project attempts to bridge that gap by
designing a 2WD Vehicle Drone capable of dual-terrain operation with
real-time video surveillance.
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Block Diagram
 Components Used

• Battery / Power Supply: Powers the drone and motors. (e.g., Li-Po
11.1V 2200mAh)

• Microcontroller / MCU: Brain of the drone; handles motor control,

sensors, and communication. (Arduino Mega / ESP32 / STM32

• Motor Driver (for Wheels): Drives DC motors for ground movement.

(L298N or DRV8833)

• ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls brushless propeller motors

for ight.

• DC Motors (2WD): Provides land movement.

• Brushless Motors with Propellers: Provides lift for aerial movement.
• Wheel Sensors (Encoders): Monitor wheel rotation and speed for precise
movement.

• IMU / Gyroscope / Accelerometer: Stabilizes ight and measures

orientation.
• GPS Module: Provides location and navigation data.
• Camera Module: Captures video/images for surveillance. (FPV camera
or HD/IR camera)

• Wireless Module: Transmits data to ground station. (WiFi, RF, 4G/5G)

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 Working Principle

The 2WD Vehicle Drone is a hybrid surveillance system capable of both

ground and aerial operations, designed to provide versatile monitoring in
various environments. On the ground, the drone moves using two DC
wheels controlled by a motor driver, which receives commands from a
central microcontroller such as Arduino Mega or ESP32. For aerial
surveillance, the drone employs quadcopter-style propellers powered by a
Li-Po battery, allowing it to lift off and navigate over obstacles. The
microcontroller integrates sensor inputs, including ultrasonic or infrared
sensors for obstacle detection, and manages the switching between land
and air modes. Additionally, a camera module transmits real-time video
feed to the user, enabling effective surveillance. Communication with the
operator is maintained through a wireless module, allowing precise control
over movement, speed, and ight, making the system suitable for security,
rescue, and reconnaissance tasks.
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 Applications

• Security & Surveillance: Monitor large areas and detect intruders

with real-time video feed.
• Disaster Management & Rescue: Navigate through dif cult terrains
to locate victims and deliver supplies.
• Military & Border Patrol: Conduct reconnaissance using both ground
and aerial modes.
• Agriculture: Survey crops, detect pests, and monitor irrigation
systems ef ciently.
• Industrial Inspection: Inspect pipelines, warehouses, and hazardous
sites where human access is limited.
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 Advantages

• Hybrid Functionality: Can operate on both ground and air, increasing

versatility.

• Remote Monitoring: Provides real-time video feed without the need for
direct human presence.

• Obstacle Navigation: Equipped with sensors to detect and avoid

obstacles automatically.

• Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for separate land and aerial

surveillance systems.

• Time-Saving: Covers large areas quickly compared to manual inspection

or patrol.

• Safety: Performs surveillance in hazardous or inaccessible areas, keeping

humans out of danger.

• Multipurpose Use: Applicable in security, disaster management,

agriculture, and industrial inspection.
 limitations

• Limited Battery Life: Continuous operation is restricted by battery

capacity.

• Payload Restriction: Can carry only lightweight sensors or cameras.

• Weather Sensitivity: Performance may be affected by rain, strong
winds, or extreme conditions.

• Terrain Constraints: Ground movement may be hindered on very rough

or uneven surfaces.

• Signal Range: Remote control and video transmission are limited by

wireless range.

• Maintenance Needs: Requires regular upkeep for motors, sensors, and

propellers.
 Future Scope

• AI-based autonomous navigation

• Swarm deployment of hybrid drones
• Extended battery life with solar charging
• Integration with cloud-based surveillance systems
 Conclusion

In conclusion, the 2WD Vehicle Drone represents a versatile and ef cient

solution for modern surveillance needs, combining both ground and aerial
mobility in a single platform. Its ability to navigate diverse terrains,
provide real-time monitoring, and perform tasks in hazardous or
inaccessible areas makes it highly valuable for security, disaster
management, agriculture, and industrial inspections. While it has
limitations such as battery life and payload capacity, its hybrid
functionality and cost-effectiveness outweigh these challenges,
demonstrating the potential of integrating robotics and wireless
communication for practical applications. Overall, this project showcases
innovation in autonomous surveillance systems and lays the foundation for
further enhancements in hybrid drone technology.

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 References

1. Muhammad Zeeshan, “Design and Development of Hybrid Ground and

Aerial Drone,” International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 2021.

2. J. Smith, A. Kumar, “Autonomous Surveillance Drones: Applications

and Challenges,” IEEE Access, 2020.

3. Arduino Of cial Documentation, [Link]

4. ESP32 Technical Reference Manual, Espressif Systems, 2022.

5. L298N Motor Driver Datasheet, STMicroelectronics, 2021.

6. R. Patel, “Obstacle Avoidance Techniques for Ground and Aerial

Robots,” Journal of Robotics Research, 2019.

7. Li-Po Battery Safety and Usage Guide, Battery University, 2020.

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