CHAPTER 6

GEOMETRY

Compendium

A. Concepts in geometry
B. Line Segments

A. Measuring line segments

B. Drawing line segments
C. Closed figures

A. Special quadrilaterals
B. Circle
i. Diameter, Centre and radius
ii. Circumference
D. Drawing a circle
E. Designs using circles
F. Angles
G. Bird’s Eye View
H. Novice Level
I. Advanced Level
J. Solution

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A. Concepts in geometry
Point and line segment
A point is a very small dot made with a sharp pencil.
Line and ray
A line segment extending endlessly on both sides is called a line.
A line does not have a beginning or an end.
It is known with arrows on both sides.
A ray is a part of a line. It starts at a point and extends endlessly on
one side.
It is shown with an arrow on one end.

Point

Line segment
Line

Ray

Checkpoint 1

1. Name these.
(a) (b) (c)
2. Count and write the number of corners and line segments in
each figure.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

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B. Line Segments
(a)Measuring line segments
You can measure the length of this pencil with a scale.
Step 1 : Keep the pencil along the scale such that one end is at the 0
mark of the scale.
Step 2: Read the scale measure at the other end of the pencil.

The length of the pencil is 8 cm.

You can measure the length of this line segment in the same way.

The length of the line segment = ______ cm

Check it
Who measured the length of the line segment correctly?

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(b) Drawing line segments
You can draw a line segment of given length using a scale and
pencil. To draw a line segment of 10 cm, follow the steps.
Step 1: Keep the ruler on the paper and firmly press it with one hand.
Step 2: Mark a sharp pencil point against the 0 mark on the ruler.
Step 3: Mark a sharp pencil point against the 10 cm mark on the
ruler.

Step 4: Join the two points.

Checkpoint 2

1. write down the lengths of the objects.

(a)

(b)

(c)

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2. Draw line segments of the following lengths.
(a) 12 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 8 cm (d)10 cm
(e) 9 cm

C. Closed figures
These figures are not closed from all sides. They are open figures.

These figures are closed from all sides. They are called closed figures.

These closed figures are made up of straight-line segments. They are

called polygons. Polygons with different number of sides have
different names.

(a) Special quadrilaterals

A rectangle is a quadrilateral in which opposite sides are equal.
A square is a quadrilateral in which all sides are equal.

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(b) Circle
Look at the shapes of these objects.

They all have similar shapes. How can you describe their shape?
They are all round in shape. A round
shape drawn on paper is a circle.
A circle is a closed figure. It has 1
curved side. It has no corners.
Place a bangle on a sheet of paper.
Move a pencil around it. You will get
a circle on the paper.
(i) Diameter, Centre and radius
Cut out the circle you have drawn. Fold
it so that the two parts fit exactly over
each other. The shape you will get is a
semicircle.
Open it out. Do you see a line across the
circle? This is the diameter of the circle.
Now fold the circle again along a
different line.
The new crease is also a diameter.
The two diameters meet at a point. This point is exactly at the center
of the circle. It is called the center of the circle.

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Any line from the centre to the circle is a radius of the circle.
You can see that two radii (plural of radius)
together make a diameter. Therefore the length
of the diameter of a circle is twice the length of
the radius.
Diameter = 2 × Radius
Radius = Diameter ÷ 2
Rapid check
1. if radius = 4 cm diameter = ________
2. if diameter = 10 cm radius = _________
Interior, exterior and on the circle
Look at the circle
Points Q,Nand R are on the circle.
Points O,P, D and X are inside the circle.
Point B, A, M are outside the circle.

(ii) Circumference
Think! How can you measure the length around a
circle?
You can use a piece of string. To measure the length
around a bangle.

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• Start at any point.
• Wrap the string around the bangle until it meets the starting
point. Cut the string at that point.
• Open out the string and measure its length on a scale.

The length around a circle is called its circumference.

Checkpoint 3

1. Identify the closed figures. Colour them.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

2. Identify the polygons. Colour them.

(a) (c)

(b) (d)

3. Draw the following.

(a) A triangle
(b) A rectangle
(c) A square
(d) A quadrilateral that is not a rectangle or a square

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D. Drawing a circle
You can use a compass to draw a circle of any size on
paper.
Step 1: Fix the metal tip of the compass on the paper.
Step 2: Open out the arm on which the pencil is
fixed.
Step 3: Move the pencil arm around, keeping
the metal point in a fixed position. The point on
paper at which the metal tip was fixed will be
the centre of the circle. The distance between the metal point and
the pencil point will be the radius of the circle.

E. Designs using circles

You can draw lots of beautiful designs using circles.
(a) These circles have the same centre but
different radii. To draw the design you have to
keep the metal tip at the same point and change
the radius setting for each circle.
Use your imagination to colour the circles.

(b) To make the design shown, follow the steps.

Step 1: Draw a circle.
Step 2: Choose any point on the circle and keep
your compass point there. Step 3: Without
changing the compass setting, draw a part of a circle as shown.

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Step 4: Keep drawing parts of circles from the new points until the
design is complete.
(c) Warli painting is a form of folk art. Warli
paintings show events in the lives of the Warli
tribe of Maharashtra. The paintings show trees,
birds and celebrations in which people dance in
circles, sow seeds and harvest the crop.
The paintings are in white on a dark
background and use simple geometric figures
like circles, triangles and squares.

F. Angles and It’s Types

In planar geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called
the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex
of the angle.
Types of Angle
Acute Angle – An Acute angle (or Sharp angle) is an angle smaller
than a right angle ie. it can range between 0 – 90 degrees.
Obtuse Angle – An Obtuse angle is more than 90 degrees but is less
than 180 degrees.
Right Angle – An angle of 90
degrees.
Straight Angle – An angle of 180
degrees is a straight angle, i.e. the
angle formed by a straight line

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G. Bird’s-eye view

• A point is a very small dot made with a sharp pencil.

• Those figures which are not closed from all sides. They are open
figures.
• Those figures which are closed from all sides. They are called
closed figures
• A rectangle is a quadrilateral in which opposite sides are equal.
• A square is a quadrilateral in which all sides are equal.
• Diameter = 2 × Radius

H. Solved examples

Example [Link] must have seen many such round things around
you. List some more in your notebook.
Ans. List of some round things around me
(a) Bangles (b) Bread (c) Glass (d) Tawa
(e) Pressure cooker (f) Bowl (g) Wheel chair (h) Coins
(i) Drum (j) Tyre (k) Cup (l) Plate
(m) Moon (n) Sun (o) Globe (P) Ball.
Example 2. A bangle can be used to trace a circle. What are the
other things around you that you can use to trace a circle?
Ans. There are so many things around us, which can be used to trace
a circle. Such as coins, bowl, plate, glass, the cycle rim, etc.
Example 3. Think of some other games you play by making
circles.
Ans. Some games which are played by making circles are – Musical
chair race, Passing a parcel, etc.

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Example 8 The doctor has told Devi Prasad to
run 2 km every day to stay fit. He took one
round of this field. How far did he run?
Ans. Devi Prasad ran one round the field = 500 m
+ 500 m + 500 m + 500 m= 2000 m= 2000 ÷ 1000
km= 2 km

I. Practice yourself

Choose the correct answer.

1. You can measure the length of which of these?
(a)Line (b) Line segment
(c) Ray (d) All of these
2. Which of these closed figures has a curved side?
(a) Triangle (b) Square
(c) All polygons (d) Circle
3. How many diameters does a circle have ?
(a) 1 (b)2 (c) 4 (d) Many
4. Which of these either touches or passes through the centre of
the circle?
(a)Radius (b) Diameter
(c)Both radius and diameter (d)Neither radius nor diameter
5. The distance from which of these points to the centre of a circle
is equal to the radius of the circle?
(a)Point on the circle (b)Point inside a circle
(c)Point outside a circle (d)all of these

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6. Label the parts of this circle – centre, radius,
diameter.

7. Fill in the blanks with inside, outside and on.

Point J : _______ the circle
Point K : _______ the circle
Point L : _________ the circle
8. Measure the diameter of the circle. Find the radius by calculation.
(a) (b)

9. Find the radii of circles with the following diameters.

(a) 12 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 30 cm
(d) 2cm (e) 14 cm
10. Find the diameters of circles with the following radii.
(a) 10 cm (b) 2cm (c) 12 cm
(d) 7 cm (e) 20 cm

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1. Fill in the blanks.

(a) A circle is a ___________ (closed/ open) figure.
(b) A circle _______ (does/does not) have straight lines.
(c) If the radius of a circle is 3 cm, its diameter is _______ cm, and
the distance from the center of the circle to a point on the circle
is _____ cm.
(d) if the diameter of a circle is 10 cm, its radius is ______ cm, and
the distance from the center of the circle to a point on the circle
is _____ cm.
(e) In a circle of diameter 16 cm, the distance between the center
of the circle and a point on the circle is ______ cm.
2. Count and write the number.

(a) Line segments _____

(b) Rays : _____

(c) Lines : ______

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3. Join the points, 2 at a time, to draw as many line segments as you
can.
(a) (b)

4. Draw line segments of the following lengths.

1
(a) 8 cm (b) 7 𝑐𝑚
2
1 1
(c) 5 𝑐𝑚 (d) 8 𝑐𝑚
2 1

(Think! How will you measure cm on the scale?)

5. In the circle name the following.
(a) Center : _________ (b) A diameter : _______
(c) A radius : _______ (d) Line segment CD:______
(e) Line segment OD: _______ (f) Line segment OA : _______
(g) Length around the circle : ______

6. Find the radii of circles with the following diameters. Mind the
units .
(a) 16 cm (b) 26 cm (c) 20 m
(d) 4 m (e) 24 cm
7. Find the diameters of circles with the following radii. Mind the
units,
(a) 7 cm (b) 2 m (c) 11cm (d) 17 m
(e) 30 m

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8. Alka measured a line segment. Instead of keeping one end of the
line segment at the 0 cm mark on the scale, she kept it at the 1
cm mark. The reading at the other end was 10 cm.
What was the length of the line segment?

9. Raj and Sheila a race on a straight track.

They reached the end at the same time.

So they ran with exactly the same speed.

Then they ran the race around a
circular track. See the picture.
They ran at exactly the same speed.
But this time Raj won the race? Why?
(Hint: Think! Is the distance they ran
the same now?)

J. Solutions

Checkpoint 1
1. a. Ray b. Line Segment c. Line
2. a. 3 b. 4 c. 4 d. 5
Checkpoint -2
1. a. 2 cm b. 10 cm c. 12 cm
Checkpoint 3
1. a. Open b. Closed c. Closed d. Open
2. C and B

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Novice level

1. b 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. Centre is O
Radius OK ,OP Diameter KP 7. Inside , On ,Outside
9. a. 6 cm b. 11 cm c. 15 cm d. 1 cm e. 7 cm
10. a. 20 cm b. 4 cm c. 24 cm d. 14 cm e. 40 cm

Advance level

1. (a) Closed (b) Does not (c) 6 cm ,3 cm

(d) 5 cm ,5cm (e)8 cm
2. (a)4 (b) 5 (c) 2
5. a. O b. CD c. OD ,OC,OA
d. Diameter e. Radius f. Radius
g .Circumference
6. a. 8 cm b. 13 cm c. 10 m
d. 2 m e. 12 cm
7. a. 14 cm b. 4 m c. 22 cm
d. 34 cm e. 60 cm
8. 9 cm
9. Inner circle is small as compared to outer circle.

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