{rfr{tw{fr6gdtril-{frr6 qqrqft qro q*

RAJIV RANJAN SINGH ALIAS LALAN SINGH ertt qsqrilq, .HJqrf,{ \'q t?rfr q*
rTt-{d sr6r{
Minister of Panchayati Raj and

\rdrtq oqt Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying

Government of lndia

Do. No5k,3....,MrN pR&FAHD/20.*S-

?.7 FEB 2025

Message

I am pleased to share that the Board has released an updated module on the neutering and
vaccination of stray dogs, offering solutions to rising stray dog populations in the country.

Urban areas face increasing stray dog numbers and dog bite incidents due to population growth
and improper waste management. The Animal Birth Control (ABC) Program provides a humane
solution by promoting dog neutering and vaccination, which helps control populations, reduces
disease transmission like rabies, and minimizes human-animal conflicts.

Local bodies play a vital role in implementing the ABC Program. Neutered and vaccinated dogs
are healthier, less aggressive, and safer for the community. Regular awareness programs will
further reduce concems related to stray animals.

This module will guide veterinarians, local bodies, and communities in managing stray dog
populations while fostering harmony with man's best friend.
)
1rfl't'
(Rajiv Ranjan Singh)

Room No. 234, B- Wing, Krishi Bhawan, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road, New Delhi-110 001 (lndia),
Ph. +91 11-23380780181182 Fax +91 11-23380783 Resi. 011-2378278'1182
 CONTENTS
SL. No. Topic Page No.
11 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms 2
2 Summary 3
3 Background: Understanding the Issue 5
3.l What are street dogs? 5
3.2 Why do they exist? 5
3.3 Their impact on humans/society 9
3.4 Why removal of street dogs did not work 11
3.5 Dog Demographics 13
4 The Solution: Animal Birth Control program 15

4.1 Understanding the Legal Framework: Animal Birth Control 16

Rules, 2023
4.2 Site of ABC Center 21
4.3 Capture and Handling 29
4.4 Transportation 32
4.5 Infrastructure

4.6 Key Elements

4.7 Surgery and Associated Procedures

4.8 Handling of street dogs with respect to which complaints

of habitual biting or unprovoked aggression are received
4.9 Regulating Dog Breeding and Pet Shops

4.10 Feeding of street dogs

4.11 Conflict Resolution
5 Results of Animal Birth Control
6 Implementation Framework for street dog population
management, rabies eradication and reducing man-dog
conflict.
7 Guidelines for Birth Control and Immunisation of Stray Cats
1. Abbreviations and Acronyms

ABC Animal Birth Control

ARV Anti Rabies Vaccine
AWBI Animal Welfare Board of India
AWO Animal Welfare Organization
CNR Catch, Neuter and Release
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
MCGM Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

NGO Non-Government Organization

NRCP National Rabies Control Project

WOAH World Organization for Animal Health
SARAH Sikkim Anti Rabies and Animal Health program
SAWB State Animal Welfare Board
SPCA Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
SPV Special purpose Vehicle
UT Union Territory
WHO World Health Organization

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 2
Man-Dog Conflict
2. Summary
Street dogs and cats have always been a part of Indian urban and rural life
like many other developing countries in the world. Many of these animals
live in close contact with human beings.

In India, for more than l50 years up to 200l, mass killing of street dogs
through various forms, including electrocution, shooting and poisoning were
seen as the only solution by the authorities to address the issue of over
population of street dogs and deaths due to rabies. Some sporadic but
illegal killings continue to take place in many parts of India.

Much of the research and experiences of internationally reputed organizations

such as the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for
Animal Health (WOAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, (FAO) and independent researchers suggest that killing street dogs
can have no correlation with the objective of reducing their population, or
reducing the n u m b e r o f dog-bites or deaths caused by rabies. Much of
this research is collated and included in this module.

This Module is an attempt to give answers to the following questions:

 Why do street dogs exist? What are the causes of their existence?
 What is their impact on our society?
 Why did earlier attempt sat mass removal of street dogs not achieve

Animal Welfare Board of India 3

 the desired results?
 What are the existing solutions and are they adequate?
 What recommendations are necessary to enhance the work ability of
the existing solutions? What other solutions can supplement existing
solutions?
 Which are the successful models from India and abroad that can be
replicated to achieve the desired results?

The availability of more food waste due to changes in society such as

urbanization and increased human densities, combined with a lack of
responsible ownership are leading to an apparent increase of free-roaming dogs.
There is a clear need to manage street dog populations efficiently to promote
human and animal health and welfare, without causing animal suffering. The
solutions to address this issue need to be beneficial to both animals as well
as humans and in accordance with law.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 4
Man-Dog Conflict
This module lays down a road map for such a solution:

 Though the Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules were notified in 200l
and superseded by the ABC Rules, 2023, yet they are still not mass
implemented with the piousness they deserve.
 The One Health approach should be considered for better

Animal Welfare Board of India 5

 implementation of street dog population management and rabies control
and will lead to a better co-ordination between various stakeholders.
 Focus should also be on implementing the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals (Pet Shops) Rules, 2017 and Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
(Dog Breeding) Rules 2018
 Although a legal framework exists in Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023 to
address street dogs with documented cases of habitual biting or unprovoked
aggression, the prescribed protocols are not being properly enforced.
 The module emphasizes appropriate feeding practices and care by
designated caregivers in consultation with local communities, while
maintaining cleanliness and addressing residents' concerns through proper
documentation and communication.
 A comprehensive conflict resolution mechanism involving all stakeholders
- caregivers, residential welfare associations, and municipal authorities - is
essential for addressing disputes through dialogue and mutual
understanding rather than confrontation.

Cat Population Management Guidelines:

Although the primary focus of this module is the management of street dog
populations, it is also necessary to acknowledge the growing need for humane
population control of free-roaming and community cats. Free-roaming cats, like
street dogs, are an integral part of urban and rural ecosystems, however, their
population often goes unmanaged, leading to overpopulation, public health
concerns, and welfare issues for the cats themselves. Recognizing this, the Animal
Welfare Board of India has introduced a section on cat sterilization in this revised
module.

3. Background: Understanding the Issue

3.1 What are street dogs?
Most free-roaming dogs belong to an ancient canine race known as the

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 6
Man-Dog Conflict
Pariah Dog. Dogs have existed all over Asia and Africa ever since humans
started living in settlements. They were the first animals to be domesticated
and their loyalty and love for their caregivers is what earned them the title of
man’s best friend. They are and have always been scavengers. In India, the
breed has existed for perhaps l4,000 years or more. In addition to
scavenging, they are widely kept as free roaming pet by rural and urban
households.

The word ‘stray’ is used for street dogs in the context of the animal not being
an ‘owned’ dog or a ‘pet’ dog. However, all dogs whether owned or stray/street
share the same characteristics of being a loyal friend, a watch / guard dog,
eager to please humans and exist in harmony with them.

A large proportion of the urban street dog population consists of mongrels

or mixed breeds, i.e., dogs that have descended from pedigree dogs, which
have been allowed by their owners to inter-breed with street dogs.

Not all street dogs are in fact stray or ownerless animals. There are
street dogs which do not have owners or are feral but may still be accepted
by the neighborhood as belonging to the community. These animals are
‘community owned’. Members of the neighborhood assume occasional
responsibility for these dogs by feeding them, treating them when they
are ill and getting them vaccinated, and also by protecting them from
people who intend to harm them.

3.2 Why do they exist?

The size of the street dog population usually corresponds to the size and
character of the human population of the area, before an animal birth
Animal Welfare Board of India 7
control program is put into place. Some of the reasons which create and
sustain street dog population are given below:

3.2.1 Large amounts of exposed garbage, which provide an abundant

source of food.

“The abundance of dogs is dependent on the habitat, especially the availability

of resources such as food, water and shelter. Access to these resources
depends on settlement patterns, rubbish and waste disposal, rules for keeping
animals and other cultural practices. To understand the population biology
of the species, it is important to keep in mind the differences in owner ship
status, degrees of restriction on their movement, social interaction,
reproduction and levels of dependence on human care.” (Wanderer et al, l993).
It is clear to us that the population of street dogs is directly related to the
amount of food and edible waste matter in an area. Areas of the city,
which are kept clean, usually because they house affluent, influential people
have a very low dog population. Areas of the city with dense, poor-quality
housing and large amount so waste have a much higher population. The
overall, ultimate answer to street dog population control is to control the
availability of edible waste.

3.2.2 Large human populations living on the street soring slums who
keep the dogs as free-roaming pets/neighborhood dogs

“In India, 60% of the dog population falls under the neighborhood dog category”
(Reece JF and Chawla SK, 2006).

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 8
Man-Dog Conflict
Local communities very often provide food to street dogs. In many cities and
towns, many people live on th e street soring slums. Such people keep street
dogs as pets and feed them. They work with animal welfare organizations
to catch, sterilize, vaccinate, and treat. Them when they fall sick.

In return, the dogs give them security, love, and companion ship. Such
dogs become easier to catch when they must be taken for sterilizations
(ABC) and re-vaccinations against rabies (ARV).

Animal Welfare Board of India 9

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 10
Man-Dog Conflict
3.2.3 Irresponsible Pet Ownership
Pet dogs that area band one continue to live on the streets if not rescued
or killed in road accidents, thus inter-breeding and adding to the existing
street dog population. Abandonment is linked to the unregulated and unchecked
commercial dog breeding and trading industry comprising breeders and pet shops
causing the street dog population. Some pet owners also allow their pets to
mate with street dogs thus increasing their population.

Animal Welfare Board of India 11

3.3 Their impact on humans/society
Dogs play a number of important roles in human societies: they provide
companionship and are used for a variety of activities including herding
other animals and guarding property. Animals live in close contact with
human beings. India has a large street dog population. The reasons for
their existence have been enumerated in 3.2 above.

The availability of more food waste, due to changes in society such as

urbanization and increased human densities, combined with a lack of
responsible pet ownership and unregulated breeding are leading to an
apparent increase of free-roaming dogs. There is a clear need to manage
street dog populations efficiently to promote human and animal health and
welfare, without causing animal suffering.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 12
Man-Dog Conflict
“The need to control the number of dogs, especially stray dogs, is motivated
in part by public health concerns, particularly in relation to rabies
transmission. In addition to disease transmission, dog bites and the fear of
aggressive dogs also pose a risk to human health and well-being and can
lead to panic and the inhumane culling of dogs. Promoting responsible dog
ownership with emphasis on behavior and basic needs and ensuring that dogs
are properly vaccinated and treated against diseases are, therefore, essential.
Furthermore, educational and bite prevention programs for the public,
especially children, should always include guidance on how to interact with
animals and what to do when approached by dogs, particularly those that
show signs of fear and / or aggression” (FAO, 20ll)

Dogs do not generally bite unless provoked.

We need to understand the reasons why dogs may bite. Animal behaviorists
list out the following reasons, which could be classified as provoked bites:

Animal Welfare Board of India 13

 1. Touching a dog when it is eating or sleeping.
2. Tea sing or hurting a dog
3. If the dog is ill or in pain
4. If the dog perceives that it is being attacked
5. If the dog perceives that its owners being attacked
6. If the dog is fighting with another dog over territory or mating and
a person gets in their way
7. If a stranger touches a pet dog.

A female dog will bite if she perceives that her pups are being
threatened.
“Dog bites were high in winter after the breeding season” (Prate et al., 2011,
Reece JF, 2013) and this could be due to bites by female dogs protecting their
litter.

Unprovoked bites might occur when:

1. Male dogs are chasing a female which is on heat, and may tend to
bite passers-by. Sterilization eliminates this behavior.
2. Dogs in packs follow their leader (alpha male) and tend to behave
accordingly. When the alpha male dogs are sterilized and cared for,
they tend to become friendlier towards other dogs and people. In this
manner, the pack usually calms down.

An extract from the research paper (Jackman, J., & Rowan, A) confirms
the above theory that sterilized dogs display changes in behavior and
reduction in aggression: “CNR programs also have the capacity to produce

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 14
Man-Dog Conflict
behavioral changes in dogs that limit bite and disease risk. Sterilization also
reduces roaming and aggressive behavior in male dogs (Lockwood l995).
Fewer escaping behaviors have been reported after gonadectomy (Spain,
Scarlett, and Houpt, 2004). Fewer females in heat also reduce fighting and
pack formation (Help in Suffering 2003; Nolan 2006). For 60 percent of
dogs in one study, castration reduc e during marking, roaming and mounting,
and one third of dogs showed significant decreases in aggressive behavior”
(Neilson, Eckstein, and Hart l997).
A recent research paper regarding an extended study on the behavioral
ecology of rearranging dogs in India, carried out by random sampling of dog
behavior through surveys in two cities and one township of India, suggests
that the general perception of these dogs as a nuisance is flawed. It suggests
that the solution to man-dog conflict is not culling, but efficient management
of garbage and rabies in the country, and a positive attitude towards the
animals that are otherwise known to be man’s best friend (Sreejani Sen et al,
20l4).

3.4 Why removal of street dogs does not work

Most Indian civic bodies have been killing street dogs for decades, till the
ABC (Dogs) Rule, 2001 were notified. The concept of culling or killing was
imported from the developed countries without any understanding of the
different urban and rural conditions in developing countries. In countries
such as India, where exposed garbage and slums encourage the existence
of street dogs, killing or removing them has proved ineffective in controlling
rabies or the dog population.
This is because the street dogs that are removed or killed are easily replaced
with new dogs from other territories. They are also highly territorial, with

Animal Welfare Board of India 15

each dog having its fixed niche.

Here is what happens when street dogs are taken away or removed from
an area:

1. Their territories become vacant and street dogs from neighboring areas
move in to occupy them.
2. The street dogs which escape the catching squad continue to multiply,
and therefore the territorial vacuum is soon filled again.
3. Dog fights increase since every time a new street dog enters a territory;
he is attacked by the dogs already in the neighborhood.
4. Dog fights continue to take place over mating.
5. Dog bites also increase as during dog fights passersby may get
accidentally bitten.
6. Rabies may continue to spread, if vaccinated
7. Street dogs are removed, and their place is taken by unvaccinated
dogs.
8. When street dogs are being removed en mass, it is usually the friendlier
and sterilized dogs are caught / killed / dislocated first. The street dogs
that are left may be unsterilized and unfriendly. This unintended trait
selection may lead to an overall change in behavior of the street dog
population in that area.
Thus, this only creates an unstable, constantly changing, rapidly multiplying
and rabies carrying dog population. Man-dog conflict ultimately and
invariably increases in areas from which street dogs are dislocated / removed
/ killed.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 16
Man-Dog Conflict
Listed below are some research papers and case studies that support the
above-mentioned theory of removal having no impact on street dog
populations or the number of human deaths due to rabies:

1. “It is pertinent that mass dog vaccination has repeatedly been shown to be
effective in controlling canine rabies. On the other hand, there is no
evidence that removal of dogs has a significant impact on the dog
population density or the spread of rabies” (WHO, 2013)
2. “In fact, removal of dogs from their territories will open up the habitat for
the entry of new, unvaccinated dogs which would become vectors for
rabies if infected”. (Clifton M, 2011).

3. “Considerable experience has been gained in projects coordinated by

WHO in Ecuador, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Tunisia and other ecological
studies conducted in South America and Asia. However, data
collection needs to be continued in other areas and in countries with
different social and ecological conditions. There is no evidence that
removal of dogs alone has ever had a significant impact on dog
population densities or the spread of rabies. The population turnover
of dogs may be so high that even the highest recorded removal rates
(about l5% of the dog population) are easily compensated for by
increased survival rates. In addition, dog removal may be unacceptable
to local communities” (WHO, 2005).
4. “Elimination of dogs would also increase fecundity of remaining adult
dogs due to better nutrition, giving rise to more puppies, and their
increased survival, resulting in a population with a younger age
structure that is not immune to rabies” (Vindya Kumarapeli, Tamara
Awerbuch-Friedlander, 2009)

Animal Welfare Board of India 17

 5. “In countries such as Denmark, Korea and Israel, rabies was controlled
through a vaccination programme when culling did not prevent the
outbreak of rabies” (Morters et al., 2013)
6. “In Guayaquil and Sri Lanka, elimination level ranging from 12% to 55%
of the estimated dog population did not durably affect the size of the
dog population or the dog rabies incidence.” (Kumarapeli V and
Awerbuch-Friedlander T, 2009).
7. “The removal rate of l5% of dog population is easily compensated
for by increased survival rates as the remaining dogs would have
greater access to resources in the same area” (World Health Organization
Expert Consultation on Rabies, 2004).

3.5 Dog Demographics

“Despite the fact that street dogs do not live in households, the distribution and
number of street dogs found in a community is highly dependent on human
behavior. Various studies examining dog population dynamics have found
that the dog population size is a function of human factors” (Morters et al. 2014;
Garde et al. 2012).
Radiocollared un-owned street dogs in Puerte Natales, Chile to assess home
ranges found that the majority spent most of their time clustered around
human houses and the places where humans provided food. Morters et al
studied free-roaming dog populations in Bali, Indonesia and Johannesburg,
South Africa and found that the majority of the street dogs were considered
owned by survey participants (99% and 88% respectively).
“Dog populations (counting both pets and street dogs) around the world vary
from 0. 1 dogs per 100. Humans to 50 dogs per 100 humans. This very
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 18
Man-Dog Conflict
large range is not caused by differences in dog reproductive capacity (which
would be more or less the same across the globe)”(Andrew N Rowan, PhD &
Tamara Kartal, 2015)

4. The Solution: Animal Birth Control Program

The Animal Birth Control (ABC) Program is mandated by the Animal Birth
Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001 and superseded by ABC Rules, 2023. The Supreme
Court and several High Courts have, in their judgments, emphasized on the
need for implementation of the ABC Rules, 2023, in letter and spirit. This
section lays out various actions (Section 4.l-4.9) that need to be taken as
part of the ABC program. Implementation of the actions will lead to:

1. Reduction in incidence of dog bites and rabies

2. Reduction of dog population
3. Tackling complaints related to dog issues from the general public.

Animal Welfare Board of India 19

 4. Effective management of dogs at sensitive locations like airports and
hospitals
5. Monitoring and impact assessment of the program.

Based on empirical as well as observational data, it has been found that

ABC conducted in the prescribed manner works effectively for the following
reasons:

1. Street dogs are sterilized and put back in the same territory.
2. Since territories are not left vacant, new dogs will not enter.
3. Mating and breeding also cease.
4. With no mating and no puppies, street dog fights and accidental bites
to humans also reduces.
5. The street dogs are immunized and hence they cannot spread rabies.
6. Over time, street dogs die a natural death, and their number swindle.

As a result, the street dog population becomes stable, non-breeding, more

friendly and rabies free, with
a gradual decrease in numbers
over a period of time.

4.1 Understanding the Legal

Framework: Animal Birth
Control Rules 2023

The management of street dog

populations in India presents a
complex challenge requiring
humane, scientific, and legally

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 20
Man-Dog Conflict
compliant solutions. As demonstrated by decades of evidence, Animal Birth
Control programs stand as the only proven sustainable approach for managing
street dog populations while addressing public health concerns like rabies.
Traditional methods of mass removal or culling have consistently failed to
achieve lasting results, instead creating unstable population dynamics that can
worsen human-dog conflicts.

Understanding the legal framework governing ABC implementation is essential

because it reflects years of evidence-based policy development aligned with
India's constitutional and ethical values of compassion toward animals. The
Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023, enacted under the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals Act, 1960, provide comprehensive regulatory structure that balances
public health priorities with animal welfare considerations. This framework
ensures standardized, humane, and effective implementation of ABC programs
nationwide, with clear responsibilities assigned to various stakeholders from
national to local levels. By working within this established legal structure,
significant long-term reductions in street dog populations can be achieved while
simultaneously decreasing rabies transmission and promoting harmonious
coexistence between humans and animals.

4.1.1 Who Can Conduct ABC Programs?

According to Rule 3(1) the responsibility of conducting Animal Birth Control
programs lies with the local authority. However, they may either:

 Carry out the program using their own veterinary officers, or

 Engage an Animal Welfare Organization already recognized by Animal
Welfare Board of India and that has the necessary training, expertise, and
human resources for conducting ABC programs.

Rule 3(2) and 3(3) make it mandatory to obtain a Certificate of Project Recognition
from the Animal Welfare Board of India. No organization or local authority can
conduct ABC programs without project recognition.

Animal Welfare Board of India 21

4.1.2 Special Provision for Local Authorities:
When local authorities conduct ABC program through their own veterinary staff,
then local authorities:
 Must create a Special Purpose Vehicle(SPV) for implementation and
inform the Board[Rule 3(5)].
 Can hire contractual or full time veterinarians, handlers, drivers and
paraveterinarians for implementation of the ABC but shall not outsource
any part of the program to other agencies [Rule 3(6)].
 Is responsible for ensuring that the staff hired by the Special Purpose
Vehicle have are suitably trained and follow all legal mandates and the
Project Incharge appointed by the local authority shall not be a part of the
Special Purpose Vehicle [Rule 3(7)].
How Can Animal Welfare Organizations Apply for Project Recognition?
Rules 3(4) through 3(8) detail the application requirements for any Animal
Welfare Organization seeking Project Recognition, they must:

 Already be recognized as an Animal Welfare Organisation by the Board

 Submit requisite form along with a non-refundable fee of ₹5,000
 Submit an attested copy of the Veterinary Council of India/State Veterinary
Council registration certificate for each veterinarian involved.
 Apply separately for each ABC center they plan to operate.

4.1.3 Inspection Before Approval Process for Project Recognition

Once an application is submitted, the AWBI directs the State Animal Husbandry
Department to inspect the proposed ABC center within 30 days. The inspection
team will include:

 The Chief Veterinary Officer of the district

 A nodal officer from the State Animal Birth Control Monitoring
Committee
 A representative from the AWBI or the State Animal Welfare Board
 An expert in veterinary surgery or ABC programs

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 22
Man-Dog Conflict
The inspection report must be submitted within 10 days. Based on the report, the
AWBI’s Project Recognition Committee will decide whether to approve the
application. If approved, the recognition certificate will be issued within 15 days
and must be prominently displayed at the ABC center at all times and shall be
produced during subsequent inspections.

4.1.4 Refusal of Recognition

Under Rule 4 AWBI can refuse project recognition for the following reasons:
False information submission

 False information submission

 Prior convictions under animal protection laws
 Refusal to allow inspection
 Inadequate infrastructure or manpower

Rule 5 prohibits conducting ABC programs without recognition and mandates

immediate discontinuation if recognition is refused.

4.1.5 Renewal of Recognition

According to Rule 6 Project Recognition Certificate is valid for three years and
must be renewed before expiration. The renewal application must be submitted at
least 60 days before expiry along with a renewal fee of ₹5,000. The same
inspection and approval process applies as for new applications.

4.1.6 Formation of Monitoring Committees

According to Rule 9, different monitoring committees must be established to
effectively implement Animal Birth Control programs. These committees help
control street animal populations, eradicate rabies, and reduce human-animal
conflicts. The committee structure includes:

 A Central Animal Birth Control Monitoring and Coordination Committee

that coordinates between stakeholders at the Central Government level and
between Central and State Governments

Animal Welfare Board of India 23

  A State Animal Birth Control Implementation and Monitoring Committee
in each state/union territory to coordinate ABC programs across the state
in a scientific, phase-wise manner
 A Local Animal Birth Control Monitoring Committee at each Local
Authority level that meets at least once monthly to assess program
implementation

All committees are constituted as provided in Schedule-II of the Rules, with

specific functions assigned to each level.

4.1.7 Obligations of Local Authorities

Rule 10 outlines that Local Authorities must ensure each Animal Birth Control
Center has:

 Sufficient kennels and veterinary hospital facilities (managed by either

local authority or animal welfare organizations)
 Enough properly modified vans for safe dog handling and transportation
 Mobile Operation Theatre Vans equipped with surgical infrastructure for
smaller local bodies
 Incinerators for organ and carcass disposal (or deep burial where
incinerators aren't feasible)
 Regular maintenance and repairs of ABC Centers
 CCTV installed throughout the premises, especially in operation theaters
and animal housing areas
 Video surveillance records maintained for at least one month
 Proper cleanliness and hygiene maintained at all times
 Comprehensive record-keeping for all animals (catching, release,
medicine, surgery, feeding, vaccinations)

Local authorities must reimburse sterilization/immunization expenses regularly if

animal welfare organizations are engaged. They can also conduct ABC programs
through their own staff by creating a Special Purpose Vehicle, which must hire
qualified veterinarians, handlers, drivers and paraveterinarians.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 24
Man-Dog Conflict
4.1.8 Capturing, Sterilization, Immunization, and Release Protocols
Rule 11 establishes that capturing street dogs can be done for:

 General population control (decided by local authority with Monitoring

Committees)
 Specific complaints about dog bites or suspected rabies cases

Each dog capturing team must include:

 A van driver
 At least two trained local authority or Animal Welfare Organization
employees
 One representative from a nominated Animal Welfare Organization

All team members must carry valid local authority ID cards. Before capture
operations begin, public notices must be displayed informing residents about the
upcoming capture for sterilization and immunization, explaining that dogs will
be returned to the same area afterward.

Capture must use humane methods like net catching or hand catching. Tongs or
wires are strictly prohibited. Only the number of animals that fit the ABC Center's
capacity should be captured, and dogs from different areas shouldn't be mixed to
avoid territorial conflicts.

Each captured dog receives a numbered collar corresponding to capture records

to ensure proper return to their original location. Puppies under six months and
nursing mothers with puppies under two months should not be captured for
sterilization.

4.1.9 Animal Care Requirements

According to Rules 11 and 12, the ABC Center must provide:

 Properly marked kennels with each locality name written on kennel doors
 Individual kennels at least 3 feet wide, 4 feet deep, and 6 feet high

Animal Welfare Board of India 25

  Kennel doors with vertical iron bars (gaps no more than 2 inches between
bars)
 Adequate roofing for shelter and to prevent escapes
 Sufficient cross-ventilation and raised areas for dogs to rest comfortably
 Proper drainage systems in all kennels
 Separate housing for male and female dogs
 Quarantine kennels where dogs stay for 12 hours before surgery (without
food or water)
 Post-surgery care in kennels for at least 4 days
 Adequate nutritious food twice daily and clean drinking water available at
all times

Dogs from the same family/social group may share kennels. The Center must have
sufficient space for proper housing and free movement with good ventilation and
natural lighting.

4.1.10 Surgical and Identification Procedures

Rule 11 specifies that sterilization surgery and vaccination must be performed by
qualified veterinarians under supervision of Jurisdictional Veterinary Officers in
well-equipped operation theaters. The Board's Module outlines approved surgical
procedures and minimum requirements.

During sterilization, a 'V' shaped notch must be made on the right ear of each dog
for identification purposes. This ear notch helps identify sterilized and immunized
dogs once they return to the streets. Branding of dogs is not permitted under any
circumstances.

4.1.11 Record-Keeping Requirements

Rule 12 mandates that Project In-charge of the local authority or Animal Welfare
Organization must maintain daily updated records including:

 Capture details (area, date/time, capturing squad members, dog

descriptions)
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 26
Man-Dog Conflict
  Release information (date, time, location)
 Feeding records for each kennel and food inventory
 Treatment records for each dog
 Medicine and vaccine inventory
 Mortality records
 Equipment inventory including surgical equipment
 Dog van logbooks
 Staff attendance records
 Organ inspection records
 CCTV footage for the previous 30 days

4.1.12 Reporting Requirements

Under Rule 13, the Project In-charge or Veterinarian in-charge must submit:

 Monthly progress reports to the Local ABC Monitoring Committee

showing numbers of dogs caught, sterilized, housed for observation, or that
died
 Details of veterinarians involved (names, qualifications, number of
surgeries performed)
 Information about post-operative complications and mortality rates
 Annual reports to the Board through the State ABC Monitoring Committee
by May 31st each year
 Any additional information requested by the Board or State Board

4.1.13 Inspection Authority

Rule 14 gives the Animal Welfare Board of India authority to conduct inspections
of ABC Centers either in response to complaints or for periodic assessment.
Inspection teams can:

 Enter premises and access all areas, animals, and records

 Take pictures, record videos, and copy records
 Conduct surprise inspections without prior notice

Animal Welfare Board of India 27

Each recognized ABC Center must be inspected at least once per year, with
reports submitted to both the Board and State Monitoring Committee.

4.1.14 Euthanasia Guidelines

According to Rule 15, euthanasia is permitted only for incurably ill and mortally
wounded dogs, as diagnosed by a team appointed by the Local ABC Monitoring
Committee. This team must include the Jurisdictional Veterinary Officer, Project
In-Charge, and a Board/State Board Representative.

Euthanasia must be performed:

 During specified hours

 In a humane manner (intravenous sodium pentobarbital or other approved
method)
 By a qualified veterinarian
 Never in the presence of another dog
 With verification of death before disposal
 With proper record-keeping stating reasons for euthanasia, signed by the
appointed team

4.1.15 Managing Dog Bite Complaints and Rabid Dogs

Rule 16 recommends local authorities establish Animal Helplines for resolving
dog bite complaints. When complaints are received:

 Details must be recorded in a permanent register (complainant name,

address, date/time, nature of complaint)
 Dog bite information must be promptly shared with Government Medical
Hospitals for post-bite treatment recommendations
 Dogs must be humanely captured and observed at the ABC Center
 Suspected rabid dogs must be examined by a panel including a veterinary
surgeon and an Animal Welfare Organization representative

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 28
Man-Dog Conflict
  Dogs with high probability of rabies must be isolated until natural death
(typically within 10 days)
 Dogs found not to have rabies but other conditions must be treated and
released after observation
 Carcasses of suspected rabid dogs must be properly disposed of via
incineration or methods approved by the District's Chief Veterinary Officer
 Local authorities should display educational materials in prominent
locations to sensitize people about street dogs

4.1.16 Organ Counting and Disposal

Rule 17 requires that reproductive organs removed during sterilizations be stored
in 10% Formaldehyde at the ABC Center. These organs must be:

 Counted regularly (fortnightly or monthly) by a designated team

 Preserved in separate plastic boxes marked with organ counts and surgery
dates
 Verified against progress reports
 Destroyed immediately after counting by spraying tattoo dye and then deep
burial or incineration
 Documented through video recording and photographs with date/time
stamps

The State ABC Monitoring Committee must conduct surprise inspections at least
once yearly to verify compliance with these procedures.

4.1.17 Non-Compliance Consequences

Rule 18 outlines consequences for violating these rules:

 The Animal Welfare Board may issue show cause notices requiring
responses within 15 days
 Recognition may be suspended pending investigation
 The Animal Welfare Board may direct District Magistrates or SPCAs to
take appropriate legal action
 The Board can cancel registration of Animal Welfare Organizations found
violating these rules
Animal Welfare Board of India 29
  Organizations may be blacklisted if they are repeat offenders or involved
in heinous cruelty or corruption
 Violations are deemed offenses under the PCA Act, and office bearers or
Project In-charges may face charges under applicable laws

4.2 Site of ABC Center:

 Safe Distance from Landfills & Waste Sites: Must be at least 500 meters
away as per Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, to prevent exposure to
toxins and disease risks.
 Non-Residential, Low-Disturbance Area: Should ideally be away from
crowded markets, schools, and busy roads to minimize noise stress and
conflicts.
 Accessible Location: Must be well-connected by roads for smooth
transport.
 Proper Drainage & Waste Disposal: Must be equipped with efficient
drainage, sewage, and biomedical waste disposal systems to maintain
hygiene and disease control.
 Reliable Water & Power Supply: Must have uninterrupted access to
clean water and electricity for medical equipment, sterilization, and
temperature regulation.
 Flood & Climate Resilience: Should ideally be located on elevated or
well-drained land to prevent waterlogging, with provisions for climate
control in extreme weather conditions.

4.3 Capture and Handling

General Principles
The catching method used by the ABC Implementing Agency should be humane
and gentle. The street dogs must be treated with kindness to minimize stress to the
animals. The catching method used for each street dog should be the least invasive,
most humane method possible that can be safely applied for that particular animal
and situation.
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 30
Man-Dog Conflict
Street dog catchers employed by the ABC Implementing Agency need to be trained
for fifteen days by a Training Agency recognized by the Animal Welfare Board of
India in order to become skillful at catching the street dogs humanely.

Street dog catching staff must be vaccinated against rabies and the antibody titre
may be assessed annually. They should also be dewormed regularly.

4.3.1 Catching Techniques

The technique used depends on the street dog, the situation and the expertise
available.

The following four methods are acceptable for catching street dogs:
 By Hand
 Sack and Loop Method

 Use of Dog-catching hoops with nets (Butterfly Nets)

Use of tongs, wires, and chains to catch street dogs are strictly prohibited, since
these cause injuries and extreme stress to the animal. Cruelty and cruel
treatment are an offence in law.

4.3.2 By Hand Technique

Most ABC programs in India currently catch street dogs by poles, tongs (which are
prohibited), nets or sack method. A pilot project in the city of Jamshedpur, from
2013-2016, demonstrated that approximately 40%-70% of street dogs, with
variations between communities, will respond positively to offers of food and can
be caught by hand with minimal use of force. Hand-catching technique should be
used as the first Entry & Engagement phase of the project before transitioning to the
use of nets in the latter phase.

Hand catching promotes compassion and positive human-street dog interactions. It

is a demonstration of the street dogs' potential to be safe companion animals in the
Animal Welfare Board of India 31
community. Owners and caregivers of semi-owned "community" dogs are also more
likely to support and engage with the ABC program when they see gentle and
humane handling. It is also recommended that community participation be
encourage in the ABC programme. In addition, street dogs do not run away from
the catchers. In fact, more dogs appear when they realize there is food on offer, and
it is therefore possible to catch a higher number of street dogs in a shorter period of
time

Hand-catching requires patience, good understanding of street dog behavior, and a

compassionate heart. The best handlers are people who genuinely like dogs. The
handler's main purpose is to convince the street dog that he is a friend to be trusted
through offer of food and physical contact (petting). The trust is established through
humane handling then continues from catching, to transport, to handling in the clinic
and the kennels, to release. The aim of the humane handling protocol is to ensure
the highest standard of animal welfare and to promote positive human-street dog
interactions in the community at the end of the ABC process. This is the most
preferred method for catching dogs.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 32
Man-Dog Conflict
4.3.3 Sack and Loop Technique
In this technique, a specially designed gunny bag that has a rope at one
end, which works like a draw string, is used. The sack is thrown over the
street dog and the rope is pulled at one end, thus sealing the gunny bag
Animal Welfare Board of India 33
and trapping the street dog inside the bag. The sack is then lifted into the
van and the rope loosened, gently releasing the street dog into the van.

Advantages
The chances of injury to the street dog by this method are minimal.
It is not so distressing for onlookers to watch street dogs being caught in
this way.

Disadvantages
It is sometimes difficult to catch running street dogs using this method.
Dogs may struggle a lot when placed inside the sack.

Illustration showing gunny bag with a rope attached at the top that works like a draw string.

4.3.4 Dog-catching Hoops with Nets (Butterfly type Nets) Technique

Large, deep, 2 ply polypropylene nets of about 5 feet in depth and 3 feet in diameter,
secured to circular metal (preferably made of a light alloy) rims, attached to long
handles may be used to ‘scoop up’ the street dogs. The street dog is then caught
inside the net by twisting the mouth of the net. Once the street dog is securely placed
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 34
Man-Dog Conflict
inside the net, the pole can be used to carry the street dog in the net. The street dog
should then be gently placed into the dog catching van.

Advantages
 Once practiced correctly, the chances of the street dog being injured while

being caught by this method is minimal.

 It is a safe and effective method for catching street dogs since in this method

the safety of both, the street dog and the dog catcher is taken care of.
 This method is particularly useful for catching street dogs moving in large,

open spaces and for also catching running street dogs.

Disadvantages
 If not practiced correctly, this method can cause injuries to the street dogs.
The nets may require frequent repairs and have to be disinfected after every
catch.
 This technique can be practiced only by catchers that are able bodied and

physically fit.

4.3.5 Balinese Pole Net Technique

The Balinese net is essentially a very robust pole net and was originally designed,
in 1998, by Mr. Nana Prayoga, a veterinary technician, who works for the
Balinese Animal Welfare Society ‘Yudisthira Street Dog Foundation’.

Originally intended for the small to medium sized (around 15 kg) dogs found in
Bali, it has become more popular after a group of Balinese catchers went to Sri
Lanka shortly after the Tsunami to assist with disaster relief. Balinese nets have
been successfully introduced into India, especially in Ahmedabad and Jodhpur,
where this technique of catching dogs has become quite popular.

Animal Welfare Board of India 35

Method: Catching is carried out by placing the ring, or hoop, over the street dog
that then, usually, moves into the bottom of the net. The net is then continually
twisted until the street dog is totally restrained.

Advantages:

 The unique aspect of the Bali net is that the pole of the net can then be
removed and placed through the netting, this acts as a lock to secure the
street dog, and serves as a handle to carry the street dog safely to the
waiting transportation vehicle.
 Through this method, it is easier to sedate or vaccinate unfriendly street
dogs that are difficult to approach with a pole or long reach syringe, as
many street dogs can be caught and vaccinated through the netting.
 It is safest to catch suspected rabid dogs by the Balinese pole-net and the
butterfly type nets.

Disadvantages:

 The net method may not be suitable for all situations or all catchers, but
could be regarded as an additional tool to enable maximum capture of street
dogs in the ABC programme.
 If the quality of the netting used for the net is not very good, then the net
may tear while catching the street dog and dog catching may not be
possible by using this technique.

4.3.7 Dos and Don’ts with regard to catching of street dogs

 Local bodies should develop an app to monitor pickup, surgery and release
of street dogs.
 All street dog handlers and catchers must be given prophylactic

vaccinations against rabies.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 36
Man-Dog Conflict
  Street dogs should be caught and released preferably in the early morning
hours to avoid heat stress and to prevent the dog–catching vehicles being
delayed by traffic jams.
 The street dogs must be released at the point of capture, ideally following

the GPS app which is widely available in India. It is advisable not to release
dogs amid heavy traffic.
 Street dogs must be handled gently. Tongs, wires and chains are not to be
used at all for catching or restraining the dogs.
 Street dogs that are approximately 6 months and above may be caught for

sterilization.
 Old street dogs and visibly pregnant bitches should not be caught.
 Street Dogs mange or scabies or those with signs of possible infectious

diseases should not be caught along with healthy street dogs. It is

recommended that these street dogs be treated on location, if possible, or
captured for treatment at a facility having adequate space and infrastructure
for the same.
 Additionally, these ailing street dogs should be housed separately from the

street dogs that are caught for the Animal Birth Control Programme. If the
ABC Implementing Agency does not have facilities for treating the street dogs
that are ailing, such dogs should be transported to the nearest animal welfare
shelter with veterinary facility, or to a veterinary hospital where proper
treatment and care can be provided.
 A street dog that is scared and not very friendly is perceived to be

aggressive and is usually branded as a street dog that may bite. However, this
may not be the case and such street dogs need to be handled by veterinary
staff and dealt with patience and compassion.
 If a street dog showing clinical signs of rabies is caught, then the most
important point to be noted is the safety of the dog catcher and ensuring that
they use proper wound treatment if bitten, followed by post-exposure
treatment. As suspected rabid street dogs must always be transported
separately and not with other healthy street dogs. Once the dog is transported

Animal Welfare Board of India 37

 the transportation van must be disinfected. As suspected rabid street dogs must
immediately be admitted to the quarantine ward of the ABC facility/campus.
A team comprising the veterinarian of the concerned AHD, Municipal
Corporation and NGO would decide for euthanasia and send the brain sample.
No street dog can be pronounced rabid unless a scientific test is conducted to
establish the same post death.
 The ABC Implementing Agency must work systematically to sterilize at

least 70% of the dog population in a time bound and area based manner.
 There should be a repeat of the program in the same area after 03 months

till the whole eligible population is sterilized. This would help in systematic
combing of the area and the results of the program will be visible within 4-5

years.
 The RWA / AOA / care takers /animal feeders should be encouraged to bring
street dogs to the ABC center. This will encourage community participation
and strengthen the program.
 While planning an ABC programme for any city, town or village, the most
effective technique of instituting rabies control as well as street dog
population control would be to use a ‘periphery to center approach’ of catching
street dogs. The reason being that, it is often the border areas of a city or town,
i.e. those that are in close contact with neighboring forests, where the chances
of rabies outbreaks are most likely.

4.4 Transportation
Key Concerns during Transportation of Street Dogs: Once caught, the street
dogs must be safely transported to the Animal Birth Control facility /
campus. The type of vehicles to be used will depend on the organization
involved and the areas from which the street dogs are to be caught .The
vehicle must be easily able to navigate small lanes and by ways in cities

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 38
Man-Dog Conflict
and towns.

4.4.1 Vehicular design considerations

 The vehicle should be robustly constructed to hold and transport street

dogs. Attention should be paid at the time of assembly and during

maintenance that the street dog holding section of the vehicle is free
from sharp edges, protruding screws, etc. so that the chances for
injury during transport are prevented.
 The vehicle design needs to be such, that street dogs can be placed
in the vehicle without allowing those already within to escape. For
this purpose, a horizontally hinged, inward swinging, flap door has
been found to be effective.
 The street dogs should also be transported in a manner that they do
not fight with one another.

 The vehicle must be adequately ventilated.

 The vehicle must be cleaned, watered and disinfected on a daily
basis. The material chosen for modification of the vehicle must be
suitable for long term use.

Animal Welfare Board of India 39

4.4.2 Basics specifications for dog catching vans
 The dog van should have a
closed body with windows
(fitted with grills) on both
sides for ventilation
 The van should have two
separate compartments, i.e. the
driver’s compartment and the
street dog-holding
compartment.
 The driver’s compartment
should be able to accommodate
a minimum of two street dog
handlers, in addition to the
driver.
 A sliding window at the back
of the driver’s seat should be
fitted to allow viewing of the
dogs in the holding area.
 It is recommended that at least
one handler is seated with the
dogs so as to prevent dog fights

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 40
Man-Dog Conflict
4.4.3 Dog Transportation: Do’s and Don’ts
 Street dogs must be picked up and released in the early morning
hours to avoid heat and undue stress to the animals.

 There must be no over-crowding in the vans, both during pick up and

during release.
 If the travel time is more than three hours, as top on the way to
provide water for the dogs is mandatory.
 An attendant must periodically check the dogs in the vans when in
transit.

 Dogs must not be tied to rings in the van.

 Vehicles must be cleaned and disinfected after every use for

Animal Welfare Board of India 41

 transporting dogs.
 Great care must be taken during loading, transportation loaded and
unloading. Rubber matting around the edges of the loading gate / flap
/ floor can assist in protecting the dogs when loaded.

4.5 Infrastructure for ABC Programs

Basic infrastructure for ABC Programs:
Before an ABC Program can be carried out, care must be taken to ensure
that minimum standards of housing, feeding, hygiene and veterinary care
are provided for the street dogs. The preparation room and operation theatre
must be well equipped with necessary instruments, equipment’s and
medicines to adequately handle the volume of work as well as to ensure
that surgery carried out on the dogs is free of any untoward complications.
Care must also be taken to ensure that adequate number of personnel are
available on duty to run the ABC Program efficiently. There must be
provision for a doctor’s room, pre-operative preparation room, post-operative
recovery room, kitchen, medicine stockroom, attendants’ quarters, suitable
kennels, quarantine facility with a separate entrance etc.

4.5.1 Housing
It is essential that in addition to the general housing arrangement made for the
street dogs selected to undergo the ABC Programme, arrangements are also made
to provide a separate quarantine area to house dogs suspected to be rabid. Besides
this, the ABC facility/campus must also have a separate isolation area to house
individual dogs that show symptoms of illness. Arrangement must be made to

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 42
Man-Dog Conflict
ensure that the drainage system is kept separate in the areas where dogs with
suspected contagious disease or other ailing dogs are housed for observation or
treatment.

i. General Considerations
 Open kennels in which a large number of dogs are kept loose is not as
satisfactory arrangement. It is recommended that 3-5 dogs of the same area
can be kept together. 12 sqft of area per dog is mandated. Males, females,
sterilized and unsterilized dogs should be segregated. Care must be taken
to ensure that dogs that fight must not be housed together.
 During the period of stay at the kennels, the dogs must be provided with
access to clean drinking water at all times, and adequate food at least twice
a day. Proper shelter to protect from extreme weather conditions must be
ensured.

ii. Kennels
The kennels for individual dogs should be at least 3 feet wide, 4 feet length and
6 feet high. The kennel should be provided with a door or gate of vertical iron
bars. The gaps between adjacent bars should be no more than 2 inches. Adequate
roofing is necessary to provide shade and shelter from inclement weather and also
to prevent the dogs from escaping. Care should be taken while designing the
kennel to ensure that there is sufficient cross ventilation of air through the
kennels.

iii. Doors, Windows, Doorways, Walkway & Verandah:

Doors
Doors (and windows, fences, etc.) should be well maintained and should
preferably be made of SS welded rods and bars. Doors should open both inwards
and outwards as this enables easier kennelling of dogs and easier checking of
dogs post-operatively. Doors should be secured by bolts. Adding metal bolt hole
plates on the door jamb to prevent bolt holes becoming enlarged is helpful as dogs
attack the doors. The hole in the bolt hole plate should not be circular in shape but
Animal Welfare Board of India 43
of an elongated shape running vertically which will provide better support in the
event that the door drops on its hinges overtime. Rather than using angle iron for
the door frames, it is recommended that masonry pillars be used, which is why
bolt hole plates are needed. A disadvantage of using angle iron is that, the doors
can then be opened one way only. The walls and surrounding fences should be
designed to make climbing difficult. No gap should exceed 2 inches to prevent
pups escaping. This includes gaps between door frame and floor. Two inches are
measured from the edge of one bar to the adjacent edge of the next bar, i.e. does
not include the thickness of the bar.

Windows
Rear windows (barred as for doors with an inter-bar space of 2 inches) improve
ventilation and light. If possible, such windows should have bars so positioned
that there is no window ledge within the kennel. Again depending on location,
windows may need verandahs /overhangs to prevent sun or rain entering the
kennel. If rear windows are not possible, then air vents should be incorporated to
allow inflow of fresh air.

Doorways
Doorways should be of adequate height to allow easy access and exit for the
personnel of the ABC implementing agency. Gates from kennel areas should open
in to the kennel enclosure and should be fitted with spring closing mechanisms
to limit the possibility of dogs forcing the gate open, or of them being left open
in advertently. Bolts securing the outside gates should have chains so that the bolt
may be secured in the closed position to prevent the dogs from moving the bolt.

Walkway
Outside the kennels, a walkway of concrete is needed. Slope of the walkway
should be away from the kennel.

Verandah
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 44
Man-Dog Conflict
Depending on the situation, kennels should have an adequate verandah to shade
the kennel from the sun.

Example: The example given below is from the kennels constructed at the Help
in Suffering Shelter in Jaipur, Rajasthan and may be used as a guide to build the
Kennels.

Dimensions of the two designs of kennels used at the Help in Suffering Shelter
are given below:
‘A’ Kennel block (outside) Width: 4ft 10 in.
Depth 5ft
Height 7ft 6in.
Doors 3ft wide (total aperture) Platforms depth (front to back) 2 ft. height (above
floor) 1 ft 5 in. (but would be better at 4 inches)
‘N’ Kennel block Width: 3 ft 6in
Depth: 4 ft 6 in
Height: 7 ft 6 in
Doors 2 ft 5 in (total aperture) Platforms depth (front to back) 1ft 9 in. height
(above floor) 4 in

Fencing of Enclosure:
Fencing generally: 6 ft 10 in. high
Fencing at unloading area, and between shelter and street: 8 ft 3 in (with last foot
as inward facing overhang)

iv. Flooring:
The floor should be of concrete with an adequate slope to facilitate easy cleaning.
It should be sealed with a sealing material like Bond Crete or any other equivalent.
The kennels should be designed to have a raised area at the rear of the kennel so
that the dog may lie down comfortably there.

Animal Welfare Board of India 45

v. Drainage:
The floor must be designed with a slight slope so that fluids can be easily drained
out and cleaning the floor of the kennel is easy. Drains must be covered by a
secure, rust resistant grill or jaali. Drainage channels or pipes should be straight.
Each kennel should have a separate drain (covered with jaali) leading to a main
effluent drain. Drains should be kept straight and have well designed chambers
with access from the surface to allow cleaning. PVC pipes of at least 4 inches
diameter may be better than ceramic pipes. Adequate access chambers to drainage
pipes are required for cleaning purposes. Run-off water from roofs should drain
out separately and should not be allowed to enter the kennels.

Care should also be taken to ensure that all plug points, electrical switch boards
and cables are located at a sufficient height above the ground. Dogs are naturally
curious animals and have a tendency to bite wires and play with pieces of tubing.
This should be taken into consideration when constructing kennels.

4.5.2 Unloading Areas

Separate areas for unloading dogs from vehicles and to allow secure examination
of dogs must be provided.

4.5.3 Kennel Management

i. Cleaning:
Proper arrangements should be made to ensure that the kennels are efficiently
cleaned. Cleaning and sanitizing products that are non-toxic should be used. The
kennel should be thoroughly disinfected after releasing one patient and before
admitting another one. Complete fumigation and disinfection of the kennels and
the drains is recommended at least once a month to prevent parasites and
communicable diseases from spreading.

ii. Water:

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 46
Man-Dog Conflict
Supply, Storage and Drainage Arrangements for adequate water supply and
sufficient number of storage tanks, taps and pipes should be made. Drains from
each kennel and linking up to the common corridors and other spaces should be
designed in such a way that they can be easily cleaned. Limiting the number of
bends in drainage pipes will facilitate easier cleaning. While designing the
drainage system care should be taken to ensure that access chambers are provided
to allow access to the drains and to facilitate thorough cleaning of the drains in
case there are any blocks. Kennel management requires the use of large volumes
of water. Hence, good rain water harvesting and storage systems should be set up.
Besides, the staff should be encouraged to follow good water conservation
practices.

iii Food Supply, Storage, Preparation and Distribution:

Dogs must be fed nutritionally balanced food twice a day that is free of
adulterants and obtained from a reliable food supplier / raw material supplier.
Well balanced, nutritious food that combines a proper blend of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats and is rich in vitamins and minerals should be fed to the dogs
twice a day.

iv. Storage:
The food grains and cereals used for feeding the dogs must be
stored in clean, airtight, moisture free containers so that no
spoilage or contamination by fungi, yeast or bacteria can occur.
The facility should be rodents/ pest free.

v. Cooking and Washing:

The utensils used for cooking and serving must not be washed in the same sink
or place where the surgical instruments and drapes used for surgery are washed.
This is because of the risk of transmission of infections, either via the surgical
instruments or through the food utensils. The wash sinks for the food utensils
must be separate and at a sufficient distance from the wash sinks for the surgical

Animal Welfare Board of India 47

instruments and drapes. After washing, the surgical drapes must be dried in a
sunny, well-ventilated area.

vi. Ventilation:
Making provision for large windows and open corridors can also improve the
circulation of air and increase the ventilation inside the ABC facility/campus.
However, if the ABC Implementing Agency is working in a place where the
climate is very cold, then care should be taken to keep the ABC facility/campus
well insulated and warm.

vii. Number of Kennels:

While planning the ABC program, the population of the area to be covered must
be calculated. Going by the estimate of dog population to be 3:100, the estimated
number of dogs should be calculated. Considering that the area needs to be
completely covered within 2 years, i.e. all dogs need to be sterilized, and each dog
needs to be kept in the kennel for post-operative care for a minimum of 4 days, a
total number of kennels required may be arrived at.

An example for calculating the number of kennels needed:

A town with a population of 1,00,000 will have approximately 3,000 dogs. To
cover 3,000 dogs in 1 year, 250 dogs will need to be sterilized every month.

Considering that surgeries will be done for 25 days every month, at least 10 dog’s
everyday will need to be sterilized.

If 10 surgeries are conducted daily and the dogs are hospitalized for at least 4
days pre and post-operatively in individual kennels, then approximately 40
kennels will be needed to house the dogs, which are recuperating after surgery. A
further 10 kennels will be required to house the next batch of street dogs that is
brought in for ABC. Additionally, at least 5 kennels will be required as a separate

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 48
Man-Dog Conflict
quarantine facility. Not every dog may be ready for release at the end of 4 days
and may require longer period to recover from the surgery. This needs to be
factored in while calculating the number of kennels to be constructed.

A set of 10 spare individual kennels must be available to house those dogs that
fall ill after surgery as well as the dogs that take a long for healing. These spare
kennels can also help the ABC Implementing Agency in dealing with
emergencies.
Adherence to sound surgical protocols, especially aseptic techniques is
mandatory and will reduce the duration of post-operative hospitalization.

4.5.4 Operating Facilities

The operation theatre must be separate from the preparation room and both
the

operation theatre and preparation room should be adjacent to one another.

Animal Welfare Board of India 49

The preparation room should have an adequate source of water supply as
well as good lighting. Besides, the room must be secure to prevent the
dogs from escaping.

i. Minimal requirements of preparation room

 Cupboard to store sterilized surgical packs, sterile surgical instruments,

sterile surgical gloves, mask, cap, and gown.

 Cupboard for storing suture materials, gauze, band ages, anesthetics,
analgesics, antibiotics and other essential medicines and a weighing
machine.

 Washing sink with adequate water taps with elbow activated handles.
 Good ventilation and lighting
 An autoclave (at least 20 liters) that can sterilize at least 8-10
surgical sets at a time. It would be best if the autoclave were to
be kept in a separate room or at least in a well-ventilated space to
minimize the chances of injuries in case of explosion. The use of
autoclave indicate, or tape should been courage. The settings for the
autoclave will depend on the manufacturers’ instructions.

ii Requirements of an Operation Theatre

Well equipped: The Operation Theatre and associated preparation room
should be well equipped with the basic surgical requirements necessary for
the ABC Implementing Agency to function efficiently.

The Operation Theatre must have the following basic equipment:

 Steel surgical operating table
 Shadowless lights for each operating table
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 50
Man-Dog Conflict
  Instrument trays
 Kidney Trays
 Trolleys for instruments
 Cupboards to stock essential medicines
 I/V stands.

 UV lamps
 Air conditioning systems
 Refrigerators
 Electricity backup
 Surgical scrub sinks and wash taps
 Surgical Waste Bin
 Emergency Medicine Kit

Other Key Requirements Appropriate Protocols

Both the Preparation room as well as the Operation Theatre should be kept
as free of clutter and extraneous furniture as possible to ensure that the highest
standards of hygiene are maintained. Conditions of asepsis and sterility must be
maintained at the highest levels.

Animal Welfare Board of India 51

Good lighting:
The rooms should be adequately lit so that surgery can be carried out
comfortably. Shadowless lights must be used for each O.T. table. Provision
must also be made for power back up in the event of electricity failures.

Adequate water supply:

Care should also be taken to make sure that the operation theatre and
preparation room have a sufficient number of functional sinks and elbow
taps, with an adequate water supply. This is vital so that the surgical team
can carry out ‘scrubbing up’ procedures diligently. In case, water supply is
restricted to specific hours of the day, provision must be made for storing
a sufficient volume of water in overhead tanks.

iii. Minimal Equipment needed to carry out the ABC Program

There should be sufficient sets of surgical equipments available. These may be
calculated with reference to the number of surgeries to be performed per day. A
minimum of one pack per operation is required. Color coding of surgical packs to
distinguish between those used for spaying female dogs and those used for
castrations may be helpful. Instruments used will depend on the surgeon’s
preference but sufficient instruments should be available to cope with any
emergency that may occur while undertaking sterilization surgery. Color coding
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 52
Man-Dog Conflict
of the different sterilized surgical drapes used for spays and castrations is
recommended. Adequate facilities should be available to clean the surgical
equipments. An autoclave is essential to sterilize instruments for surgery. The use
of autoclave indicator tape is recommended to ensure that instruments are
adequately sterilized. Surgical instruments and surgical drapes must be
thoroughly washed and cleaned prior to autoclaving.

The surgical pack for female dogs should have at least the following:
 Straight scissors-1
 Metzenbaum scissors-1
 Adsons tissue forceps-1
 Babcock tissue forceps-1
 Kelly/Carmalt /Mosquito hemostatic forceps- 3 pairs of anyone

Animal Welfare Board of India 53

  Spay hook-1
 Towel clips-4
 Mayo-Hegar needle holder-1
 Scalpel handle No3-2
 Scalpel blades No10–2
 Sterile gauze swabs: 8 pieces
 Curved needle–1
 Straight needle-1
 Allis tissue forceps-2

Suture material:
 Catgut–1-0
 Vicryl–1-0 and Vicryl -2-0

The Surgical pack for male dogs should have at least the following:
 Straight scissors-1
 Metzenbaum scissors-1
 Adson tissue forceps-1
 Babcock tissue forceps-1
 Kelly/Carmalt/Mosquito hemostatic forceps-3 pairs of anyone
 Towel clips - 4
 Mayo-Hegar needle holder-1
 Scalpel handle No 3 - 2
 Scalpel blades No10 – 2
 Sterile gauze swabs: 4 pieces

Suture material:
 Catgut –1-0
 Vicryl –1-0

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 54
Man-Dog Conflict
The Emergency Kit should contain at least the following:
 Atropine1ml ampoules 10ml vial (1box)
 Yohimbine (Xylazine reversal agent)10 ml: if available
 Adrenaline1ml ampoules 10 ml vial (1box)
 Ringer’s lactate (450ml)– 5 bottles
 Dextrose normal saline(450ml) –5 bottles
 Dexamethasone 2 ml ampoules (10) /30 ml-(1vial)
 Diphenhydramine maleate-30 ml - (1vial)
 Terbutaline sulfate- 1ml ampoules (10)
 Doxapram - 20ml - (1vial)
 Methylprednisolone sodium succinate- 20ml -(1vial)
 Sodium bicarbonate 8.4% solution -100 ml (5 vials)
 Styptic like Boltropes 2ml ampoules (10)
 Chlorpheniramine maleate – 30ml vial (1)
 Gauze Rolls (sterilized) – 10cm –10
 Cotton Rolls -1
 Swabs -20
 Disposable syringes (10ml) -2
 Disposable Syringes (25ml) - 2
 Disposable Syringes (5ml) - 2
 Disposable Needles – (22 gauge) –1dozen
 Butterfly needle scalp vein–2
 Povidone iodine–450 ml bottle–(1)
 I/V sets – 2
 Torch –1
 Paper tape -1roll
 Stethoscope -1
 Forceps– 2 Pairs
 Scissors –2 Pairs
 Thermometer - 1
Animal Welfare Board of India 55
At least two sterile surgical kits must always be available to carry out any
emergency surgeries.

Personnel:
The number of people to be employed by the ABC Implementing Agency must
be calculated based on the volume of work that is to be done.
For example, an ABC Implementing Agency that undertakes 200 ABC surgeries
and 200 anti-rabies vaccinations per month, the following personnel should be
employed:

1. One Veterinary Surgeon who can do the FTE (full time equivalent) work of 40
hours/Week.
2. One Veterinary Surgical Assistant, para-vet, Veterinary Nurse, or an
experienced Veterinary Assistant.
3. At least two dog handlers or attendants who will attend to the catching,
transportation, feeding, exercise and post-operative care of the dogs.

4.5.5 Anti-Rabies Vaccines

i. Vaccination
It is vital that all staff involved in an ABC program are properly vaccinated
against rabies. A pre-exposure prophylactic course consisting of tissue cell culture
vaccine should be given on days 0, 7, 21 or 28.
Yearly boosters are recommended.

ii. First Aid for dog bites

The dog handling staff should be well trained in following proper guidelines on
cleaning and dressing dog bite wounds.

The dog bite should be cleaned in the following manner:

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 56
Man-Dog Conflict
Step1: The most important step is to allow a gentle stream of running water to
flow through the dog bite wound for 10 minutes. This allows for the mechanical
removal of any virus particles, if present.
Step2: Then, the wound must be given a thorough wash with a disinfectant soap,
detergent, or povidone iodine. This should be followed by washing for 10 minutes
of the affected area or swabbing the area with a gauze dipped in an iodine-based
compound like povidone iodine or a chlorhexidine wash. It is not recommended
to apply spirit on a raw area as it can cause a strong burning sensation.
Step 3: An immediate visit to the doctor for the releavent post-bite treatment with
vaccine and immunoglobulins should be followed as per the WHO recommended
regime.

iii. Vaccine Storage:

It is important to remember that for the anti-rabies vaccine to work effectively,
the vaccine must be refrigerated. If the vaccine is kept at room temperature for
more than a few minutes, the quality of the vaccine will deteriorate and it will not
be effective. Care should be taken to ensure that the vaccine is kept refrigerated
at all times, except just before use.
Provision for a continuous supply of power must bemade in the ABC
facility/campus, with special regard to vaccine storage with provision of adequate
backup power by inverter/generator.

4.6 Animal Birth Control (ABC) Program–Key Elements

4.6.1 Identification of street dogs while being caught

It is mandatory that the vaccinated and sterilized street dogs are released back to
the exact location from where they were caught. This is the only way to ensure
that the ABC programme is effective. Releasing the dogs at the very same
locations from where they were originally caught also prevents territorial
adjustment issues and dog fights. A robust and fool proof system is thus required

Animal Welfare Board of India 57

to ensure that each animal caught is correctly identified and released back into
the territory that it belongs to.

The following methods of identifying the dogs at various stages of the ABC
program must be adopted:

i. Numbered Tagging
In this system, each dog receives ‘a unique number identification tag at the time
of ‘catching’. This number is then recorded in a log book along with details of the
exact location from which the dog bearing that number came from.

ii. Written Descriptions

Each animal caught is identified based on tag number, coat coloring and type,
sex and approximate age and these are recorded along with the detailed
description of the location from where the dog was caught. Individual record
sheets are mandatory for each dog that is brought to an ABC facility/campus.
Catching history, particulars of referral care giver, tag number, coat coloring and
type, sex and approximate age, general health details etc. must be mentioned in
the record sheet. The same record sheet must be used to enter the details of ABC
surgery and pre and post-operative treatment. Entries in the record sheets with
respect to surgery, treatment and medication must be signed by a qualified and
trained veterinarian. Date, Place and time of release must also be entered in the
same. Record sheets must be maintained for street dogs that are kept under
observation in quarantine wards / kennels.

iii. Permanent Identification

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 58
Man-Dog Conflict
The identification methods referred to above serve to establish a correct
association between the dogs caught and the locations from where the dogs were
caught. A permanent method of identifying dogs is vital to prevent the same
animal from being caught and subjected to surgery twice. This is especially
essential with the female street dogs as no outward sign of the sterilization surgery
will be visible once the animal has recovered fully and the coat has regrown.
The tip of the right ear should be notched during surgery while the dog is under

anaesthesia.

Illustration of notch on the pinna of the ear

Permanent identification of sterilized and vaccinated dogs in an ABC program
must be done by making a distinctive notch on the pinna the right [Link]
identification can be easily done by using sterile surgical clamps and a sterile
surgical blade. A thermos cautery device must be used to cut and seal the notch.
Ear notches should be visible but should not be too large so as to affect the
anatomy of the ear. The notched ear should receive daily antiseptic dressing.
All dogs should be micro chipped and these should be recorded in a post operative
and release register.

4.6.2 Record Keeping

i. General Considerations
It is imperative to maintain proper records to ensure that the ABC program being
undertaken by the ABC Implementing Agency is functioning at the highest level
of integrity, discipline, dedication and efficiency. Records must be maintained on
a daily basis with all the data filled in accurately.
Records also enable specific aspects of the ABC programme to be examined in
detail.

Animal Welfare Board of India 59

ii. Essential records that must be maintained by the ABC Implementing
Agency are listed as below:
 Pick up and release records
 Operation Theater records duly signed by a qualified and trained
veterinarian
 Post-operative care records
 Quarantine facility records
 Records of post mortem examination in the prescribed format for any dog
deaths that may occur at the ABC facility/campus, duly signed by the
jurisdictional veterinary officer
 Medicine inventory records
 Stock inventory records
 Attendance records and particulars of all persons working at the ABC
facility/campus

All records must be updated daily. The concerned veterinarians must sign the
Operation theatre records as well as the Pre and Post-operative care records daily.
Invoices of all medical, surgical and other consumable items purchased must be
maintained separately.
iii. Accounting Records
In addition to clinical records that detail out the progress of dogs through the ABC
programme, medical stock records should be maintained and a suitable
transparent and traceable system should be developed for recording the supply of
medicines from stock. Accounts must be maintained and the monthly and yearly
accounts must be drawn up according to the highest standards of accounting
ethics and protocols.

4.6.3 Emphasis on systematic area wise efforts and female sterilization

i. Area-wise Effort

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 60
Man-Dog Conflict
While carrying out the ABC Programme, sterilizations must be carried out in a
well-planned, area wise, systematic manner. Evidence suggests that ABC
programs will be most effective if undertaken area by area rather than spreading

Female Community Dog

the same efforts, thinly over all areas. Area wise catching allows for more efficient
utilization of staff, vehicles and fuel resources during the coordination of both the
catching as well as the release of the street dogs.

ii. Female-centered Approach

In order to rapidly control the population, an ABC programme should concentrate
mainly on sterilization of the female street dogs. A ratio of 70% female
sterilizations to 30% male sterilizations is advised.
Not with standing the female centred approach advocated above, males should
also be castrated to limit rivalry and fighting, especially during the breeding
season and to reduce the incidence of transmissible venereal tumour.

Animal Welfare Board of India 61

Every street dog that is sterilized must receive anti-rabies vaccination and should
be dewormed.

4.6.4 Monitoring Program Effectiveness

Monitoring the ABC Program is critical to understand and evaluate the
performance of the ABC Implementing Agency. This can be done at two levels:
at the individual street dog level and at the dog population level.

i. Individual Monitoring
a. Monthly Average of Recovery Time:
Records should be maintained of all pertinent aspects of every dog’s admission
at and release from the ABC facility/campus. These should be compiled from the
records mentioned above that have mandatorily to be maintained. Monthly
average recovery time in days (i.e. admission to release) should be calculated.
These figures must then be plotted graphically by sex and critically examined. By
doing so, patterns or problems can be
seen as they arise.

b. Recovery Time of dogs operated by individual Veterinary Surgeons:

The ABC Monitoring Committee should review the surgeries that each individual
Veterinary Surgeon has carried out periodically. Such reviews must be carried out
on a quarterly basis. An excellent way to monitor the success of the ABC
Programme from a surgical perspective would be to calculate the average
recovery time of male and female dogs separately for each surgeon. The surgeries
carried out by different veterinary surgeons should be reviewed separately to
mark out clear differences in performance, efficiency between different
veterinary surgeons conducting the ABC surgeries. For the ABC Implementing
Agency carrying out the ABC Programme, such are view can serves a sound

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 62
Man-Dog Conflict
clinical audit to evaluate efficiency at the operating table. The audit reports for
such quarterly reviews must be sent to the AWBI for record.

c. Performance of Para vets and Veterinary Assistants:

Training, attendance and performance records must also be maintained of the
involvement of the para vets and veterinary assistants participating in the ABC
surgeries, whether as scrubbed operation assistants, or in the role of handlers. This
should be done because if one of the para vets participating in the ABC Program
does not follow prescribed conditions of asepsis, then the chance so abscesses
and delayed wound healing occurring during his or her participation in the ABC
surgery may be higher than a para vet who is following all the standard norms of
hygiene and asepsis. By carefully analyzing these records therefore, it may be
possible to determine the cause of problems inter firing with the smooth conduct
of the ABC program, such as increased incidence of ear notch abscesses. Once
the cause of the problems is identified, appropriate steps must be taken to rectify
them.

d. Post Mortem Examination:

All dogs that die at the ABC facility/campus before, during, or after the surgery
should be subjected to a post mortem examination. This helps in ascertaining
whether the death can be attributed to the surgery (through surgical error), to the
anesthetic or due to improper handling, housing, feeding, or some underlying or
pre-existing disease. Reviews of surgical and other techniques must take into
account the results of such post mortem examinations. Post Mortem to be
conducted by JVO.

ii. Monitoring of the Population

This is done through regular population surveys and other methods to collate
information about the population and the effects of the ABC programme upon it.

a. Breeding Information:

Animal Welfare Board of India 63

By recording the incidence of pregnancy, breeding, and litter size, some
information on the breeding behavior of street dogs in each targeted area can be
obtained.

b. Migration Data:
It may not be entirely uncommon to see that dogs that have been sterilized in one
area have migrated to another area. Sometimes, the ABC Implementing Agency
may catch the same dog again by mistake. If this happens, it should be used as an
opportunity to note the identification number and correlate the data with the
release site and release date of the dog. By recording this information, it may
sometimes be possible to make inferences about the reasons for the possible
migration of the dogs to different areas.

c. Population Monitoring:
The ABC Implementing Agency conducting the ABC program should carry out
population survey before commencement of ABC program. This should be
conducted after 5 years to gauge the efficiency of the ABC program, and its
impact on dog population figures in the targeted areas.

d. Rabies Monitoring:
Records of the number of rabies cases reported in each targeted area should be
maintained by the Health Department of each state, and these records must be
analyzed annually to assess whether the incidence of rabies in the area has
declined. Such analysis must be communicated to both the local authority and the
state health authority for record. The case histories must be recorded accurately
and it must be noted whether the animal in question was a pet dog, or a street dog,
or any other animal. All suspected cases of Rabies must be confirmed through
due procedures and tests.

e. Education and Public Awareness Monitoring: If the outreach and public

awareness regarding the ABC Program has been successful, there will be a
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 64
Man-Dog Conflict
marked increase in the number of volunteers, donors and members of the
community visiting the ABC facility / campus to volunteer their time and
resources. Besides, when an awarenesss programme has been successful, with
each passing year a steady increase in the number of care-givers in the targeted
areas will also be seen.

4.6 Surgery and Associated Procedures

General Consideration:
In winter , ABC Centers must implement strict protocols to ensure the well-being
of dogs undergoing surgery. No surgeries shall be conducted below 10°C, and
between 10°C-18°C, hourly hypothermia monitoring must be performed for at
least four days post-surgery. Operation theatres must maintain a minimum of
20°C, and all temperature readings must be documented.

Vital Check points: Pre-surgical Checks, Pre-operative Preparation

and Fluid Therapy
It must be ensured that the street dog to undergo the surgery is over six
months in age, is not pregnant, or suffering from any disease or otherwise
ailing.

If any street dog displays visible clinical signs of illness, such as extreme
emaciation, pallor, weakness or skin conditions like mange, the dog should
be first treated for the condition.

Every street dog must be subjected to a thorough check-up prior to the ABC
surgery. This will also aid in filtering out the dogs that are unhealthy and
are not fit for surgery, thus minimizing the chances of post-surgical deaths
and delayed post-surgical healing.

Fluid loss during surgery can cause a great deal of stress to the animal and
may cause severe dehydration and shock, even leading to death if there has
been severe hemorrhaging from any of the legated blood vessels. Giving
Animal Welfare Board of India 65
an adequate quantity of fluids intravenously during the surgical procedure
will help ensure that the dogs’ tissues are adequately perfused, thus
minimizing the risk of surgical shock.\

4.7.1 Preliminary Checks

Prior to commencing ABC surgery, the veterinary surgeon must ensure:

That the physical description of the dog matches with the corresponding
records.
The clinical condition of dogs for surgery.
The preparedness of the operation theatre and preparation room.
The sterility of surgical instruments and equipment.
The availability of the required medications and
The physical environment in which the anaesthetized animals will recover
because hypothermia is a severe problem in anaesthetized animals and it is
essential that the dogs are kept warm during surgery the immediate post-
operative recovery period.

If any of the above is found wanting or deficient, steps should be taken to

improve the situation, or the surgeries should be postponed until the
conditions are made acceptable.

4.7.2 Pre-Surgical Checks

Each dog must be examined prior to surgery to ensure that the concerned
animal is in a state of fitness to undergo surgery.

The key clinical parameters to be monitored are as below:

 Temperature
 Respiration
 Pulse
 Color of the mucus membranes
 Palpation of lymph nodes

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 66
Man-Dog Conflict
  Auscultation of chest to rule out any infection of the lungs as well
as to identify cardiac rate and rhythm abnormalities.
 Signs of external injury e.g., fractures and wounds, skin conditions
like mange and scabies etc.
 Abdominal palpation to rule out pregnancy, as cites, liver and
splenic conditions.
 It is only after the veterinary surgeon has confirmed that the above
parameters have been checked and found to be normal that the dog
can be considered, ‘ready for surgery’.
 Dogs assessed to be incurably ill or mortally wounded shall be dealt
with in the manner prescribed in Rule l5 of the Animal Birth Control
Rules, 2023.

4.7.3 Pre-Operative Preparation

Preparation of surgical packs:
 Dry instruments should be laid on a dry wrap. A useful technique is
to feed one of the handles of all instruments with finger-loops, other
than the towel-clips, through the shaft of the longest instrument
(frequently the needle-driver)
 An appropriate number of swabs should be included in the kit. The
swabs should be folded over the ends of the instruments to avoid
puncture of the wrap.
 The wrap is then folded once, longitudinally.
 A hand towel is then laid.
 The final folding is performed, and the wrap secured with a small
piece of autoclave tape.
 Ideally this inner wrap is then covered with a second wrap, and the
autoclave tape applied as before.
Animal Welfare Board of India 67
  The pack is identified and dated (by writing on the tape) and placed
in the autoclave.

 Time/temperature relationships for steam under pressure:

The following are times at which materials being sterilized must be

maintained at the target temperature. This does not take in to account time
for penetration by steam or ‘heat-up lag’.

3 minutes at l34oC (273.2o F) 29.4 psi

l5 minutes at l2loC (249.8oF) l5 psi

Preparation of the patient prior to surgery and withholding of food

The dogs to undergo surgery should not be given food for l2 hours to reduce
the dogs’ risk of vomiting and pulmonary aspiration. A shorter fasting time
for weak dogs and puppies is recommended.

Pre-medication
Prior to anaesthesia, the dogs should be sedated. Doing so will help to
reduce the total amount of anesthetic that is required and will also help to
keep the animal calm and suitable for induction.

Analgesia
Prior to surgery, pre-emptive analgesia such as meloxicam should be
administered. This is because pain relief given before painful stimuli is
experienced, is more effective than pain relief given after pain has begun.

Antibiotic use
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 68
Man-Dog Conflict
Pre-operative use of antibiotics can be considered. For sterilization surgery
done under suitable conditions of asepsis, the use of antibiotics may not be
necessary. In less than ideal conditions, a long acting antibiotic could be
considered. The use of antibiotics has to be done judiciously and should
be decided on a case-by-case basis by the veterinary surgeon.

General Anaesthesia
General anaesthesia should be administered and the dog must be monitored
continuously to ensure that an adequate depth of anaesthesia is reached so
that the surgery can be safely performed. Once an anaesthetized and
throughout the anaesthesia, the patient must be protected against
hypothermia. The maintenance dose should be kept ready for long
procedures or in case any complications occur.

4.7.4 Preparation for Surgery

i. Patient Preparation for Surgery
 A clinical record sheet must be maintained for each dog, which must
contain the physical information related to the dog in correlation
with the drugs and dosage administered as per body weight. This
record sheet must be kept with the dog as it moves from preparation
room, to anaesthesia, to surgery room, in order to ensure that an
accurate and comprehensive record of medicines, dosage and
treatment is maintained.
 Anaesthetic induction, shaving and prepping must be performed on
a separate table other than the surgery table to minimize
contamination.
 If intravenous fluids are to be administered, the catheter site should

be shaved and prepped as described for the surgical site below. The
catheter is then inserted and the primed intravenous line connected.

Animal Welfare Board of India 69

  The bladder should be palpated and expressed if necessary and
genitalia examined for presence of Transmissible Venereal Tumour
(TVT).
 The surgical site should be widely and carefully shaved, avoiding
trauma to the area because even small cuts can lead to wound
infection.
 The site should be thoroughly cleaned with Chlorhexidine solution.
Multiple pieces of cotton wool should be used in turn, commencing
at the center of the area and moving towards the periphery of the
shaved area and NEVER back into the center, otherwise the wound
will be re-contaminated.
 Avoid wetting non-shaved areas of the patient.
 Once the shaved area appears free of gross dirt and hair and the
pieces of cotton wool used come off the skin with no staining, then
the site can be considered clean, but NOT disinfected at this point.
 Chemical disinfection of the site is achieved using three spray-
applications of surgical spirit at one-minute gap between
applications. A final spray of povidone iodine solution may also be
applied, but only once after the spirit has evaporated and the skin is
dry. Do not touch the skin during this process, otherwise adequate
disinfection will not be achieved. Once again, avoid wetting the non–
clipped areas as this may lead to ‘run-off’ and contamination of the
site.
 The patient is then transferred to the surgery table . In so doing, take
care not to contaminate the prepped area with your hands or non-
disinfected parts of the patient.
 The prep table should then be carefully cleaned with an appropriated
is infectant, such as Lysol solution.

ii. Preparation of Operating Table for Surgery

 A clean autoclaved fabric drape should be placed on top of the patient.
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 70
Man-Dog Conflict
 Care must be taken to ensure that the drape does not come in contact
with the prepared area.
 If the surface of the table is exposed where the surgical kit is to be
placed, a second sheet of drape should be laid, over lapping with the
first. This is to stop ‘strike-through’ contamination of the surgical
instruments (especially with urine or faeces).

iii. Preparation of the Surgeon for Surgery

 Clothing: The surgeon should wear clean and fluff-free, loose-fitting
clothing. The top must be short-sleeved to enable appropriate scrubbing
as far as the elbow.

 A surgical hat and mask should be worn; long hair must be tied-up
and facial hair closely-trimmed.

 Finger nails must be cut short.

 Should the surgeon have an infected wound or sore on the hands or
forearms, it is preferable that surgery be postponed until such time
as this has healed.

iv Surgical Scrub
An acceptable germicidal preparation, e.g. Chlorhexidine or Betadine, must
be used and scrubbing should be carried out for a minimum of 3 minutes
with Chlorhexidine, followed by scrubbing with Povidone Iodine.

v Scrubbing:
 The hands and arms are washed first with the scrub mixture to
remove any gross contamination.
 The nails are cleaned next, before the scrubbing procedure begins
Animal Welfare Board of India 71
  A sterile brush is used to scrub the fingers, the hands, and finally, the
arms- in that order. Scrubbing should be over a period of no less than
3 minutes. Once the brush has been used on the arms, it should not
return to the fingers. Each finger should receive ten strokes on each
surface, making a total of forty strokes per finger. The finger nails
and both surfaces of the hands should receive twenty strokes. The
number of scrubbing strokes is far more important than the time spent
scrubbing.
Rinsing:
When scrubbing is completed, the hands, arms and the brush should be
rinsed in water, allowing the water to drip from the elbows to prevent
contamination of the hands with drips from upper arms.

Drying of hands:
Two sterile hand towels are provided. The first towel is unfolded and used
to dry thoroughly the fingers, hand and forearm (in that order) of one arm,
taking care that the fingers of the hand holding the towel do not contact
the skin of the other arm. The second towel is used to dry the other hand
and forearm in identical fashion.
Alcohol Spray:
With the hands held above the level of the elbows, surgical spirit should
then be sprayed on the hands and then the forearms and allowed to dry.

4.7.5 Opening of instrument pack

A non-scrubbed assistant will then present the kit to the surgeon in one of
two ways, depending on whether the kit was double (preferable) or single-
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 72
Man-Dog Conflict
wrapped:

Double-wrapped: The outer wrap will be held and opened by the assistant;
the surgeon will then remove the pack, handling only the inner wrap, place
it on the plastic sheeting/drape covering the table and patient and then
unwrap the kit. Care must be taken, at all times, not to touch the
plastic/drape, the table or the patient as these are not sterile areas.

Single-wrapped: the assistant will place the kit on the plastic/drape covering
the table and will unwrap the first fold only. The surgeon may then
completely unfold the wrap, taking care to handle only the sterile aspect
of the wrap.

4.7.6 Preparation of surgical site

A large area around the site of the proposed surgical incision should be
shaved (or clipped) and cleaned using chlorhexidine or povidone iodine
solution. Thorough cleansing should be repeated a number of times before
placing the autoclaved drapes.

4.7.7 Fluid Therapy Protocol

A careful inspection of the veins on the forelimb and hindlimb must be
made. Once the vein to be used has been selected, the area around the
vein must be thoroughly swabbed and cleaned with surgical spirit or
povidone iodine. Care should be taken to see that the selected vein is
properly dilated. It is good practice to use a catheter.

An intravenous line can also facilitate additional quantities of anesthetic to

Animal Welfare Board of India 73

be administered as and when required, without any time loss. The exact
dose of the pre-medications, analgesic, antibiotics and i/v fluids given should
be at the professional discretion of the veterinary surgeon, based upon local
conditions and experience.

Intra-operative intravenous fluid administration: This generally works out to

an average volume of l50-200 ml of Ringer’s lactate solution or 0.9%
Normal saline. Giving I/V fluids during surgery is recommended as it will
minimize the risk of surgical shock.

Surgical shock may occur in the following cases:

 Debilitated patient
 Very young patient: poor homeostatic response
 Prolonged procedure
 Procedures associated with high risk of intra-
operative complication
 Procedures likely to require intra-operative
administration of intravenous medications
NB: Ideally fluids should be administered at body temperature
Choice of fluid: Ringers Lactate Solution
Rate of administration: Routine procedure: during surgery: 20-40 ml / kg /
hour.

4.7.8 Anesthetic & Surgical Protocols

The particular combination of anesthetic and pre-medicant to be used is a
choice that should be made by the Veterinary Surgeon in-charge of the

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 74
Man-Dog Conflict
ABC Program at the Animal Welfare Organization.

[Link] anaesthetic protocol should achieve the following:

 Loss of consciousness that permits surgical procedures to be carried out
 Sufficient degree of sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation
 Maintenance of adequate cardiac function at optimal levels

 Adequate ventilator and respiratory support

The cephalic vein of the forelimb or the saphenous vein of the hindlimb
may be used to give intravenous anesthesia while medications to be given
intra-muscularly may be given in the cranial thigh muscles, so as to avoid
sciatic nerve injury. Administration of Meloxicam @0.l-0.2 mg/kg bw by
intravenous route 20 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia can help to
significantly reduce post-operative pain.

Anaesthetic protocols:
Some recommended combinations are listed as below:
Anaesthetic Protocol 1
Xylazine-Atropine-Ketamine-Diazepam Pre-medication.
 Xylazine @ l mg/kg bw (administered intramuscularly- maximum dose
lml)

 Atropine @0.04mg/kg bw (however, there is increasing evidence that

atropine should not be given as a pre medicant and should only be
administered following induction to maintain cardiac output)
Induction:
To be given ten minutes after administration of Xylaxine and Atropine
Ketamine @ 2.5mg/kg bw + Diazepam @0.25mg/kg bw
Mix equal volumes of ketamine (50mg/ml) and diazepam (5mg/ml) and in

Animal Welfare Board of India 75

the same syringe Dose: lml of the mixture per l0kg bw, given slowly
intravenously to sedated dog
(Ref: BSAVA Manual of Small Animal Anaesthesia & Analgesia)

Maintenance:
Increments to be given at half the induction dose

Fluid Therapy: Ringer’s Lactate should be administered by I/V route throughout

the surgical procedure.

Respiration:
Open mouthed with gag and spontaneous respiration / via endotracheal tube.
Endotracheal tube inserted and cuff inflated if necessary.

Anesthetic Protocol 2
Triflupromazine / Atropine / Thiopentone or Xylazine / Atropine / Thiopentone
Pre-medication Triflupromazine@lmg / kg bw or Xylazine@lmg
/ kg bw Atropine@0.04mg / kg bw
Note: The combination of Xylazine-atropine-thiopent one is not considered
safe for old, weak and young patients and it is recommended that Protocol
2 be used only by an experienced vet.

Induction:
Thiopentone@25mg / kg bw I/V
(Note: peri-venous administration of thiopentone sodium will causes ever
local reaction and must be treated by local infusion of at least three times
the volume of sterile saline; this risk can be reduced by the use of a 2.5%
solution and by ensuring that thiopentone sodium is given by intra-venous
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 76
Man-Dog Conflict
route only)

Maintenance:
I/V Thiopental neat half the induction dose may be repeated as small I/V
boluses but will lead to prolonged anesthesia and longer recovery time.

Fluid Therapy:
Ringer’s Lactate should be administered by I/V throughout the surgical
procedure.

Respiration:
Open mouthed with gag and spontaneous respiration

Anesthetic Protocol 3
Use of inhalation anaesthesia Pre-medication Xylazine@lmg / kg bw
Atropine @ 0.04mg/kg bw I/V

Induction:
Ketamine @2.5 mg/kg bw + Diazepam @ 0.25 mg/kg bw or 4% Isoflurance or
Thiopentone sodium @20 mg/kg bw I/V

Maintenance:
2% Isoflurane with Oxygen via Endotracheal Tube
Fluid Therapy:

Ringer’s Lactate should be administered by I/V throughout the surgical

procedure.

Animal Welfare Board of India 77

4.7.9 Ear Notching
All sterilized dogs, irrespective of their sex are to be compulsorily ear-notched
with a visible ‘V’ cut on the pinna of the right ear on the dorsal margin,
immediately after surgery by using an electric cauterizer for easy identification
of the sterilized dogs after surgery. The size of the ‘V’ should be small, and
sufficient only to identify the sterilization status of a dog from a distance The
length of both arms of ‘V’ should be 20 to 25% of the total length of the ear. No
other shapes such as ‘U’ are acceptable for ear notching.

4.7.10 Sterilization surgery: general considerations

The choice of surgical approach is at the discretion of the veterinary surgeon. The
veterinary surgeon must have received formal training in the most updated
surgical technique for conducting an ABC surgery. The surgical technique to be
adopted may be recommended by the AWBI or the Veterinary Council of India,
from time to time. As with all surgery, great attention must be paid to ensure that
Halsted’s Surgical Principles are diligently followed which includes:

 Complete asepsis - Gentle tissue handling;

 Accurate haemostasis - Obliteration of dead space;
 Careful tissue apposition - Preservation of blood supply.
 Minimum tension on tissues;

It is unacceptable to say that strict asepsis is not required because street

dogs have good immune systems. Lack of care during the preparation for
surgery of both, patient and surgical team, and during surgery itself will
lead to greater inflammation and infection than necessary and thus more
pain and poorer welfare for the operated dogs.
To ensure asepsis, a fresh sterile surgical pack Should be used for each
animal. It is recommended that sterilized drapes designed for sterilization
surgery in female dogs be of a different color than those designed for use
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 78
Man-Dog Conflict
in castrations. This is for easy identification and to prevent errors that can
happen while preparing the surgical sets for autoclaving. It has been
recommended to use green drapes for female surgical packs and blue drapes
for male packs.

Position of female dog for Flank Spaying

4.7.11 Surgical Procedure for female dogs Ovariohysterectomy

Complete ovariohysterectomy (both ovaries and uterus) by conventional (not

laproscopic) surgery is recommended. The use of trained scrubbed-up Para
Vets greatly assists the surgeon saves time and aids in speedy recovery of
the dogs besides helping to provide desired levels of asepsis. It is possible
to sterilize dogs at any stage of the oestrous cycle. However, since oestrogen
can delay blood clotting, it is vital to provide efficient haemostas is for
female dogs that are operated, while in oestrus.

Two surgical approaches are generally recognized and includes the right
Animal Welfare Board of India 79
flank approach and mid line approach:

Diagrammatic Illustration of Female Surgical Anatomy of dogs as viewed from the ventral
aspect

4.7.12 Right Flank Approach (Not recommended for pyometra cases)

The right flank method of surgery has been considered as the ideal and
preferred method for spaying. The dog is positioned lying on its left side
and the abdominal cavity is entered via the right flank with the ventral
aspect of the dog directed towards the surgeon.
Location of Incision Site for Flank Spay: In adult female dogs the incision
is located as indicated in the diagram below:-

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 80
Man-Dog Conflict
 i
In adult female dogs, the incision is made about 4 cms behind the most caudal
curve of the last rib, parallel to the spine and about 9 cms ventral to the transverse
processes of the lumbar vertebrae.

The incision often falls at the cranial end of the fold of skin connecting the stifle
to the abdominal wall. In young female dogs (under 6 months), the incision is
placed more caudally. Failure to do this in young dogs results in difficulties in
exteriorizing the uterine body near the bifurcation/ cervix to allow identification
and removal of the second uterine horn.

Note: The right ovary is more closely adhered to the right kidney and body wall
than the left ovary and thus easier to exteriorize if incision is made in the right
flank.

Tissues incised –
 Skin;

 Subcutaneous tissues/fascia;
 External abdominal oblique muscle;
 Internal abdominal oblique muscle;

 Transverse abdominal muscle to which the peritoneum is often attached.

Animal Welfare Board of India 81

The skin is cut with a scalpel. Subsequent layers are separated using scissors and
blunt dissection. Incising the three muscle layers can cause haemorrhage. Splitting
the muscles along their fibres reduces bleeding, causes less trauma and faster
healing, but may result in a smaller aperture in which to work.

Inexperienced surgeons often find gaining entry to the abdominal cavity the most
challenging part of this approach. Cutting these muscle layers is easiest if they are
isolated using Allis tissue forceps by an assistant and if the surgeon’s scissors are
held perpendicular to the body wall.

The Procedure
Step 1: Locating the uterine horn and ovary.
The right uterine horn is located with a spay hook. This is easiest done if the hook
is inserted along the inside of the right abdominal wall and, brought in contact
with the body wall and directed towards the right kidney / cranial lumbar region.
If the hook is then rotated and removed carefully, the uterus can be easily brought
within the hook.

The horn is elevated so that the ovary can be grasped between the thumb and index
finger of one hand. The body wall is then depressed to reduce the distance so that
the ovary can be removed. The suspensory ligament is stretched or broken with
the second finger of that hand. When breaking the suspensory ligament, direct the
tension caudally to protect and avoid tearing the ovarian vascular complex and
subsequent haemorrhage. The ovarian vascular complex is located and a window
is made in the mesovarium immediately adjacent to the vasculature. The ovarian
vascular complex is then clamped with artery forceps.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 82
Man-Dog Conflict
 Illustration showing clamping of the ovarian blood
vessels.

Step 2: Clamping the Ovarian Blood Vessels

The surgeon should keep hold of the ovary when applying the first clamp to ensure
the clamp is placed below the ovary and thus that entire ovary is removed. Failure
to remove all ovarian tissue may mean that the dog continues to show oestrous
behaviour even if it cannot become pregnant. This is undesirable.

Step 3: Placing Ligature into Crush caused by Clamp

A circumferential suture is placed loosely around the pedicle at the clamp furthest
from the ovary. The clamp is removed as the suture is tightened so that the suture
lies in the groove of the crushed tissue created by the clamp ensuring greater
ligature security. A trans-fixing suture (i.e. one where the suture material passes
through the tissues rather than just around them) may be placed proximal to the
ligature. This is prudent for inexperienced surgeons, and in bitches with large
genitalia, in very fat female dogs etc.
Animal Welfare Board of India 83
Step 4: Securely Tightened Ligature in place around the Ovarian Vessels.
The ovarian stump is cut with scissors between the 2 clamps closest to the ovary.
The excised ovary and ovarian bursa are examined to ensure that the entire ovary
has been removed.

Step 5: The Ovarian Vessels are cut from the Ovary

The stump is grasped (without grasping the ligature) with thumb (rat toothed)
forceps. The clamp on the stump is released. The stump is inspected for bleeding.
If no bleeding is noted, keeping the ligature / stump still attached to a mosquito
forceps, lower into the abdominal cavity to remove the stretch on the ovarian
artery/vein complex and re-inspect for bleeding before final closure of abdomen.
Care must be taken to ensure that a section of body wall has not been inadvertently
incorporated in the ligature during tying.

The second (left) uterine horn is located by following the right horn distally to the
bifurcation. Repeat procedure as for first ovary. Both horns of the uterus are
exteriorized, along with the attached mesovarium and associated uterine blood
vessels.

Step 6: Uterine Horns are exteriorized A window is then made in the mesovarium
adjacent to the uterine artery and vein, and much of the mesovarium, broad
ligament and associated fat is broken from the uterus. This procedure is done with
both uterine horns. The remnants of the mesovarium, broad ligament and
associated fat are returned to the abdominal cavity. Following this, the uterus is
seen separate from other tissues except from the vascular structures which run
parallel to the uterus.

The uterine body is exteriorized. The cervix is located, though it often cannot be
visualized. Various techniques may be used to ligate and remove the uterine body

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 84
Man-Dog Conflict
depending on the size of the uterus and the surgeon’s preference. The triple clamp
technique is generally used (as for ovarian attachments).

Care is required, particularly with bitches in season or which have recently

whelped, as the uterine tissue may be friable and the clamps may cut rather than
crush the tissue. In these cases, allowing a generous space between the clamps
may reduce this risk. The three clamps are placed on the uterine side of the cervix.
In smaller / non-pregnant dogs, it is possible to mass ligate uterine vasculature
with just one ligature as, for the ovarian vascular pedicle.

Closure

Illustration depicting clamping of the uterus and blood vessels just above the cervix

On abdominal closure, each muscle layer is sutured individually i.e. 3 separate

layers (the peritoneum is incorporated with the closure of the transverse
abdominus muscle). In young dogs, the peritoneum, transverse abdominus and
internal abdominal oblique muscles are sutured with one suture and the external
abdominal oblique is sutured separately with another suture.

Vicryl makes a very good suture material for this site. For longer incisions i.e.
more than 2 cms in length, a continuous suture pattern can be used, such as Ford
interlocking.

Animal Welfare Board of India 85

For smaller incisions, i.e. up to 2 cm in length, a horizontal mattress suture may
be used. Horizontal mattress sutures appear to cause far fewer visible swellings,
probably due to the reduction in the amount of catgut in the muscle layers.

When suturing the abdominal muscles, it is easier to work with an assistant who
gently isolates the individual muscle layers. Allis tissue forceps may be placed on
the very edge of the muscle layers but it is better to use Babcock forceps or rat
tooth forceps as these are less traumatic to the tissues.

The subcutaneous tissues are closed and dead space eliminated using 3.0 Vicryl /
either an interrupted, or continuous pattern. The skin is sutured with a simple
interrupted or continuous intradermal suture pattern using Vicryl. The sutures are
placed ensuring that all knots are buried.

4.7.13 Midline Spay Technique Approach

Tissues incised - skin; subcutaneous; linea alba – white, fibrous tissue plane
(aponeurosis) and peritoneum.
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 86
Man-Dog Conflict
If electing to perform surgery through a mid-line approach, it is important to
ensure that it is the fibrous linea alba which is incised and not the adjacent
muscles. Otherwise, the advantages of this midline approach are lost and the
approach is then described as paramedian. The incision extends from about 1 inch
caudal to the umbilical scar caudally, although some surgeons begin the incision
at the caudal border of the umbilicus.

Spay
Routine spay is performed as described in the Flank Spay Technique.

Illustration showing position of a female dog for Mid-Line Surgery

Closure
Abdominal closure is done in one layer. A simple, interrupted suture pattern is
used in the linea alba. Sterile, heavy gauge, monofilament nylon is used.
Subcutaneous tissue and skin are closed routinely as before. Catgut cannot be
used to close the linear alba since it degrades too quickly to support the slower
healing fibrous tissues of this structure.

Animal Welfare Board of India 87

Closure of the incision
The incision through the linea alba is closed incorporating the external rectus
fascia. Catgut is not recommended in this site as its rate of degradation may be
faster than the rate of healing leading to an increased risk of herniation. Most
surgeons go for non-absorbable (vicryl) suture material in the midline. This option
requires greater maintenance of asepsis. The fascia is closed and the skin incision
is sutured according to the preferences of the veterinary surgeon and depending
on the suture material available. Nylon sutures are recommended for skin closure.

4.7.14 Clinical Complications that may be seen following ovario-

hysterectomy surgery

1. Haemorrhage:
During the surgery serious haemorrhage can arise from a number of places. It may
occur by tearing of ovarian vascular complex whilst stretching / breaking
suspensory ligament. This can be avoided by stretching rather than breaking the
suspensory ligament and doing so in a caudal direction. Haemorrhage can result
from tearing of uterine vessels by excessive tension on uterine body. Handling all
tissues gently will reduce the risk of this, as will ensuring that the incision is of
appropriate size for the uterus being removed.

Bleeding may happen when tearing other large vessels in broad ligament while
stripping this off the uterine body prior to the clamping and ligation of the cervix.
This danger can be avoided by individually ligating any large vessels (if present,
e.g. fat dogs) in the broad ligament and mesovarium. Controlled separation of the
broad ligament from the uterus working from the cervix to the ovary also reduces
the risk of haemorrhage from this source. Ensuring all sutures are adequately
placed and tied using proper surgeon’s knots will help reduce the chance of intra-
operative and postoperative haemorrhage.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 88
Man-Dog Conflict
Haemorrhage from muscles can be a problem, but will not normally be life
threatening. With careful incision and dissection of each muscle layer, it is often
possible to see and thus avoid major body wall blood vessels. Clamping vessels
with haemostats will usually stop the bleeding with time. Female dogs in oestrus
at the time of spaying may bleed more than expected due to the effects of
oestrogen on the clotting cascade.

2. Recurrent signs of oestrus / heat:

Signs of oestrus result from functional remnants of ovarian tissue being left in the
abdomen following an incomplete spay operation. The animal will still show
signs of season. The surgeon must ensure all ovarian tissue is removed, by, for
example, holding the ovary while clamps are applied, and by inspecting the
excised tissue to check if it contains the whole ovary.

3. Uterine stump pyometra:

Uterine stump pyometra may occur if any portion of the uterus is not removed
during the spaying. Due to the risk of the last two complications mentioned above,
complete ovariohysterectomy must be performed rather than tubectomy or
ovariectomy.

4.7.15 Surgical Procedure for Male Dogs Castration

Males are positioned in dorso-lateral recumbancy facing to the surgeon’s right.
The right hind leg is secured so that the pelvic region is exposed and the right
stifle is not overlying the surgical site. The dog can be placed in dorsal
recumbancy but this requires support at the thorax / axillae and also the
straightening of the catheterized foreleg to ensure that the catheterized vein is not
occluded at the flexed elbow.

These positioning and adjustments take extra time. The scrotal, penile, inguinal
and perineal regions are shaved and prepared for surgery as described earlier.

Animal Welfare Board of India 89

Site of Incision for Castration: Males are castrated through a single pre-scrotal
incision. One testicle, usually the lower testicle, is advanced cranially and the skin
incision made over the tensed testicle. The sub- cutaneous tissues, and the tunica
dartos and external spermatic fascia are incised. The testicle within the spermatic
sac is then grasped and pulled free. The spermatic sac is then excised at its most
ventral part. The vaginal tunic is reflected revealing the testicle and associated
structures.

The vaginal tunic is separated from the tail of the epididymis by breaking the
ligamentous attachment there. This leaves the testicle connected by only the
spermatic vessels in one bundle and the deferent duct connected by the
mesorchium.

Retraction of the Vaginal Tunic

The exact method of removal of the testicle varies between surgeons and also
depends on the size of the testicle and its associated structures. The deferent duct
and the spermatic vessels may be clamped and ligated as described for the ovarian
attachments (using the ‘triple clamp’ method). This is the method of choice for
large, well-developed testicles. For smaller testicular structures it is possible to tie
the blood vessels and the duct to each other to ensure that haemostasis is
maintained once the deferent duct has been broken from the epididymis.
Note: Once the vessels are ligated, the testicle can be severed from them. The
spermatic vessels usually retract considerably once this has been done.

The contralateral testicle is now advanced into the skin incision and an incision
made in the tissues surrounding the testicle as before to allow the testicle within
the spermatic sac to be grasped and exteriorized. This testicle is then isolated and
excised as before.

Suturing involves closing all dead spaces with a continuous 3-0 catgut suture. It
is considered a good practice to place this suture through the vaginal tunics of the

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 90
Man-Dog Conflict
two testicles to ensure that the potential opening into the abdominal cavity is
closed and also to incorporate the septal midline tissues. The skin is closed with
an intra-dermal suture as described for skin closure in the spay procedure for
bitches.
Particular attention must be paid to ensure that haemostasis is maintained, in order
to reduce the incidence of post-operative haematoma and possible ischaemia of
the scrotum. Should this occur, scrotal ablation may be required. Considerable
postoperative bruising and swelling are common especially in larger dogs. This
may be further exacerbated by the dog licking at the area.

Potential Complications:
The risk of haemorrhage from spermatic vessels is much less likely if this double
ligation technique is employed. However, if noted, an attempt should be made to
locate the ends of the cord on the side from which the haemorrhage is occurring,
by grasping the deep tissue with haemostats and applying gentle traction. Should
this prove unsuccessful, the skin incision should be extended into the scrotal sac
as this will improve access to the inguinal canal, enabling location of the bleeding
stump and application of two secure ligatures. If the skin incision is extended in
this manner, scrotal ablation is necessary to excise the sac and associated dead
space, which would otherwise predispose to scrotal haematoma.

Animal Welfare Board of India 91

 Illustration of testicular moved from scrotum within vaginal tunic

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 92
Man-Dog Conflict
 Illustration of testicle and associated structures after incision of vaginal tunic.

4.7.16 Cleaning of used kits and drapes

As soon as possible after the completion of a procedure, both the surgical
instruments and drapes should be thoroughly washed and rinsed, ensuring
removal of all blood and discharges. A toothbrush is useful to clean instruments
thoroughly, with particular attention to the jaws, box joints and ratchets.
Alternatively, an ultrasonic cleaner may be used to clean the instruments. After
cleaning, the instruments should be rinsed in clean, hot water. This will help to
flush away any organic matter still adhering to the instruments.

 Drapes should then be hung to dry. Once dry, the drapes should be checked
for hair and any other debris present. If any hair is present on the drapes,
the hair should be brushed out and the drape should be washed thoroughly
once more and left to dry.
 Cleaned instruments should be placed on a towel to dry; instruments with

ratchets should be left open.

Periodically, the instruments should be left to soak overnight in protective
instrument milk (which would be available from the supplier). Hand lubrication
of each joint of each instrument, with special oil, is also an acceptable option.

4.7.17 Safe disposal of surgical waste

After surgery, the gloves, empty vials, syringes and needles should be carefully
disposed off, as per biomedical waste disposal protocol for hospital waste.

4.7.18 Post-Surgical Care : General considerations

 The choice of antibiotics and analgesics to be used after the surgery is a

decision that is to be made on a case by case by the veterinary surgeon. The

decision about the antibiotic / analgesic to be used would be influenced by
the veterinary surgeon’s clinical experience, conditions prevailing at the

Animal Welfare Board of India 93

 kennel and the health of the dogs. Care should be taken to ensure that the
antibiotics used are broad-spectrum.
 Dogs recovering from anaesthesia and surgery need to be kept warm and
dry. Once the dogs have recovered sufficiently from anaesthesia and
surgery, the dogs should be provided access to drinking water.
 Following surgery, the dogs should be under round the clock supervision
by a veterinary surgeon, and based on the clinical condition of the dogs, a
decision should be taken regarding additional medications to be given.
Suitably sized ‘buckets’ or ‘Elizabethan collars’ can be used where dogs are
irritated and causing self trauma to wound sites- in addition to the
antiinflammatories and antibiotics needed.
 If the veterinary surgeon who is attending to the post-operative care is
different from the veterinary surgeon undertaking the surgeries, a standard
system of recording and reporting must be developed. This needs to be
done to ensure that the veterinary surgeon who has done the surgery
receives correct feedback about the progress of his / her patients so that
improvements in technique can be identified and implemented if necessary.
 During check, the dogs which are ready to be released must be identified,
and necessary steps should be taken to release the dogs.
 Surgeries must be done under stringent sterile conditions, and techniques
which cause minimum tissue trauma must be [Link] suture
materials should be used and strict adherence to Halsted’s Surgical
Principles must be ensured., This will ensure complete healing in a lesser
period of time, but an animal must be kept under veterinary supervision at
the ABC facility / campus for at least 3 days and nights after successful
surgery.

4.7.19 Use of analgesics and antibiotics:

The Standard Protocol to be followed is mentioned as below:
 Administration of analgesics — Analgesic agents are required for all
patients undergoing neutering. Acceptable choices include opioids (e.g.
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 94
Man-Dog Conflict
 butorphanol, buprenorphine, morphine, hydromorphone, and
pentazocine),alpha2- adrenoceptor agonists ([Link],
dexmedetomidine, and xylazine), NSAIDs (eg, carprofen, meloxicam,
tepoxalin, deracoxib, firocoxib, aspirin, flunixin, ketoprofen, and
etodolac), and local anesthetics (eg, lidocaine and bupivacaine).
Note: All sterilization surgeries for street dogs must only be done only under
General Anesthesia.
 Combining multiple analgesic agents in a single protocol is known as
multimodal analgesia and greatly improves pain and stress control in
animals undergoing neutering through a spayneuter program. Use of
reversible agents and preemptive administration of analgesics prior to the
initial surgical incision are common methods for providing safe and
effective analgesia in highvolume settings.
 Surgical technique also influences the severity of postoperative pain.
Anxiolytic agents for stress reduction include minor and major
tranquilizers (eg, acepromazine, midazolam, and diazepam) and alph2-
adrenoceptor agonists. These can be delivered in combination with other
analgesics.
 Administering Intramuscular injection of meloxicam is recommended as
an analgesic immediately after the surgery and also during the post-
operative care.

4.7.20 Antibiotics
It is recommended that the following antibiotics be used :
 Amoxicillin-cloxicillin: 20 mg / kg body weight twice daily for 3-5 days
Amoxicillin-sublactam: 10 mg / kg body weight
 Benzathine pencillin once in three days
 Ceftriaxone once a day @ 22mg / kg bw I/M for 3-5 days The surgical
wound and ear notch wound must be cleaned and dressed regularly.

Animal Welfare Board of India 95

4.7.21 Anti-Rabies Vaccinations: General Considerations
 The anti-rabies vaccine should be administered on the day of release while
deworming medications should be administered on the first day when dogs
are caught.
 It is essential that all dogs passing through an ABC programme receive
vaccination against rabies.
 It is essential that cold chain for the vaccines be maintained without fail,
and power back-ups for refrigerators where these are stored must be
installed.
 The cold chain of vaccine manufacturers and suppliers should be
investigated prior to use of the vaccine.
 A log entry should be maintained while storing the vaccines. The
refrigerator thermometer temperature should be checked and recorded in
the log book every twelve hours.
 Some evidence exists to indicate that intramuscular injection of vaccine
produces longer lasting protection. Therefore, it is recommended that the
vaccine be given by the intra- muscular route.
 Concern has been expressed over the effects of stress on vaccine efficacy
when vaccination is done at the time of surgery shortly after capture. It is
thus advisable to administer the vaccine as long after surgery as possible,
immediately before release of the animal.

4.7.22 Guidelines for release of the sterilized and vaccinated dogs

 Only dogs identified by a veterinary surgeon as fit for release should be

released.
 It is imperative that dogs are released back to the exact location from where

they were picked up. Care should be taken to ensure correct identification
of dogs and addresses.
 Releasing dogs on main roads should be avoided if possible since the dogs
may be temporarily disoriented at the time of release.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 96
Man-Dog Conflict
  Where possible, dogs should be released into the care of their caretakers if
such persons are present.
 Although dogs should be released after ensuring that they have been fed,
they should not be fed immediately prior to their transport to the release
sites.
 A representative of the ABC Implementing Agency must always
accompany the dog releasing team, and be present during the release.
 The release of dogs during the early morning hours is recommended.
 In the event of severely inclement weather, the release of the dogs should
be postponed till more favourable weather prevails.

4.7.23 Educating the general public about the ABC program

 Members of the public that are present during the release of street dogs that
have been sterilized and vaccinated under the ABC program, should be
educated about the program. The onlookers must also be informed that the
excess salivation seen in the released dogs is only due to the stress of
transportation or possible motion sickness.
 Members of the public and care-givers should be encouraged to contact the
ABC Implementing Agency if they see any released dog which appears
sick or in need of
further veteirnary
care.

4.7.24 Euthanasia

Only street dogs that are

diagnosed as incurably ill or
mortally wounded shall be
considered for euthanasia.
This diagnosis must be
made by a team appointed
by the Local Animal Birth

Animal Welfare Board of India 97

Control Monitoring Committee.

As per Rule 15(1) of the Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2023, the euthanasia
team shall consist of:

1. The Jurisdictional Veterinary Officer,

2. The Project In-Charge,
3. A Representative of the Board or State Board.

Euthanasia shall be performed only during specified hours and must be carried
out humanely by intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital or any other
approved humane method by a qualified veterinarian.

Rule 15(2) specifies that no dog shall be euthanized in the presence of another
dog. Staff must carry out the procedure with professionalism and respect for the
animal.

The dog to be euthanized should be restrained humanely and minimally, only as

required for an intravenous (IV) catheter insertion. If the dog struggles against
insertion, it must first be sedated using Xylazine or Ketamine given via
intramuscular (IM) injection.

Confirmation of death:
Rule 15(2) mandates that the person responsible for euthanasia shall ensure that
the animal is dead before disposal. Qualified veterinarians performing euthanasia
should confirm death based on the following indicators:

 No movement of the chest / No signs of respiration – When the animal’s

chest has stopped moving up and down indicating that it has stopped
breathing. However, this sign alone must not be relied upon as the animal’s
heart may continue to beat for some time after it has stopped breathing.
 No heart beat – Check for this with a stethoscope or by palpating the

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 98
Man-Dog Conflict
 animal’s chest wall.
 No pulse – Check for this by palpation over the medial aspect of the
animal’s hind limb. This, however, is not always easy to locate in small
animals.
 Loss of colour from the mucous membranes in the animal’s mouth –
Mucous membranes become pale and there is no capillary refill if pressure
is applied. With time, the mucous membrane becomes dry and sticky.
 Corneal reflex (blink reflex) is lost – The corneal reflex is normally
elicited when the eyeball is touched. After death, the animal’s eyes remain
open and the lids do not move when touched.
 Glazing of the eyes – This occurs rapidly after death. The cornea loses its
clear, moist appearance and becomes opaque, dry and wrinkled.

4.7.25 Dealing with suspected rabid street dogs

Street dogs suspected to be rabid have to be dealt with strictly in the
manner prescribed in Rule l6 of the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023.

Capture and Observation: According to Rule 16(3) Dogs with suspected rabies
shall be humanely captured and kept for observation at the Animal Birth Control
Center. Upon the advice of the qualified veterinary practitioner, a dog showing
symptoms of any communicable disease shall be housed in the Isolation Kennel,
where food and water shall be provided to the dog twice every day.

Inspection by a Panel: As per Rule 16(4) any suspected rabid dog shall be
subjected to inspection by a panel of two persons, including:
(i) A veterinary surgeon appointed by the local authority, and
(ii) A representative from an Animal Welfare Organisation.

Isolation and Natural Death: As per Rule 16(5) if the dog is found to have a
high probability of having rabies, it shall be isolated until it dies a natural death.
Death normally occurs within ten days of contracting rabies.
Animal Welfare Board of India 99
To confirm rabies, the brain sample of every street dog suspected to have
died of rabies must be sent to the closest accredited laboratory and a report
must be obtained for every death under this category.
Disposal of rabies carcasses
Special precautions should be taken when handling the carcass of any
animal suspected of carrying rabies, including the use of protective clothing:
gloves, overalls, eye goggles and protective shoe covers.
The carcass should be sealed in a plastic bag, as the rabies virus can remain
active for sometime after death.

The external surfaces of the carcass can remain infective for several hours
after death and the internal organs can remain infective for several weeks
depending upon the environmental temperature.

Rule 16(7) mandates that the carcasses of dogs suspected to have died of rabies
shall be disposed of in an incinerator or by adopting any other method as provided
by the Chief Veterinary Officer of the District.

4.7.26 Post-Mortem Examinations

Post-Mortem for All Deaths: All animals that die in the ABC facility/campus
must be subjected to a post-mortem examination to ascertain the cause of death.
The post-mortem must be carried out by a qualified veterinarian approved by the
Local ABC Monitoring Committee.

Post-Operative Deaths: The local ABC Monitoring Committee should set up a

panel of veterinarians to examine animals that die post-operatively. This
panel must not include the veterinarian who performed the surgery on the said
animal.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 100
Man-Dog Conflict
4.7.27 Verification of ABC Surgeries and Disposal of Organs
Verification of ABC Surguries and Disposal of Organs should strictly adhere to
the mandates of Rule 17 of the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023
1. Record Keeping: All records and registers pertaining to the catching,
treatment (pre-surgical, surgical and post-surgical) and release should
be maintained for each dog caught by the ABC Implementing Agency
2. Storage of Organs: Post-Surgery the removed reproductive organs
removed from male and female dogs shall be stored in 10%
formaldehyde at the Animal Birth Control Center.
3. Counting of Organs: The organs shall be counted fortnightly, monthly,
or as often as decided by the Local Animal Birth Control Monitoring
Committee, by a team comprising:
(i) Chief Veterinary Officer or any Veterinary Officer authorised by him,
(ii) Project In-Charge Veterinary Officer,
(iii) Representative of the State Board or Society for Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals, and
(iv) Representative of any Animal Welfare Organisation:
Provided that the Animal Welfare Organisation conducting the Animal
Birth Control program shall not be part of the Organ Inspection Team.
4. Preservation and Marking: The organs shall be preserved in separate
plastic boxes marked with the number of male and female genital organs
and the date of surgery.
5. Verification and Records: The Organ Inspection Team shall count all the
organs and verify the Progress Report of the Implementing Agency for the
period in question. Records for anomalies, such as cryptorchid males,
gravid uteri, and already operated females captured again for surgery, must
be maintained to tally the recorded data with the physical count.
6. Disposal of Organs: After verification by the inspection team, the organs
shall be immediately destroyed in the presence of the Organ Inspection
Team by spraying of tattoo dye and deep burial or incineration. The process

Animal Welfare Board of India 101

 of dyeing and burying the organs shall be video recorded and photographed
with the date and time stamp.
7. Surprise Inspections: The State Animal Birth Control Monitoring
Committee shall conduct surprise inspections at least once every year in
each Animal Birth Control Center to ensure adherence to the rules and take
necessary action in case of non-compliance.

4.8 Handling of street dogs with respect to which complaints of habitual

biting or unprovoked aggression are received

Street dogs do not generally bite unless provoked. The reasons why dogs may
attack humans have been dealt with in Chapter 3.3 of this module. An extended
study on the behavioural ecology of free-ranging dogs in India reveals that dogs

are generally lazy and friendly animals, and their interactions with humans are
typically submissive. Thus, dogs do not usually pose a threat to human well-being,
and proper management of our refuse and a tolerant, if not friendly, attitude
towards dogs can ensure their peaceful co-existence with us. (Sreejani Sen
Majumder et al, 2014)

There is enough evidence to show that people who dislike street dogs often try to
get dogs removed from their neighbourhoods. They are also capable of registering
false complaints for the same. The main factors that lead to aggression in street
dogs are migration and mating (sexual drive) and also protection of pups by the
female dogs. When the street dogs are sterilised and put back in the same area
where they were picked up from, the above-mentioned factors of migration,
mating, and protection of pups cease to exist, and aggression is invariably
eliminated, or at least considerably reduced.

Thus, taking into account both the human and dog points of view, in the case of
street dogs with respect to which complaints of habitual biting or unprovoked
aggression are received, the following procedure must be followed as per Rule
16 of the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 102
Man-Dog Conflict
[Link] local authority shall establish an Animal Helpline. Either the Project In-
Charge or the Animal Welfare Organisation shall be responsible for recording
and resolving conflict cases that may be reported.

[Link] the following protocol shall be adopted to deal with such cases:

 Physically verify the alleged bites

 Obtain the records of post-bite treatment, if any.
 Devise a mitigation strategy to prevent further conflict, which will include
educating the community from where the complaint has been received
regarding street dog behavior and dog bite prevention, and may also
include counselling, designation of dog feeding spots, and prioritizing
ABC and a vaccination drive in the area.
 The details of the complaint, such as the name of the complainant,
complete address, date and time of complaint, and nature of the complaint,
shall be recorded in a register to be maintained for permanent record.
 The information of any dog bite shall be promptly shared with the
Government Medical Hospital to recommend post-bite treatment.

1. If complaints persist and the mitigation steps do not yield the desired result
despite a reasonable period of time having elapsed, the street dog in question
must be humanely captured and removed from the area and taken to the ABC
facility/campus for observation, to ensure the safety of both the dog and
humans in its territory. Such animals shall be kept for observation at the
Animal Birth Control Center, and upon the advice of the Veterinary
Practitioner, a dog showing symptoms of any communicable disease shall
be housed in the Isolation Kennel where food and water shall be provided to
the dog twice every day

2. The dog shall then be subjected to inspection by a two-member panel,

comprising a veterinary surgeon appointed by the local authority and a
representative from an Animal Welfare Organization. The panel will assess
Animal Welfare Board of India 103
 the information available and observe the dog over a period of 10 days, and
decide if the dog is indeed a habitual biter. If it comes to the conclusion that
the dog is not a habitual biter, it will release the dog back into the area that
it had been picked up from after sterilizing and immunizing the dog where
required. If, however, the panel comes to the conclusion that the dog needs
to remain under observation for a longer period of time, then, based on
reasons recorded in writing, it will decide on the length of time varying from
an additional week to three weeks, for which the dog may have to be
detained for further observation and treatment where required. The intent of
the detention in such a case also usually is to remove the dog from its pack,
eliminate the alpha tendency if any, and calm the dog in cases in which
anxiety was leading to aggression. During such detention, regular veterinary
checkup of the dog is a must. If after continued observation and assessment,
the panel comes to the conclusion that the dog is indeed a habitual biter
without provocation, then the dog will not be released back. Provided,
however, that the case of such a dog must be reviewed on a bi-monthly basis
by the panel, and all records with respect to such an animal, including
records of treatment, observation by the panel, and its recommendations,
shall be retained. Such a dog shall then be released when it is deemed
suitably altered in behavior and considered ready for release. Under no
circumstances shall it be released into any territory other than the one from
where it was picked up for observation.
 If the dog is found to have a high probability of having rabies, it shall be
isolated till it dies a natural death. Death normally occurs within ten days
of contracting rabies.
 If the dog is found not to have rabies but some other disease or is furious
in nature, then it would be handed over to the Animal Welfare
Organisation, which shall take the necessary action to cure and release the
dog after ten days of observation.
 If the Animal Birth Control Program is being run by an animal welfare
organisation, it shall be reimbursed by the local authority for keeping and
treating such dogs under observation at a rate determined by the Local
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 104
Man-Dog Conflict
 Animal Birth Control Monitoring Committee.

3. The Local Authority shall display outreach material provided by the Board
on prominent sites in the city, to sensitise people about street dogs .

4.9 Regulating Dog Breeding and Pet Shops

Unsterilised pet dogs may also contribute to the street dog population. Breeders /
irresponsible owners are known to cruelly dump puppies or spent male and
female dogs with little or no commercial value, thereby leading to an increase of
the dogs on the street. Dog breeding has become an unregulated, lucrative
industry, without any responsibility or onus cast upon the breeder to indulge in
ethical breeding practices, and educate the buyer on the lifetime responsibility
that keeping a pet entails. It is therefore very important to control and regulate
dog breeding and pet shops, with a firm hand.

Regulating Dog Breeding

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Dog Breeding and Marketing) Rules, 2017
establishes comprehensive regulations to ensure ethical dog breeding practices
and animal welfare standards.

Mandatory Registration Requirements

Under Rule 3 and 13, no breeder can conduct breeding activities or house dogs
for breeding and sale without obtaining registration from the SAWB. This is a
fundamental requirement, and local authorities cannot grant any license to
breeding establishments without this registration from the State Board. All
breeding establishments must prominently display their registration certificate.

During the registration process, the SAWB will fix the maximum holding
capacity for each dog breeding establishment based on available space, facilities,
and manpower to avoid overcrowding.

The registration process includes:

Animal Welfare Board of India 105

  Submission of application as prescribed in the Rules with applicable non-
refundable fee
 Inspection by a team comprising SAWB representative and veterinary
practitioner
 Separate applications for each breeding establishment
 Registration validity of two years, with renewal application required thirty
days before expiry
 Non-transferable registration certificates
 Assessment and fixing of maximum holding capacity by SAWB

For specific application formats and fee details, refer to the registration
requirements outlined in Rule 4 of the Dog Breeding Rules 2017.

Breeders must maintain comprehensive records including:

 Complete documentation of all animals housed in the establishment

 Detailed records of individual breeding dogs including breed, microchip
number, lineage, mating details
 Health and medical records with separate vaccination records for each dog
and puppy
 Documentation of all sales and contracts
 Post-mortem reports for any animal deaths determined by a veterinary
doctor
 Records must be maintained for at least eight years, or longer if directed
by the State Board for investigation purposes
 Annual reports to the State Board detailing total animals sold, traded,
bartered, brokered, given away, boarded or exhibited

For specific record-keeping formats and requirements, refer to Rule 9 of the Dog
Breeding Rules 2017.

To regulate sale and protect buyers breeders must ensure:

 No sale of puppies younger than eight weeks

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 106
Man-Dog Conflict
  Mandatory sterilization of dogs over six months before sale (except when
sold to licensed breeders)
 All puppies must be microchipped before sale
 Only dogs in good health with proper medical inoculations can be sold
 Complete health records and vaccination details provided to buyers
 Proper screening of prospective buyers to ensure their capability for pet
care
 No sale to unlicensed pet shops
 No display of puppies in public places for immediate sale
 Annual follow-up on all dogs sold
 Rehabilitation through Animal Welfare Organizations for unsold puppies
after six months
 Dogs cannot be sold for experiments unless to facilities registered with the
Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals

For detailed sale conditions and requirements, consult Rule 8 of the Dog Breeding
Rules 2017.

 SAWB shall conduct mandatory inspections at least once each year.

Additional inspections should be conducted upon complaints or for other
reasons. During inspections, inspectors can access all areas, animals, and
records upon producing their authority and photographs and videos during
inspection. Written inspection reports shall be submitted to SAWB.

For inspection procedures and compliance requirements, refer to Rule 7 of the

Dog Breeding Rules 2017.

Regulating Pet Shops

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Pet Shop) Rules 2018 establishes

comprehensive regulations to address these concerns and ensure ethical pet trade
practices.

Animal Welfare Board of India 107

Under Rule 3 and Rule 14 of the Pet Shop Rules 2018, it is mandatory for all pet
shops to obtain registration from the SAWB before commencing operations. No
local authority can grant a license to any pet shop without this registration from
the SAWB. This dual registration requirement ensures proper oversight of pet
shop operations. The registration remains valid for five years, after which renewal
is required. The rules specify that pet shops must display this registration
certificate prominently in their establishment.

Pet shops must operate according to strict guidelines regarding infrastructure and
animal care as specified in the rules. They can only function from permanent
structures, with temporary establishments like shanties or pavements being
strictly prohibited. The rules mandate specific requirements for basic amenities
such as water, electricity, and power backup. For detailed specifications about
space requirements and infrastructure, Rule 6 of the Pet Shop Rules 2018 should
be referred to.

Furthermore, all puppies must be microchipped by a veterinary practitioner

before sale, and every pet shop must maintain a functional microchip reader on
the premises. Monthly veterinary health checks are compulsory, and proper
documentation must be maintained. Pet shops can only sell puppies obtained from
registered breeders, and the sale of un-weaned, underage, or mutilated animals is
prohibited. These requirements can be found in detail under Rule 7 of the rules.

The rules introduce comprehensive record-keeping requirements. Pet shops must

maintain detailed records of animal sources, sales, deaths, and euthanasia cases
in specific prescribed forms. For reference to these requirements and the format
of necessary forms, consult Rule 8 of the rules. Additionally, pet shops must
provide customers with detailed pet care information at the time of purchase and
cannot sell animals to individuals below the legal age of majority.

SAWB can conduct mandatory annual inspections and surprise checks. Non-
compliance can result in registration cancellation and animal confiscation, with

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 108
Man-Dog Conflict
associated costs borne by the shop owner. For understanding the inspection
process and compliance requirements, refer to Rules 9 and 10.

Pet shops must submit annual reports to the SAWB detailing all animal
transactions, including sales, trades, deaths, and euthanasia cases. For specific
reporting requirements and formats, pet shop owners should consult Rule 12 of
the rules.

4.10 Feeding and Care of Street Dogs

The feeding and care of street animals constitutes a vital component of urban
animal management in India. This section provides a structured approach to
ensuring their well-being year-round while balancing public interests. It also
reinforces our constitutional duty under Article 51A(g) to show compassion for
all living beings, fostering both responsible care and community harmony.

Importance of Responsible Feeding

Street animals rely on the compassion of caregivers and community members for
food. Responsible feeding practices not only ensure the well-being of these
animals but also help reduce conflicts with residents.
Animal Welfare Board of India 109
Feeding Spot Designation: As per Section 20(1)(i), ABC Rules, 2023 to ensure
the safe and organized feeding, designated feeding spots must be identified
through mutual agreement between RWAs, AOAs, or local body representatives
and animal caregivers. These locations should be chosen based on the existing
dog population, their territorial behavior, and overall community dynamics.
Location of Feeding Spots: Feeding spots should be situated away from
children’s play areas, entry and exit points, staircases, and areas frequented by
senior citizens. This minimises the risk of conflicts and ensures safety for all
residents.

Feeding Times: As per Section 20(1)(ii), of ABC Rules 2023 feeding times should
be designated to avoid peak hours when children and senior citizens are most
active. This helps in reducing the likelihood of accidental encounters and
conflicts.

Litter Management: As per Section 20(1)(iii), of ABC Rules 2023 Feeders are
responsible for ensuring that feeding locations remain clean and free from litter.
They must adhere to guidelines framed by RWAs or AOAs to maintain hygiene
and public health.

Volunteering for ABC Programs: As per Section 20(1)(iv), feeders are

encouraged to volunteer for vaccination, capture, and release activities as part of
the Animal Birth Control Programmes. This not only aids in population control
but also ensures the health and well-being of the animals.

Taking care of street animals also means thinking about the weather. Very cold
winters and hot summers can make life hard for these animals, so we need to
adjust the care of animals based on the season.

Winter Care Considerations: During winter, especially in the northern parts of

India, severe cold waves impact street animals, making it crucial to take extra

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 110
Man-Dog Conflict
precautions. Compassionate citizens, Animal Welfare Organizations, RWAs, and
local bodies are should prioritize the well-being of street animals during winter
by providing sufficient bedding, including straw, blankets, and mattresses, helps
maintain body heat and prevents cold stress. Elevated cots or dry areas should be
made available to avoid direct contact with cold surfaces. This collective effort
can significantly reduce the suffering of animals during harsh weather conditions.

Summer Care Consideration: Water is essential for all living creatures,

especially during the sweltering summer months. Compassionate citizens,
Animal Welfare Organizations, RWAs, and local bodies can place water bowls
for birds and animals in clean, shaded areas. These bowls should be cleaned, and
water should be changed daily to prevent contamination. Large earthen pots or
containers that cannot be easily tipped over should be used.

Heat Stress Prevention: Animals are vulnerable to heat-related illnesses such as

dehydration, heatstroke, and burns from hot surfaces. Keeping the same in mind,
Compassionate citizens, Animal Welfare Organizations, RWAs, and local bodies
can ensure that animals have access to shaded areas throughout the day.
Environment-friendly materials should be used to construct makeshift shelters or
provide natural shade from trees or structures.

Monitoring for Heat Stress: Be vigilant for symptoms of heat exhaustion, such
as excessive panting, lethargy, drooling, rapid heartbeat, and collapse. Seek
immediate veterinary attention if any signs of distress are observed.

4.11 Conflict Resolution for Feeding of Community Animals

Conflicts may arise between Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs), Apartment
Owner Associations (AOAs), local body representatives, animal caregivers, and
other residents regarding the feeding and care of community animals. To ensure
harmony and address disputes effectively, the following structured approach for

Animal Welfare Board of India 111

conflict resolution has been established under Rule 20(2) and (3) of the ABC
Rules 2023:

Formation of an Animal Welfare Committee

In the event of a conflict, an Animal Welfare Committee shall be formed to
mediate and resolve the issue. The Committee will comprise the following
members:
1. Chief Veterinary Officer or their representative.
2. Representative of the Jurisdictional Police.
3. Representative of the District Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
(SPCA) or State Board.
4. Representative of a Recognised Animal Welfare Organisation conducting
Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs.
5. Veterinary Officer deputed by the local authority.
6. Complainant (the individual or group raising the concern).
7. Representative of the Resident Welfare Association (RWA), Apartment
Owner Association (AOA), or Local Body of the area.

Role of the Committee

 The Committee shall review the concerns of all parties involved, including

the designated feeders, residents, and local authorities.

 It shall ensure that the feeding points are designated in a manner that
balances the welfare of community animals with the interests of residents,
adhering to the guidelines under Rule 20(1).
 The Committee’s decision regarding the fixing of feeding points and
related matters shall be final and binding.

Appeals Process
 If any party (local authority, animal welfare organisation, feeder, RWA,
AOA, or Local Body) is aggrieved by the Committee’s decision, they may
file an appeal with the SAWB.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 112
Man-Dog Conflict
  The State Board’s decision on the matter shall be final and shall govern the
feeding of animals in the concerned area.

Key Principles for Conflict Resolution

1. Collaboration and Mutual Respect: All parties are encouraged to
approach conflicts with a spirit of collaboration, respecting the
compassionate intent of feeders and the legitimate concerns of residents.
2. Community Involvement: Residents and caregivers are encouraged to
participate actively in the resolution process, fostering a sense of shared
responsibility for the well-being of community animals.

Preventing Conflicts
To minimise conflicts, RWAs, AOAs, and local bodies should:
 Clearly communicate the designated feeding spots and times to all

residents.
 Educate the community about the importance of responsible feeding and

the legal framework under the ABC Rules 2023.

 Encourage cooperation between feeders and residents to maintain

cleanliness and hygiene at feeding locations.

Protection of Animal Caregivers

Law enforcement authorities must ensure that individuals showing compassion

toward animals face no harassment. Police intervention becomes necessary when
animal caregivers encounter opposition during feeding or rescue operations. The
fundamental right to show compassion toward animals receives protection under
both constitutional and statutory frameworks.

5 Results of Animal Birth Control

5.1Reduction in Population
A recent paper by A. Rowan& T. Kartal, (2015), titled ‘The impact of ABC and
Sterilization on Dog Populations’ has demonstrated the strong effect of animal

Animal Welfare Board of India 113

birth control on reducing street dog population. Research shows that the relative
dog numbers are dependent on the density of the human population. In the cases
where surveys/dog population indices have been undertaken following ABC
programs, these programs have been shown to reduce street dog populations.

After an intensive ABC program in Jodhpur, the dog population fell around 40%
from 5 dogs to 3 dogs per 100 humans (Totton, 2009) within the first 3 years and
was projected to fall by 70% if the sterilization program was continued (Totton et
al, 2010). In 2009, Hiby et al. (2011) estimated the Jodhpur street dog population
at 24,853 (almost a 50% reduction since 2005). In Jaipur, where Help in Suffering
has been conducting a low level ABC program since 1994 (sterilizing around
2,500 dogs a year with a focus on the Pink City district), the street dog population
in the Pink City fell by around 50% from 1997 to 2014 (Figure 1). A study by Hiby
(2014) of the dog population of greater Mumbai estimated the total street dog
population of the core city (around 12 million people) to be around 95,000 (0.77
dogs per 100 people). More significantly, it was found that over 75% of the dogs
were sterilized, reflecting successful ABC programs instituted by local NGOs
over the last one or two decades.

Figure 1

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 114
Man-Dog Conflict
Jaipur Pink City - Street Dog Population Trend: Street dogs were counted on the
same index tracks at different times of the year. Because there will be more dogs
on the street during and immediately after puppy season (January to April) than
in the period (September to December) before the puppies appear, the dog counts
were plotted as two separate trend lines. The slope of both trend lines is the same
and the coefficient of variance (R2) is very high. (Data provided by J Reece and
analysis conducted by AN Rowan.) See also Reece & Chawla, 2006.

A study comparing different approaches to controlling street dog population

reported that sterilization (ABC) programs were the most effective means of
reducing street dog populations (Yoak, 2015). According to Yoak (2015), culling
had little impact on the total dog population but did increase the number of
puppies produced annually.

Survey of the population of street dogs commissioned by the Municipal

Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Preliminary Report of Roaming Dog Surveys of
Greater Mumbai, conducted by Humane Society International Asia in January
2014, shows a drastic decrease in the street dog population and also a high
percentage of sterilization. This amply demonstrates the success of the
sterilization programme in Mumbai to reduce the street dog population

“The percentage of both females and males that have been sterilized was found
to be high in almost all wards (average 78%, range 53-90% for females; average
77%, range 42-94% for males). Both percentage of lactating females and
percentage of puppies were found to decrease with increasing rate of female
sterilization across wards.”

5.2 Reduction in Rabies

1. The vaccination of street dogs is an important part of the ABC programme. AR

programmes being implemented across India are showing a big reduction in the

Animal Welfare Board of India 115

number of cases of human rabies, on account of the vaccination and sterilisation
of street dogs.
2. No rabies death have occurred in Jaipur in areas where street dogs were
vaccinated and sterilized. Reece and Chawla (2006)

3. The Sikkim Government has taken major initiative by being part of the state-
wide rabies prevention programme. There have been no human deaths in Sikkim
from rabies since 2008 and no known cases of rabies in animals since May 2010
(Report, Sikkim Anti Rabies and Animal Health Division: An Overview, Vets
Beyond Borders).

4. A document obtained from the Public Health Department of the MCGM under
the RTI Act, dated 02.03.2015, shows a drastic decrease in the number of human
rabies deaths in Mumbai city to one per year for three years in 2011, 2012 and
2013 and nil in 2014. Rabies deaths were between 45 and 63 deaths per year when
street dogs used to be killed by the MCGM before the start of the ABC
programme in 1994. Thus, the drastic reduction in human rabies deaths
demonstrates the success of the sterilisation and immunization programme in
Mumbai.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 116
Man-Dog Conflict
In Chennai, the ABC programme commenced in September 1996. This brought
down the reported human rabies cases from 120 in 1996 to 5 in 2004 and no
human rabies death since 2007 (Dr Krishna S C, 2010).

5.3 Decrease in Dog Bites

1. Animal Birth Control programmes have shown to bring down the incidence of
dog-bites.

2. It has been found that dogs that have been sterilised show less aggression
(Yoak, A.J. et al 2013).

3. Recent data from the main government hospital in Jaipur shows a reduced bite
incidence over the period of the ABC Programme, despite an increase in human
population during that same time period, showing that the street dog sterilization
programme had reduced human dog bite cases (Reece J F [Link], 2013).

5.5 Dog Bite Prevention Programs

The bite prevention strategies include educational programmes to educate
children and their parents on how to avoid dog bites, orientation to pet owners on
appropriate methods of pet rearing, training and socialization of pets, use of

Animal Welfare Board of India 117

physical restraints on pets, legislative, and behavioural methods (CALLISTO,
2013).

Research studies have shown that educational programmes have a positive impact
on children's behaviour towards dogs but further research is needed to develop
programmes that also have a lasting influence on the behaviour of children around
dogs (CALLISTO, 2013). Consistent, positive, rewards-based behavioural
training is likely to produce improved outcomes in reducing aggression and other
behavioural problems. (CALLISTO, 2013).

In a study of the dog bite prevention and rabies awareness education programme,
it was found that 86% of primary school children and 90% of secondary school
children had gained the required knowledge and retention was good (WSPA, Dog
Population Management in Colombo, Sri Lanka).

[Link] and Implementation of ABC Program: The Animal Birth

Control Rules, 2023, mandate the formation of monitoring committees at three
levels - Central, State, and Local Authority - for effective implementation of
street dog population management, ensuring rabies eradication, and reduction in
man-dog conflict. The implementation of the Rules in most states has been
observed to be inadequate, haphazard, and poorly planned. The desired results
have therefore not been achieved in such cases.
The reasons for poor implementation have been cited to be, lack of required
coordination between the centre and the state governments, and between local
authorities, implementation agencies, and other stakeholders within the states.
Most states have not created any budget head for animal birth control of street
dogs. The grant given by the central government has always been inadequate, and
has reduced even further in the past few years, to become negligible. Successfully
conducting a viable animal birth control programme throughout the country is not
possible in these circumstances. The shortage of resources has also led to huge
cruelties being inflicted on the animals, and in increased conflict.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 118
Man-Dog Conflict
To ensure the effective implementation of the Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules,
2023, in letter and spirit, it is imperative that each state and union territory
establishes and operationalizes the Central Monitoring and Coordination
Committee, State Implementation and Monitoring Committee, and Local Animal
Birth Control Monitoring Committee as mandated under Rule 9 and Schedule-II
of the Rules. These committees are now a statutory requirement, and their proper
functioning is essential for the success of the ABC program.

1. Central Monitoring and Coordination Committee

As per Rule 9(1) and Schedule-II of the ABC Rules 2023, a Central Animal Birth
Control Monitoring and Coordination Committee for Dog Population
Management and Rabies Eradication shall be constituted to ensure coordination
between different stakeholders at the Central Government and between the
Central Government and the State Governments.

Structure of the Central Monitoring and Coordination Committee:

(a) Chairperson: The Secretary of the Administrative Ministry administering the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, shall be the Chairperson of the
Central Coordination Committee.
(b) Member Secretary: An officer at the level of Joint Secretary of the
Administrative Ministry administering the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,
1960, shall be the Member Secretary of the Central Monitoring and Coordination
Committee.
(c) Members: The following officials shall be appointed as members of this
committee:
 Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Department of Animal Husbandry,
Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and
Dairying
 Joint Secretary or Equivalent Officer from Urban Development Ministry,
Government of India
 Joint Secretary or Equivalent Officer from Ministry of Panchayati Raj
Department, Government of India
 Chairperson, Animal Welfare Board of India

Animal Welfare Board of India 119

  Chairperson, Veterinary Council of India
 President, Indian Veterinary Association
 Joint Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
 Two Representatives of prominent State Animal Welfare Boards actively
engaged in animal birth control coordination in the State

Functions of the Central Monitoring and Coordination Committee :

(i) To monitor proper implementation of the Animal Birth Control Rules,
2023.
(ii) To promote the Animal Birth Control Program and arrange budgetary
provision for the animal birth control in the states.
(iii) To facilitate inter-ministerial coordination and also resolve issues related
to Animal Birth Control.
(iv) To address matters related to policy intervention required for the Animal
Birth Control Program.
(v) To address any other matter related to the Animal Birth Control Program.
(vi) To hear complaints regarding the cancellation of recognition of Animal
Welfare Organisations and pass necessary directions or orders to the Board.
(vii) To keep a watch on national and international developments in the field
of research pertaining to street dogs' control and management, development
of vaccines, and cost-effective methods of sterilization, vaccination, etc.

Meeting of the Committee:

The Central Monitoring and Coordination Committee shall meet once in six
months or as and when necessary.

2. State Implementation and Monitoring Committees

As per Rule 9(3) and Schedule-II of the ABC Rules 2023, a State Animal Birth
Control Implementation and Monitoring Committee shall be constituted at the
State or Union Territory level in all States and Union Territories. This Committee
shall coordinate the implementation of the Animal Birth Control Program across
the State in a scientific and phase-wise manner.
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 120
Man-Dog Conflict
Proposed Constitution of the State Monitoring and Implementation Committees:
(a) Chairperson: The Secretary in-charge of the Urban Development Department
or equivalent in the State or Union Territory shall be the Chairperson of the
State Monitoring and Implementation Committee.
(b) Member Secretary: The Officer In-Charge of the State Animal Welfare Board
shall be the Member Secretary as well as the nodal officer for implementing the
program in each state and union territory.
(c) Members: The following officials shall be appointed as members of this
committee:
 Director, Health and Family Welfare Department
 Director, Department of Panchayati Raj

 Director, Urban Development Department (or equivalent)

 Two representatives of the Animal Welfare Board of India
 Two representatives of the State Animal Welfare Board
 Representative of the Indian Veterinary Association of the State Chapter
 President, State Veterinary Council of the Concerned State
 Administrative heads of at least two municipal corporations, and
representatives of at least two panchayats, and at least two municipal
councils in that state or union territory
Note: No representative of the Board or State Board should be directly involved
in the Animal Birth Control Programme as an Implementing Agency.

Functions of the State Monitoring and Implementation Committee :

(i) To set up Animal Birth Control Monitoring Committees at the local
authority levels as required by the Animal Birth Control Rules.
(ii) To develop a comprehensive district-wise plan (including but not
limited to infrastructure, budget, etc.) for dog population management in
urban and rural areas throughout the state.
(iii) To enlist Animal Birth Control Implementing Agencies possessing the
requisite training and experience, recognised by the Animal Welfare Board
of India, to carry out the Animal Birth Control Programme as per the
District and State Plan.
Animal Welfare Board of India 121
 (iv) To ensure that the requisite infrastructure is set up, and other capital
costs (including but not limited to fully furnished Animal Birth Control
facilities/campuses with ambulances and equipment), and all other
expenses for successfully running an animal birth control program,
including manpower costs, are made available to the Animal Birth Control
Implementing Agencies from the local authorities, and reimbursed in a
timely manner as required by Rule 6 of the Animal Birth Control Rules.
(v) To be responsible for overall monitoring of the Animal Birth Control
Programme in the State by the Local Authorities.
(vi) To carry out inspections on receipt of any complaints regarding the
Animal Birth Control and Cruelty to Animals during the Birth Control
Program and violation of Animal Birth Control Rules and take appropriate
action.

Meeting of the Committee:

The Committee shall meet once every three months or as and when necessary.

3. Local Animal Birth Control Monitoring Committees

As per Rule 9(4) and Schedule-II of the ABC Rules 2023, a Local Animal Birth
Control Monitoring Committee shall be constituted at the Local Authority level
in all States and Union Territories. The establishment of Animal Birth Control
Monitoring Committees at the local level is indispensable for the success of the
Animal Birth Control program.

Constitution of the Local Animal Birth Control Monitoring Committee:

(a) Chairperson: The Municipal Commissioner or Executive Officer of the local
authority shall be the ex-officio Chairman of the Committee.
(b) Members:
 A representative of the Public Health Department of the District
 A representative of the Animal Husbandry Department of the nearby Block
or District
 A jurisdictional veterinary doctor

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 122
Man-Dog Conflict
  A representative of the district Society for Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals

Functions of the Committee:

(i)To issue instructions for catching, transportation, sheltering, sterilisation,
vaccination, treatment, and release of sterilized, vaccinated, or treated dogs.
(ii) To authorize a veterinary doctor to decide on a case-to-case basis the need to
euthanize critically ill, fatally injured, or rabid dogs in a painless method using
sodium pentathol. Any other method is strictly prohibited. This decision shall be
made through a sub-committee comprising two veterinary officers and a
representative of a recognised animal welfare organisation. The sub-committee
shall specify reasons in writing for euthanasia of each animal.
(iii) To create public awareness and solicit cooperation and funding.
(iv) To provide guidelines to pet dog owners and commercial breeders from time
to time.
(v) To take steps for monitoring dog bite cases and ascertain the reasons for dog
bites, the area where it took place, and whether it was from a stray or a pet dog.
For this purpose, details may be collected from human hospitals in a requisite
format.
(vi) To arrive at an estimate of the number of dogs within its territorial limits by
conducting a census in the manner advised by the AWBI.
(vii) To ensure the development of the infrastructure required to execute the
Animal Birth Control program for the estimated number of dogs. Detailed project
reports shall be prepared and submitted to the State Monitoring and
Implementation Committee in coordination with the state government.
(viii) The infrastructure shall be designed to carry out area-wise animal birth
control in a phased manner, ensuring that at least 70% of dogs in the targeted area
are sterilized and vaccinated before a new area is taken up. The infrastructure
shall include, but not be limited to, pre-operation preparation areas, Operation
Theatres, post-op care, kennels, kitchen, store rooms for rations and medicines,

Animal Welfare Board of India 123

 parking area, residential rooms for veterinarians and attendants, quarantine
wards, ambulances, etc.

6. Guidelines for Birth Control and Immunisation of Stray Cats

1. ABC Agencies and its requirement: 1) Pursuant to Rule 3(1) of Animal Birth
Control Rules 2023(ABC Rules), local bodies shall implement Animal Birth
Control(ABC) programmes through one of the following means to manage stray
cat population:

a) Engagement of Animal Welfare Organisations (AWOs) recognised by the

Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI);

b) Utilisation of local body’s own veterinary officers;

c) Establishment of a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) with hired staff.

2. The local bodies or AWOs involved in sterilisation and immunisation of stray

cats must get their veterinarians trained in carrying out the birth control and
immunisation, with respect to cats at AWBI recognised ABC Training Centres.
They should have competent para veterinary manpower and appropriate
infrastructure as specified below..

3. The local bodies or AWOs must prepare, document, and maintain detailed
protocols for standardised surgical procedures, hygiene practices, pre- and post-
operative care, and animal handling in alignment with these guidelines. All
personnel must be trained on these protocols, which should be regularly reviewed
and updated. These documents should be readily available at the ABC centre at
all times.

4. The agencies eligible for sterilisation and immunisation should meet the
following requirements:

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 124
Man-Dog Conflict
(a) The organisation should have experience of conducting Animal Birth Control
Programme for animals successfully, for at least one year.

(b) The AWO should be registered with AWBI and should have a valid Project
Recognition Certificate for carrying out ABC programmes by the AWBI.

(c) Each veterinarian deployed for sterilisation of cats by the Local Body or AWO,
as the case may be, should be registered with the Veterinary Council of
India/State veterinary Council..

(d) Para Veterinary staff should be trained in humane cat handling, post-operative
care, and recognising common feline health issues, maintaining sterile conditions,
managing surgical equipment, and proper record-keeping as required.

(d) The AWO should have an appropriate administrative structure and a duly
constituted managing/ executive committee.

(e) The AWO shall give an undertaking to submit Annual Reports including Audit
of accounts and returns.

5. General Consideration:
1. Cat sterilisation programmes can be conducted at existing ABC Centres
meant for dogs, provided that there shall be no direct interaction or inter-
species co-housing. The cat housing area should be away from the noise
and smell of dogs. However it is mandatory to strictly follow capacity
limits and cats should be admitted only when mandatory and required care
can be provided.
2. Before implementing a cat sterilisation programme, minimum standards of
housing, feeding, hygiene, and veterinary care must be ensured.
3. The preparation room and operation theatre must be well-equipped with
appropriate & necessary instruments, equipment, and medicines to
undertake the volume of work and ensure complication-free surgeries.
Animal Welfare Board of India 125
 4. Adequate personnel should be available to conduct the programme
efficiently. Provisions shall include, but not be limited to, a doctor's room,
preoperative preparation room, post-operative recovery room, kitchen,
medicine stock room, attendants' quarters, suitable cages, and isolation and
quarantine facilities with separate entrance and adequate and proper
drainage.

6. Capture and Transportation:

1. Cats shall be captured by using humane methods available only, including
box traps, drop traps, and kitten traps. Personnel must be trained in low-
stress handling techniques and proper trap usage.
2. All cats must be transported in sturdy, well-ventilated carriers or traps that
are appropriate for their size and temperament. These carriers should be
securely fastened within the transport vehicle to prevent shifting or tipping
during transit. To minimise stress, the traps or carriers should be covered
with breathable cloth during transport and cats should be transported
separately from other species.
3. For journeys exceeding two hours, cats should be visually inspected at least
every 2 hours to ensure their well-being. During these checks, staff should
look for signs of distress, overheating, or other health concerns. If any
issues are observed, immediate action should be taken to address them.
4. Water should be provided for any journey exceeding 4 hours.

7. Arrival, Quarantine, Isolation and Housing Area:

7.1 Arrival:
Upon arrival at the ABC Centre, every cat must be collared for identification, the
collar should have an identification number and location from where the cat was
caught. They must also be immediately examined within their carrier by a
qualified veterinarian. Any cat showing signs of coughing, sneezing, vomiting,

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 126
Man-Dog Conflict
diarrhoea, fever, ocular or nasal discharge or any other symptoms of contagious
disease must be separated from the rest of the cats and transferred into the
quarantine facility for observation and treatment. Sick or injured animals must be
treated till complete recovery before sterilisation. Physically fit cats should
be transferred from their carrier directly to the cat housing area to be kept under
observation for 12 hours before sterilisation surgery. Cat housing area shall be
under 24*7 CCTV surveillance.

7.2 Quarantine:
The quarantine area at the minimum should have separate drainage systems and
entry, foot-dips, and hand-washing facilities available. No contact between cats in
quarantine or between quarantined cats and other animals at the Centre should be
allowed during the quarantine period. Separate staff for the quarantine area is
preferable, however if separate staff are not available then healthy cats should be
fed/cleaned/medicated first before moving to the quarantine area, to reduce the
risk of disease transmission from sick to healthy animals. Staff must follow strict
protocols including wearing dedicated PPE (gowns, gloves, shoe covers) when
entering the quarantine area. The Quarantine Area should be under CCTV
surveillance at all times.

7.3 Isolation:
If quarantined cats are found to have any contagious disease they must
immediately be moved to an isolation unit in sealed carriers and designated transit
routes to mitigate cross-contamination risks. Separate isolation areas must be
provided for animals with different contagious diseases to prevent coinfections
with multiple pathogens and the area should at the least have an independent
ventilation system and separate drainage system. The isolation facility must have
non-porous, seamless flooring with covered floor-wall junctions to enable
thorough cleaning and prevent accumulation of pathogens. Walls and other
surfaces should also be made of non-porous, easily cleanable materials. Foot dips
containing approved disinfectant must be placed at the entrance and exit of the

Animal Welfare Board of India 127

isolation area and changed daily. Bedding, food, and medical waste should be
disposed of in biohazard containers; autoclave or incinerate as required.

The area must be disinfected at least twice daily with pathogen-appropriate

disinfectants (e.g., accelerated hydrogen peroxide for parvovirus, bleach solutions
for calicivirus). Each disinfectant should be allowed 5-10 minutes of contact time,
and thorough cleaning should be performed between patients. Immediate spot
cleaning and disinfection is required for any contaminated areas.

Separate staff for the isolation area is mandatory. Staff must adhere to strict
biosecurity protocols, including the use of disposable personal protective
equipment (PPE)—gowns, gloves, masks, and shoe covers—and should not come
in contact with non-isolated animals.

The Isolation Area should be under CCTV surveillance at all times.

7.4 Cat Housing Area:

The cat housing area should have adequate space to keep a well-spaced adequate
number of cages for incoming patients. Individual cages should be at the
minimum 2 feet wide, 3 feet deep and 2 feet high and should be made of sturdy
material, have secure doors and should be spaced properly to ensure proper air
circulation. Cages should not be stacked on top of one another, to avoid water,
food, urine or faeces from falling on patients below. All cages should have solid,
preferably angled, collection tray installed underneath. All patients should be
housed in individual cages that allow for good visibility for proper monitoring.

Between patients, all housing units must be properly cleaned and disinfected
using chemicals proven cat safe. This includes not only the cages and cat housing
area but also any accessories such as food and water bowls, litter trays, and
bedding.

[Link]-Surgical Procedures for Cat Sterilisation

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 128
Man-Dog Conflict
8.1 Initial Health Assessment
Prior to surgery, each cat must undergo a thorough physical examination by a
qualified veterinary surgeon at least 12-14 hours before surgery and the findings
must be recorded and documented. This examination should include verification
of sex, reproductive status, temperature, respiration, pulse, mucous membrane
colour, palpation of lymph nodes and abdomen, chest auscultation, and
assessment of any external injuries or skin conditions. Cats with manageable
conditions like mild skin conditions or injuries should be treated first, if
necessary. For female cats, pregnancy status should be determined.

When possible, A CBC, creatinine, GGT value and a chest x-ray should be done
for patients prior to anaesthesia to minimise risk and for determining drug type
and flow rate.

If a cat's behaviour prevents a thorough examination prior to sedation, the

veterinarian may perform the examination after premedication for anaesthesia
induction. Body weight should be determined as close to the surgery time as
possible.

Gabapentin at 25mg/kg body weight 12 hours and 2 hours can be used prior to
examination for anxious cats to calm them down for examination

8.2 Pre-Surgical Checks

The veterinary surgeon must ensure that the cat's physical description matches its
records, the operation theatre and preparation room are ready, the appropriate
surgical instruments and equipment are sterile, required medications are
available, and the recovery area is prepared to prevent hypothermia.

8.3 Pre-Operative Preparation

Food should be withheld for a minimum of 6-8 hours before surgery.

Premedication with a sedative agent should be administered to reduce the

required anaesthetic and keep the patient calm. Pre-emptive analgesia should be
provided for effective pain management.
Animal Welfare Board of India 129
The use of pre-operative antibiotics should be considered based on surgical
conditions and used judiciously, decided on a case-by-case basis by the veterinary
surgeon.

Adequate intravenous fluids should be provided during surgery to prevent

dehydration and shock.

8.4 Perioperative Thermoregulation

Efforts to maintain normal body temperature should be made from admission
until discharge. To prevent heat loss, patients should be kept on insulating
materials and away from cold surfaces.

9: Surgical Procedure for Cat Sterilisation

9.1 General Consideration:

Each ABC Centre should have a Standard Operating Procedure for surgical
technique prepared and should be followed, tailored to individual patients as
needed. Efficiency is prioritised to improve recovery times.
Accepted principles of surgical asepsis and infection control should be adhered
to. Surgical packs should be properly sterilised and wrapped, with identifiable
sterilisation dates.

Patient positioning should avoid compromising respiration or causing

postoperative discomfort. When using ties to secure limbs, care must be taken to
prevent constriction.

All surgical procedures must be performed by a qualified veterinary surgeon

under the supervision of jurisdictional veterinary officers. For female cats, various
approaches are acceptable, including ventral midline, paramedian, flank, and
laparoscopic. Male cats shall undergo scrotal approaches.

Gentle tissue handling, meticulous hemostasis, and aseptic technique should be

followed. Incisions should be small and properly located to minimise trauma.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 130
Man-Dog Conflict
Suture materials must be biomedical grade, sterile, and dated for current use. They
should not be shared between patients to avoid disease transmission.

For females complete removal of both ovaries and for males removal of both
testes is mandatory.

9.2 Operation Theatre

The operating theatre should have dedicated space for anaesthesia, surgery, and
recovery, with access limited to essential personnel and regular sanitation.

Sterile instruments and drapes shall be available for each patient

The patient should be positioned on the table in a manner that ensures proper
respiratory function. Sterile draping is mandatory.

9.3 Anaesthesia for Cats

General anaesthesia should be administered and the patient must be monitored
continuously to ensure an adequate depth of anaesthesia for safe surgery. Once
anaesthetised, and throughout the procedure, the patient must be protected against
hypothermia. The maintenance dose should be kept ready for long procedures or
in case of complications.

9.4 Preparation for Surgery

A clinical record sheet must be maintained for each patient, containing physical
information and drug administration details.

Anaesthetic induction, shaving, and prepping should be performed in the

preparation room and not the operation theatre to minimise contamination. If
using intravenous fluids, the catheter site must be shaved and prepared before
insertion and the bladder should be palpated and expressed if necessary. The
surgical site must be carefully shaved to avoid trauma to the area. The surgical
site must be cleaned thoroughly with chlorhexidine solution, moving from centre
to periphery. The site should be disinfected using three spray applications of
surgical spirit, followed by a final spray of povidone iodine solution once dry.
Animal Welfare Board of India 131
9.5 Thermoregulation
During surgical preparation, excessive hair removal or moistening should be
avoided, and warmed preparation solutions should be used. Active warming
methods, such as heated surgical tables or warming blankets, can be employed
during surgery.

9.6 Fluid Therapy Protocol: A catheter for intravenous access should be used.
The cephalic vein of the forelimb and the saphenous vein of the hindlimb should
be inspected for catheter placement. The cephalic vein should be the first choice
for placement of catheter, if the vein on the forelimb is not available for IV
catheter placement, then the catheter should be placed in the saphenous vein in a
hind limb. The selected vein area should be cleaned thoroughly with surgical
spirit or povidone iodine. Intravenous fluids should be administered during
surgery to minimise the risk of surgical shock. The fluid of choice is Lactated
Ringer's Solution, administered at a rate of 3 ml/kg/hour during routine
procedures.

9.7 Anaesthetic & Surgical Protocols: The anaesthetic protocol should achieve
loss of consciousness, sufficient sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, while
maintaining adequate cardiac function and providing ventilatory and respiratory
support.

For airway management during surgery, endotracheal intubation with cuff

inflation can be performed. A supraglottic airway device may also be used. Vital
signs must be closely monitored throughout the procedure, with intravenous fluid

9.8 Anaesthesia Recommendation: The following is recommended for cat

ABC:

A. Premedication:
1. Dexmedetomidine (7 mcg/kg) + Buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) + Ketamine (5
mg/kg), given IM in a single syringe.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 132
Man-Dog Conflict
 2. Dexmedetomidine (7 mcg/kg) + Butorphanol (0.2-0.4 mg/kg) + Ketamine (5
mg/kg), given IM in a single syringe.

When preparing the injection, draw up Ketamine in the middle and mix well to
minimise pain. The Dexmedetomidine dose can range from 2 to 10 mcg/kg IM,
adjustable based on the cat's temperament and the dose of Butorphanol or
Buprenorphine used. If Dexmedetomidine is unavailable, Xylazine can be
substituted at 1 mg/kg IM, though it's not typically recommended for cats.

B. Induction:
1. Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg IV) + Propofol (1 mg/kg IV)
2. Propofol alone (1 mg/kg IV)
3. Ketamine (2-4 mg/kg) + Diazepam (0.1 - 0.4 mg/kg), mixed 1:1 by volume,
given IV at 0.05 to 0.1 ml/kg
4. Ketamine (2-4 mg/kg) + Midazolam (0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg), mixed 1:1 by
volume, given IV at 0.05 to 0.1 ml/kg

C. Pre-operative Analgesia:
For pre-operative pain management, administer Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg SC).
However, avoid this if the patient is in shock or dehydrated.

D. Maintenance:
1. Isoflurane to effect (only if an ET tube or Supraglottic device is being
used)
2. Propofol (1 mg/kg IV or to effect)
3. Ketamine (2-4 mg/kg) + Diazepam (0.1 - 0.4 mg/kg), mixed 1:1 by volume,
given IV at 0.05 to 0.1 ml/kg
4. Ketamine (2-4 mg/kg) + Midazolam (0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg), mixed 1:1 by
volume, given IV at 0.05 to 0.1 ml/kg
5. Ketamine (2-4 mg/kg) + Propofol (2-4 mg/kg), combined in the same
syringe and administered IV at 2-4 mg/kg of the combination
Animal Welfare Board of India 133
E. Postoperative Analgesia :
Buprenorphine/ fentanyl/ butorphanol/ nalbuphine can be used for post op
analgesia or in abc units where opioids are not available then 0.1mg/kg
meloxicam can be used for up to 3 days, SC/ PO.

9.9 Ear Notching

The tip of the right ear of all patients, irrespective of gender, must be notched in
a V-shape during sterilisation surgery to indicate that the cat has been sterilised.

10. Post-Sterilisation Recovery and Release

Post surgery patients should be continuously monitored in a clean, dry, and warm
environment, with attention to positioning to prevent airway restriction. Potential
complications, including haemorrhage, cardiorespiratory issues, pain, and
temperature abnormalities, should be closely monitored. Analgesia needs may
vary, and multimodal approaches are recommended when possible.

Rabies vaccination shall be mandatorily administered to all patients entering the

ABC programme. In addition to rabies vaccination, ABC centres should consider
offering the FVRCP (feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, panleukopenia)
vaccine.

Post recovery from anaesthesia, the patients should be taken back to their
designated cages in the cat housing area and post operative care should be
provided for at least four days. Adequate and healthy food twice a day and potable
drinking water should be available to them at all times.

Before release, it is crucial to ensure that the sutures have completely healed and
no signs of infection or complications are present. Cats should be released back
to the exact location from which they were captured, with the date, time, and
place of release duly recorded. Post Recovery from surgery patients should be
released back at the same location from where they were captured and the date,
time and place of their release shall be recorded.
Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 134
Man-Dog Conflict
11. Record Keeping
Individual medical records must be created and maintained for each cat that enters
the programme.

These medical records should include, at minimum, the following information:

1. A detailed description of the cat, including colour, breed (if identifiable),

and estimated age.
2. The location the cat was picked up from and where it was dropped back.
3. Complete findings from the physical examination.
4. Accurate body weight, temperature, pulse, and respiration (TPR) readings.
5. A comprehensive list of all drugs administered, including the name of the
drug, the dose given, the route of administration, and the time of
administration.
6. Detailed notes on the surgical procedure, including any variations from
standard protocol or complications encountered.
7. Documentation of any abnormalities observed or complications that arose
during the perioperative period.
8. Specific post-operative care instructions tailored to the individual cat.
9. Vaccination administered, including the type of vaccine, manufacturer, lot
number, and site of administration.
10. Additionally mortality records, equipment inventory, cat van logbooks,
staff attendance records, organ inspection records, CCTV footage for the
previous 30 days and feeding records are to be mandatorily maintained.

All medical records should be completed using a standardised form (annexed) to

ensure consistency.

All records, including but not limited to, medical records, capture and release
records, monthly and annual reports must be stored securely by the local authority
or the AWO. At a minimum, these records should be retained for a period of ten
years, though longer retention periods are encouraged when feasible.
Animal Welfare Board of India 135
12. Monitoring:
Project-In-Charge of the local body or the AWO, as the case may be, shall submit
monthly and annual reports as per Rule 13 of Animal Birth Control Rules 2023.

1. Project In-charge to submit monthly progress reports to Local ABC

Monitoring Committee with details on:
a. Number of cats sterilised and vaccinated
b. Details on cat capture and release
c. Veterinarian details (names, qualifications, surgeries performed)
d. Post-operative complications and mortality data (check AB Rules and
update)

2. Annual reports are to be submitted to the Board through State Animal Birth
Control Implementation and Monitoring Committee by May 31st of each year,
including:

a. Total animals captured, sterilised, and immunised in the previous year

(check ABC Rules and update). Additional information may be required by the
AWBI or SAWB.

13. Cancellation, Blacklisting and Appropriate Action for Non-Compliance:

The cancellation and blacklisting of agencies and appropriate action against local
authorities involved in ABC programmes shall be governed by Rule 8 of the
Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023.

All AWOs and local bodies are advised to familiarise themselves with the full
text of ABC Rules 2023 to ensure compliance.

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 136
Man-Dog Conflict
 ANNEXURE

Cat Sterilisation: Medical Record Sheet

Cat Information

1. Cat ID: ___________________

2. Date: ____________________
3. Colony/Area: ____________________

Cat Description

1. Species: Cat
2. Sex: Male Female (Circle one)
3. Age (estimated): _________
4. Colour: ____________________

Physical Examination

1. General Appearance: ____________________

2. Body Condition Score (BCS):
3. Head: ____________________ (Eyes, ears, nose - any abnormalities)
4. Mouth: ____________________ (Teeth, gums - any abnormalities)
5. Neck: ____________________ (Lymph nodes - enlarged or normal)
6. Thorax: ____________________ (Heart rate, rhythm, lung sounds - any
abnormalities)
7. Abdomen: ____________________ (Palpation for masses, pain)
8. Musculoskeletal System: ____________________ (Any lameness, gait
abnormalities)
9. Neurological System: ____________________ (Mentally alert, any
deficits)

Animal Welfare Board of India 137

 10. Skin: ____________________ (Presence of parasites, fleas, etc.)

Vitals

1. Body Weight: _________ kg

2. Temperature: _________ °C
3. Pulse Rate: _________ beats per minute
4. Respiration Rate: _________ breaths per minute

Pre-operative Deworming (if performed)

1. Medication Name: ____________________

2. Dose: ____________________
3. Route: ____________________
4. Date: ____________________

Anesthesia

1. Pre-medication:
a. Drug Name: ____________________
b. Dose: ____________________
c. Route: ____________________ (e.g., IM, IV)
d. Time: ____________________
2. Induction Agent:
. Drug Name: ____________________
a. Dose: ____________________
b. Route: ____________________ (e.g., IM, IV)
c. Time: ____________________
3. Maintenance Agent:
. Drug Name: ____________________
a. Dose: ____________________
b. Route: ____________________ (e.g., IM, IV)

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 138
Man-Dog Conflict
 c. Time: ____________________
4. Anaesthetic Complications (if any): ____________________ (Describe)

Surgical Procedure

1. Surgical Approach: ____________________ (Spay/Neuter & details of

incision)
2. Intraoperative Findings (if any): ____________________ (Describe)
3. Complications (if any): ____________________ (Describe in detail)
4. Sutures: ____________________ (Type of suture material used)

Post-operative Care (Minimum 4-day Hospital Stay)

1. Release Criteria: Cat will be released only after complete recovery, as

determined by the veterinarian.
2. Date of Surgery: ____________________
3. Daily Monitoring:
a. Temperature: _________ °C
b. Pulse Rate: _________ bpm
c. Respiration Rate: _________ brpm
d. Pain Level (use standardised scale): _________ (
e. Appetite: Present Absent (Circle one)
f. Wound Condition: ____________________ (Describe healing progress -
daily)
g. Activity Level: Normal Abnormal (Circle one) (Record daily)
h. Complications (if any): ____________________ (Describe and date)
4. Pain Management:
. Medication Name: ____________________
a. Dose: ____________________
b. Route: ____________________ (e.g., PO, SQ)
c. Frequency: ____________________ (as prescribed by veterinarian)

Animal Welfare Board of India 139

 5. Fluids:
. Type: ____________________ (e.g., Lactated Ringers)
a. Volume Administered (record daily): _________ mL
b. Route: ____________________ (e.g., SC, IV)
6. Antibiotics:
. Medication Name: ____________________
a. Dose: ____________________
b. Route: ____________________ (e.g., PO, SQ)
c. Duration: _________ days
7. Diet:
. Post-surgery (minimum 4 days): ____________________ (Soft food
recommended)
a. Release Instructions: ____________________

Revised Module for Street Dog Population Management, Rabies Eradication and Reducing 140
Man-Dog Conflict