Integument and its

Derivatives
• The integument (Skin) – epidermis – dermis - between basement
membrane (basal lamina and reticular lamina).
• Epidermis (Ectoderm) - Basal lamina
• Dermis (Mesoderm) - Reticular lamina.
• Transitional subcutaneous region - loose connective and adipose tissues
-hypodermis.
Fishes-------
• Integument is non Keratinized
• Exceptions : The “teeth” lining the oral disk of lampreys.
• Mucous cuticle (Unicellular Glands)- Protection (bacteria), laminar flow
water, slippery to predators, chemicals- repugnant, alarming, or toxic to
enemies.
• Two types of cells occur within the epidermis of fishes: epidermal cells
and unicellular glands.
• The club cell- excite alarm or fear among others.
• Granular cell--
• The goblet cell – Mucous
• The sacciform cell - repellent or toxin against enemies
Cyclostomes
• Smooth- No scales –Thin cuticle
• Multilayered epidermis - unicellular glands - Granular cells and
elongate club cells.
• Thread cells that - thick cords of mucus –Irritated - Protection
• Dermis – Chromatophores, Slime glands- Ducts - protection
Chondhrichthyes (cartilaginous Fishes)…….. Sharks,
skates, rays, ratfish
• Multilayered Epidermis……Living
• Dermal bones absent - surface denticles - placoid scales - rough feel to
the surface of the skin – secretory cells.
• The dermis fibrous connective tissue- elastic and collagen fibers,.
• The Placoid scale develops in the dermis projects through the
epidermis reach the surface.
• Cap of enamel forms the tip -Dentin beneath - a pulp cavity
• Chromatophores epidermis and upper regions of the dermis
Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)……Sharks, skates, rays,
ratfish
• Multilayered Epidermis……Living
• Dermis…….Chromatophores…………Scales…… dermal scales do not
actually pierce the epidermis
• Cosmoid
• Ganoid
• Teleost Scales
Cosmoid Scales (Bony Fishes)
• Crossopterygii-----Lobe Finned Fishes……(Lung
Fishes)…..Dipnoi.
Ganoid Scales (Bony Fishes)
• Sturgeons, paddlefishes, gars, bowfin, and bichirs.
• Serrated edges
• They thick and fit like a jigsaw
• No overlapping like other scales
Teleost Scales (Bony Fishes)
• Teleost Fishes…..Leptoid Scales
Cycloid Scales(Bony Fishes)….Salmon, Carp
• Cycloid (circular) scales ….smooth texture ,,,,smooth
outer edge.
• Concentric rings, or circuli
Ctenoid Scales(Bony Fishes)….Most teleosts
• small teeth….spinules called ctenii….. posterior
edges.
• These scales contain almost no bone.
• New circuliare laid down, like rings in a tree, as a
teleost fish grows. Annual cycles are evident in the
groupings of these circuli, and from this pattern in
the scales we can determine the age of individual
fish.
Tetrapods – 2 pairs of limbs
• Extensive keratinization….. outer cornified layer….. stratum
corneum……Keratinocytes.
• Lipids….. specialized glands……. resistance of the tetrapod skin
to desiccation.
• Multicellular glands in dermis……common ducts pierce the
cornified layer.
Amphibians…….Apoda… Urodela …..Anura
• Larva…..Leydig cells………bacteria resistance….adult
absent.
• Stratum granulosum.
• Mucous and poison glands…….Multicellular…epidermis
Amphibians…
• Cutaneous respiration…..capillary beds in loser epidermis
and dermis…..thin corneum……Lungless salamanmders.
• Nuptial pads………raised cornified callus…..hold on to
female…..Salamander..frog
• Chromatophores…….mostly epidermis.
Reptiles…..
• Keratinization is much more extensive, and skin glands are
fewer than in amphibians.
• An epidermal scale……. The junction flexible hinge…..Large
plate like Scute.
• Additionally, epidermal scales may be modified into crests,
spines, or hornlike processes.
Reptiles…..
• Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, and stratum
corneum.
• Dermal bone ….. the gastralia, a collection of bones in the
abdominal area.
• dermal bones support Scales….osteoderms…..in
crocodilians, some lizards,
Reptiles…..Ecdysis
• lizards, snakes, shedding of the cornified layer, molting or
ecdysis, removal superficial epidermis.
• Stratum intermedium, temporary layer between old and
new skin……white blood cells.
Reptiles…..Glands
• Integumental glands of reptiles are usually restricted to
certain areas of the body. Many lizards possess rows of
femoral glands along the underside of the hindlimb in the
thigh region.
• Crocodiles and some turtles have scent glands.
Birds…..
• Few glands…… uropygial gland…..base of the tail…… secretes
lipid and protein…… collect on the sides of their beaks….. smear
on their feathers……. Preening……… water repellent…….
conditions the keratin…….. newly regenerated feather unfurl.
• Salt gland…..marine birds….. excrete excess salt
• Epidermal scales on legs and feet.
Feathers….Elaborate Reptilian Scales.
• Nonvascular nonnervous….. principally of the epidermis
and the keratinizing system.
• Laid on Distinctive Tracts…………Pterylae….bare
skin…..aptaria
• Plumage collective feathered covering of a bird
• Insulation….flight…display….sensory re
Feathers….
• Tubular central shaft….. Rachis…… either side a vane….. a
series of barbs with interlocking connections termed
barbules (hooklets).
• The rachis vanes …..spathe
• The rachis barbless…. calamus, or quill,
Feathers….
• Feathers develop from feather follicles,……….. invaginations
of the epidermis that dip into the underlying dermis.
• The root of the feather follicle, in association with the
dermal pulp cavity, begins to form the feather.
Feathers….
Flight feathers …..long ……vanes asymmetrical…… wings are
remiges (remex) and those on the tail rectrices. (Rectrix)
Feathers….
Contour feathers, or pennaceous feathers, cover the body
symmetrical vanes about a rachis.
Feathers….
Down feathers, or plumulaceous feathers, lack rachis, and
noninterlocking barbs extend out from the calamus as a
fluffy feather…….important in insulation
Feathers….
Mostly hidden beneath other feathers on the body,
semiplumes have a developed central rachis but no hooks
on the barbules, creating a fluffy insulating structure.
Feathers….
Short simple feathers with few barbs, filoplumes function
like mammal whiskers to sense the position of the contour
feathers.
Feathers….
Bristles are the simplest feathers, with a stiff rachis that
usually lacks barb branches. Most commonly found on the
head, bristles may protect the bird’s eyes and face.
Mammals…..
• Epidermis….Dermis….. palm of hands and of feet…..Thick
• Keratinocytes…..Manufacture, store keratin
• Merkels Cells…Receptor touch
hand, feet abundance.
• Melanocyte….Melanin………colour, hair, skin
UV Damage protection.
Mammals…..
• Stratum basale……Mitotically active
• Stratum Spinosum….Langeran Cells…Macrophages
• Stratum Granulosum….
Keratohyaline…..granules.
Mammals…..
• Stratum Lucidum…..Eleidin…Clear protein….from keratohyaline.
• Stratum Corneum…..Cornified….15-30, layers.
Dry, dead …shed periodically.
Hair…..
• Keratinous filaments……Base…….root…….shaft.
• Base –root………Hair follicle ….epidermis dips down into the dermis
• Outer surface…….scaly cuticle………..cortex……core medulla
• Melanocytes……..
• Arrector pili….fear, anger, cold
Hair…..
• Guard hairs and underfur……. Protection, Insulation
• The guard hair……..the larger coarse hair
• The underfur ……….beneath the guard………Finer and shorter
Hair…..
• Vibrissae, or “whiskers,” around the snouts …..a sensory function
Hair…
The quills of porcupines are stiff, coarse hairs specialized
for defense.
Glands……
• Sebaceous, Eccrine, and Apocrine.
• Sebaceous glands are globular and open into hair follicles
• Eccrine and apocrine glands are long, coiled invaginations of the
epidermis deep into dermis, but continuity through stratum
corneum.
Glands……
• Oily secretion Sebum,
….protection……moisturizer……..conditioning
• Absent …..palms of hands and soles of feet, ……without associated
hair, angle of mouth….. penis, …… near vagina……next to……
mammary nipples…….lubricates the skin surface.
• Meibomian glands of the eyelid….derived
• Acne………….blocked gland
Glands……
• The eccrine glands ………. thin, watery fluids, ……..not associated
with hair follicles, …………..before puberty.
• In most mammals, …..the soles of the feet and hands.
• In elephants, eccrine glands and sebaceous glands are absent.
Glands……
• The apocrine glands …….a viscous, lipid-containing fluid, ….with
hair follicles, ………at puberty.
• Their secretions primarily function in chemical signaling.
Glands……
Glands……
Eccrine Gland Apocrine Gland

Watery secretion Viscous secretion

Before puberty After Puberty

Open directly onto outer surface Open generally into hair follicle

Thermoregulation as sweat glands Communication and nutrition as

Scent and mammary glands
Glands……
• Surface evaporation ……helps to dissipate heat, are termed “sweat
glands.”(Sudoriferous)
• Absent in spiny scaly anteaters …..Sirenia and Cetacea
• Humans are exceptional in our perfuse use of evaporative cooling
to thermoregulate.
Glands……
• Our sweat glands ……eccrine, hoofed mammals…. apocrine glands
• Apocrine sweat glands …….axillae (armpits) and perineal area in
humans
• Waste products…
Glands……
• The scent glands ……apocrine glands ……social communication.
• located almost anywhere on the body, as on the chin (some deer,
rabbits), face (deer, antelope, bats), temporal region (elephants),
chest and arms (many carnivores), anal region (rodents, dogs,
cats, mustelids), belly (musk deer), back (kangaroo rats, peccaries,
camels, ground squirrels), or legs and feet (many ungulates).
Glands……
• Secretions of these glands are used to mark territory,
• identify the individual, and communicate during courtship.
Glands……
• Modified apocrine sweat glands …..Mammary glands
• Milk……..a watery mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
that nourishes the young.
• Release of milk to a suckling is lactation.
Glands……
• Mammary glands become functional only in females. ……….males
of a species of Malaysian fruit bat.
Glands……
• Mammary glands consist of numerous lobules……..secretory
alveoli.
• The alveoli can open into a common duct that, in turn, can open
directly to the surface through a raised epidermal papilla, or
nipple.
Glands……
• The nipple is usually surrounded by a circular pigmented area of
skin called the areola.
• Alveolar ducts also can open into a common chamber, or cistern,
within a long collar of epidermis called the teat.
• Adipose tissue can build up beneath the mammary glands to
produce breasts.
Glands…..
• In monotremes, nipples and teats
are absent, and breasts do not
form.
• Milk is released from ducts onto
the flattened milk patch, or
areola, on the surface of the skin.
Nails Claws and Hooves…….
• Only primates have nails.
• Nails are plates of tightly compacted, cornified epithelial cells on
the surface of fingers and toe.
• The top hard cover is unguis and below the anterior part of unguis
is soft subunguis
Nails Claws and Hooves…….
• The nail matrix forms new nail at the nail base
• Nails protect the tips of digits from mechanical injury. They also
help stabilize the skin to a secure tight grip on objects grasped.
Nails Claws and Hooves
• In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of
each digit produces claws or hooves
• Claws, or talons, are curved, laterally compressed keratinized
projections from the tips of digits.
• They are seen in some amphibians and in most birds, reptiles, and
mammals.
Nails Claws and Hooves
• Hooves are enlarged keratinized plates on the tips of the ungulate
digits.
• The horny unguis is neither pointed nor flat, but U- or V-shaped.
Subunguis is also U-shaped, greatly thickened and touching
ground
Nails Claws and Hooves
• Artiodactyls are Even toed…. Sheep, cattle, deer, camel
• Perissodactyls are Odd Toed……Horse, Rhinoceros
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• The skin, together with the underlying bone, contributes to both
true horns and antlers.
• In horns, the associated integument produces a tough, cornified
sheath that fits over the bony core that is never branched .
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• The true horn is unbranched and formed of a bony core and a
keratinized sheath
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• Among mammals, true horns are found among members of the
family Bovidae (e.g., cattle, antelope, sheep, goats, bison,
wildebeests).
• Commonly, horns occur in both males
and females, are retained year-round,
and continue to grow throughout the life
of the individual.
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• In antlers, the overlying living skin (called “velvet”) apparently
shapes and provides vascular supply to the growing bone.
• Antlers are annual growths and not true horns.
• An antler is a branching solid outgrowth of dense connective
tissue connected basally to the frontal bone of skull. Deposition of
calcium salts makes the antler hard.
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• True antlers occur only in members of the Cervidae (e.g., deer, elk,
moose).
• Typically, only males have antlers, which are branched and shed
annually.
• Among caribou, both sexes have seasonal antlers.
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• During growth, it is covered on the surface with typical hairy and
vascular skin, or 'velvet’. When growth is complete, the velvet
wears off, exposing the naked, branched antler.
• After the breeding season is over, the antlers are also shed and
new antlers develop the following year.
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• Pronghorns…… Unlike the true horns of bovids, horns of the
antelope family Antilocapridae, are forked in adult males.
• The old outer cornified sheath bears 1 to 3 branches, but not the
bony core, is shed annually in early winter.
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• The horns of giraffes are different still. They develop from
separate, cartilaginous processes that ossify, fuse to the top of the
skull, and remain covered with living, noncornified skin
Horns and Antlers…..Mammals
• Hair horn or fibre horn……The rhinoceros horn does not include a
bony core, so it is exclusively a product of the integument. It forms
from compacted keratinous fibers
Baleen…..
• The integument within the mouths of mysticete whales forms
plates of baleen that act as strainers to extract krill from water
gulped in the distended mouth.
• Although it is sometimes referred to as “whalebone,” baleen
contains no bone. It is a series of keratinized plates that arise from
the integument.