NATURAL HAZARDS,
MITIGATION, AND
ADAPTATION
GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES AND
HAZARDS
ANATOMY OF AN
EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake
• Sudden vibration of Earth's ground caused
by the rapid release of energy from shifting
underground rocks.
• Produces seismic waves.
Aftershocks
• Small earthquakes that follow the main
quake.
• Weaker than the main event but can
destroy weakened structures.
Tectonic Plates
• Massive slabs of rock forming the
Earth's outer surface.
Fault
• Large fractures in Earth's crust
caused by plate movements.
• Also known as a zone of weakness.
Epicenter
• Area directly above the focus of the
earthquake.
Focus
• The point where the earthquake
starts underground.
Seismic Waves
• Energy released during an
earthquake that travels through
Earth.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF
SEISMIC WAVES
1. BODY WAVES
Travel through Earth's interior
Subtypes:
A. P Waves (Primary Waves)
• Fastest waves
• Travel in solids and liquids
• Also called push-pull waves
B. S Waves (Secondary Waves)
• Travel in solids only
• Cause perpendicular motion
2. SURFACE WAVES
A. L Waves
• Travel along Earth’s
surface
• Last to be recorded
• Cause swaying motion
B. Rayleigh Waves
Seismograph, Seismogram, and Seismology
• Seismograph: Instrument that detects
strength and speed of seismic waves.
• Seismogram: The record or reading
made by the seismograph.
• Seismology: The study of seismic waves
and earthquakes.
Diastrophism
• The deformation of Earth's crust
• Effects:
a. Folding – bending of rocks
b. Faulting – fracturing of rocks
ANATOMY OF
A VOLCANO
• A volcano is an opening
in Earth’s surface where
magma is released.
Volcanic Structures:
a. Ash Cloud – Pulverized
rocks from an eruption
b. Vent – Central
opening where
eruption occurs
c. Crater – Funnel-
shaped depression at
the summit
d. Volcanic Bombs –
Exploding masses of
lava
e. Lava – Magma that
flows on Earth’s
surface
e. Cone – Striking,
volcano-shaped
structure
f. Flank – Side of
the volcano
g. Dikes – Magma h. Sills – Lava flows
barriers formed in parallel to sedimentary
fractures layers
j. Magma – Molten rock
I. Conduit – Pipe that
inside Earth
conveys magma
k. Caldera – Large l. Lahar – Mudflow made
depression (≥1 km) of lava, debris, and water
formed after eruption
M. Pyroclastic
Flow – Hot gases
and rocks rushing
down the
volcano
TYPES OF
VOLCANOES
Shield Volcanoes
·Non-explosive, broad
base, dome-shaped
cone
Cindercone Volcanoes
·Explosive, steep slope,
deep crater
Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes)
· Formed by alternating lava and pyroclastic layers
· Have a symmetrical cone
ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
· The envelope of air
that surrounds Earth
Composed of
nitrogen, oxygen,
argon, carbon dioxide,
and other gase
ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS
1. Exosphere
o Outermost layer
o Air is extremely thin
2. Thermosphere
o Where auroras occur
o Very high temperatures
3. Mesosphere
o Meteors burn up here
o Located above the
stratosphere
o Temperature drops
significantly
ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS
4. Stratosphere
o Above troposphere
o Contains the ozone
layer
o Absorbs UV rays
5. Troposphere
o Bottom layer
o Where weather
occurs
o Where humans live
WATER CYCLE
WATER CYCLE (Hydrologic Cycle)
· Continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s
surface
Processes of the Water Cycle:
· Evaporation – Water from bodies evaporates into air
· Transpiration – Water from plants is released into air
· Condensation – Vapor cools and forms clouds/fog
· Precipitation – Condensed water falls as rain, snow, hail, etc.
· Surface Runoff – Water flows over land into bodies of water
· Accumulation – Water collects in large bodies (lakes, oceans)
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ON
EARTH
· 69% – Glaciers (mainly in
Antarctica)
· 30% – Underground water
· 1% – Surface water like rivers,
swamps, lakes
WEATHER DISTURBANCES
· Caused by interactions of warm and
cold air masses
Types of Weather Disturbances
Storm
· Violent disturbance with rapid air
movement and pressure change
Storm Types:
1. Hurricanes – Form near equator,
move heat from tropics to temperate
zones (Atlantic/Northeast Pacific)
2. Typhoons – Form in Western Pacific
3. Tropical Cyclones – Occur in the
Indian Ocean
Thunderstorm
· Localized storm with thunder,
lightning, heavy rain, and wind.
Tornado
· Rotating funnel-shaped windstorm
· Develops from cumulonimbus
clouds
· Wind speed can reach up to 300 kph
PAGASA TYPHOON CATEGORIES
Category Signal No. Wind Speed
Super Typhoon Signal No. 5 More than 220 kph
Typhoon Signal No. 4 118–220 kph
Severe Tropical Storm Signal No. 3 89–117 kph
Tropical Storm Signal No. 2 62–88 kph
Tropical Depression Signal No. 1 Up to 61 kph
Low Pressure Area No Signal (No defined wind speed)