TEMPORARY

STRUCTURES

1BESO MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY SERVICES

DOLE Accredited OSH Training Organization: No. 1030-061724-0127

thebesoproject@[Link] #AngatAngEpektibo
 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:

• Define scaffold and identify the hazards in the use of

scaffolding
• Enumerate specific requirements of scaffolding
• Discuss ladder safety
• Determine fall protection systems
• Know the training and competency requirements of
competent and qualified person
 CONTENTS

• Definition and classification of scaffold

• Hazards in the use of scaffolding
• Parts of scaffolding
• Amended Rule 1414: Scaffoldings
• Specific requirements of scaffolding
• Ladder safety
• Guardrail system / fall protection
• Other types of scaffolds
• Training and competency requirements
 D.O. 128-13 DEFINITION OF
SCAFFOLD

• Scaffold refers to a
temporary or movable platform
supported on the ground or
suspended, used for access
and/or working at considerable
heights above ground.
SUPPORTED

MOVABLE SUSPENDED
 CLASSIFICATION OF SCAFFOLD

• Supported Scaffold means one

or more platforms supported by
outrigger beams, posts, legs, frames,
or similar rigid support.

• Suspended Scaffold means one

or more platforms supported by ropes
or other non-rigid means from an
overhead structure(s).
HAZARDS IN THE USE
OF SCAFFOLDING
HAZARDS IN THE USE OF SCAFFOLD
 SCAFFOLDING ISSUES AND
CONCERNS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

• Workers are not wearing body harness

• Materials placed on top of scaffold unsecured
• Unsecured working platforms
 SCAFFOLDING ISSUES AND
CONCERNS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

• Missing cross brace

• Worker not wearing body
harness
• No guardrail system

• Worker not wearing body

harness
• Scaffolding improperly setup
 SCAFFOLDING ISSUES AND
CONCERNS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

• Unstable condition of ground support

 SCAFFOLDING ISSUES AND
CONCERNS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

• Unstable and improper support material used (hollow blocks)

 SCAFFOLDING ISSUES AND
CONCERNS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

• Defective and not secured installation of platforms

 SCAFFOLDING ISSUES AND
CONCERNS IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

• Improper and unstable counterweight of suspended scaffold

 PARTS OF
SCAFFOLDING
FRAME SCAFFOLDING
TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDING
MOBILE SCAFFOLDING
TWO-POINT SUSPENDED
SCAFFOLDING
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(POST OR STANDARD)

Post refers to the vertical

member of scaffold
transmitting the load to the
ground or to a base plate.

D.O. 128-13 Section 3.2.4

• Scaffold posts shall bear on a foundation of sufficient size
and strength to spread the load from the posts over a
sufficient area to prevent settlement.
• All posts shall be set plumb.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(BEARER AND RUNNER)

Bearer refers to a scaffold

member spanning between two
runners upon which the platform
rests.

Runner refers to a scaffold

bracing, which extends horizontally
from post to post forming right
angles with the bearer and forms a
tie between the posts.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(GUARDRAILS)

A guardrail is a barrier, consisting of top rails, midrails, and

posts erected to prevent employees from falling off a scaffold
platform or walkway to lower levels. – OSHA

OSHS RULE 1414.12

TOPRAIL
• The height of top rails
on supported scaffolds
shall be 91 cm (36 in.).
• Each top rail or
equivalent member of a MIDRAIL
guardrail system shall
be able to withstand a
force of at least 100 kg
(220 pounds).
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(BRACE)

Brace refers to a scaffold member that holds posts in a fixed

position to prevent any lateral movement.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(FRAMES)

Scaffolding Frame is the main vertical frame pats of the

modular system scaffold.

• In scaffolding construction, the

vertical frames are connected
by scaffolding braces, include
cross brace and single
diagonal braces.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(BASEPLATE AND MUDSILL)

Baseplate is a device that is attached to the base of a

scaffold upright and that is used to distribute the vertical load
over a larger area of the sill.

The adjustable base jack is used for leveling scaffold posts at

the same height

Mudsills distribute the scaffold

load over the ground area.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(PLATFORMS)

Platform that part of a scaffolding on which workers and/or

materials are supported for the purpose of carrying out
construction works.

• Platforms can be constructed using individual wood planks,

fabricated planks, fabricated decks, and fabricated platforms.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(LADDER)

Ladder – means of access.

 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(TOE-BOARDS)

A toe board is mounted on every working platform and

they prevent materials from falling down from the working
platform.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(COUPLER AND JOINT PIN)

Scaffold coupler are used to

connect two scaffolding tubes.

Joint pins are used to connect frame

scaffolding vertically or scaffold tubes
end to end.
 PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
(CASTER WHEEL)

Caster wheel – a wheeled device mounted to scaffold that

enables easy rolling movement.
AMENDED RULE 1414:
SCAFFOLDINGS
 DEPARTMENT ORDER 128-13: AMENDING
RULES 1414 ON SCAFFOLDING

• Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound

materials and strength.
 DEPARTMENT ORDER 128-13: AMENDING
RULES 1414 ON SCAFFOLDING

• All personnel involved in scaffolding activities shall have

appropriate training and certification.
 DEPARTMENT ORDER 128-13: AMENDING
RULES 1414 ON SCAFFOLDING

• Supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height

shall be designed and inspected by the structural
engineer and approved by the appropriate authority.
 DEPARTMENT ORDER 128-13: AMENDING
RULES 1414 ON SCAFFOLDING

• A fall protection equipment shall be used when

working in a height of 2 meters and above.
 SCAFFOLDING SPECIFIC
REQUIREMENTS – D.O. 128-13
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 2

• Timber/bamboo scaffolds shall be limited to a

height of 6 meters from the ground or base. For over 6
meters height, steel scaffolds shall be used.

• All manufactured
scaffolds and its
accessories shall
follow the
manufacturers’
designs and
specification.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 2

• For manufactured scaffolds

more than 6 meters in height
shall be designed by a
structural engineer and
approved by the
appropriate authority.

• All suspended scaffolds shall

be designed and
inspected by a
structural engineer if
site fabricated.
 OSHS RULE 1414.04: INSPECTION
OF SCAFFOLD BEFORE ERECTION

• All scaffold material delivered on site shall be visually

inspected either upon delivery or before it is erected/installed.

• Any defective material shall be repaired, replaced or

discarded.
 OSHS RULE 1414.05: SITE
INSPECTION AND PREPARATION

• Site inspection shall be carried

out before actual erection to check:
– ground conditions
– overhead wires
– obstructions
– changes in surface elevation
– structural support

• Site preparation shall be

performed to ensure that the soil are
level and firm.
OSHS RULE 1414.06: SCAFFOLD
ERECTION
 OSHS RULE 1414.06: SCAFFOLD
ERECTION

• Scaffolds of more than 6 meters

in height shall be designed by a
structural engineer and shall be
erected, installed and
dismantled by TESDA
certified erectors.
 OSHS RULE 1414.06: SCAFFOLD
ERECTION

• No scaffold work shall be undertaken without

the direct supervision of a competent/qualified person
as the case may be.

• No other work shall be

allowed to commence below
the scaffold during erection
phase.
 OSHS RULE 1414.06: SCAFFOLD
ERECTION

• All posts shall be maintained plumb regardless

of connection.
• All posts shall be joined or connected by means of a joint
pin, spigot, or any appropriate means of connections. No
lap connection shall be allowed.
 OSHS RULE 1414.06: SCAFFOLD
ERECTION

• Diagonal braces shall be

installed immediately as the
scaffold rises to maintain
the plumbness of the
system.

• Diagonal braces shall not

exceed an angle of 60
degrees from the
horizontal.
 OSHS RULE 1414.06: SCAFFOLD
ERECTION

• Always maintain the base width to height ratio of

1:4 during erection for stability.

• No scaffold activity shall be

undertaken if the wind velocity
exceeds 48 kph.
 OSHS RULE 1414.07: MAINTENANCE
DURING USE
• All scaffolds shall be properly
maintained and every part shall
be kept, fixed and secured in
position.
• No partly dismantled scaffold
shall be used unless it is
rendered stable, strong and
safe.
• Scaffoldings left standing
for four (4) months shall
not be used until damaged
members are replaced and the
whole structure returned to its
original strength.
 OSHS RULE 1414.09: SCAFFOLD
DISMANTLING

• No component, which
endangers the stability of the
remaining structure, should
be removed.
• Materials should be lowered
to the ground and not stored
on the scaffold.
• Components should not be
thrown on the ground; they
should be lowered hand-to-
hand in an orderly manner or
brought down by crane, pulley • Missing cross-braces
or other suitable means. • Unfinished stripping
 OSHS RULE 1414.10: MAINTENANCE
AND STORAGE

• All scaffolds shall be properly maintained and shall be kept,

clean, and free of damage.

• Scaffold accessories requiring lubrication shall be oiled prior

to storage in a covered or closed container, or as per the
manufacturer’s recommendation.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.3:
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLD

6.3.1: Mobile Scaffold

• The height of the mobile scaffold should
not exceed four (4) times the base width
dimension.
• Outrigger frames shall be installed on both
sides of the scaffold.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.3:
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLD

6.3.1: Mobile Scaffold

• Weight of tower should
not exceed the capacity
of the casters and should
be designed to support
four (4) times the
maximum intended load.

• Scaffold casters and

wheels shall be locked.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.3:
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLD

6.3.3: Tube and Coupler

• Transverse bracing must be installed across the width of the
scaffold and at least every third set of posts horizontally.
• Longitudinal bracing
must be installed at
approximately 45
degrees angle but not
more than 60 degrees.
• Bracing must be installed
as close as possible to
the intersection of the
bearer and post or
runner and post.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.3:
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLD

6.3.6: Bamboo Scaffold

• May be used for painting or light construction work only.
• The material and construction shall be sufficient to carry at
least four (4) times the imposed load.
• Only one worker shall be allowed
in any one span.
• The maximum span between
poles shall be 2.40 meters.
• When the height or fall is over 2
meters (6 ft.), the use of fall
protection shall be required.
• The maximum height allowed is
6 meters (20 ft.).
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.4:
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD

• All suspended scaffold support shall capable of

supporting at least 4 times the load imposed on them.
• Sand, gravel and similar materials that can be easily
dislocated shall not be used as counterweights.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.4:
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD

• Ropes shall be inspected for defects by a competent person

prior to each work shift and after every occurrence which
could affect a rope’s integrity.
• The use of repaired wire rope as suspended rope is
prohibited.

• Wire suspended
ropes shall not be
joined together.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.4:
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD

Wire ropes shall be replaced if there is:

• physical damage that reduces strength
• abrasion, corrosion or flattening that reduces the original diameter by
one third or more
• evidence that the secondary brake has been applied during an over
speed condition
• kinks that impair strength or
operation
• 6 randomly distributed
broken wires in a rope lay
• 3 broken wires in a strand
of rope lay
• evidence of heat damage
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.4:
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD

• Must be tested by a qualified

testing laboratory.

• Gasoline-powered equipment and

hoists shall not be used on suspended
scaffolds. SAFETY LOCK (OVERSPEED)

• Gears and brakes of power-operated

hoists shall be enclosed.

• Suspended scaffold must have a

secondary brake that engages in
an emergency.
ANTI-TILTING DEVICE
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.4:
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD

• Shall be opened for

inspection and servicing
at least once in every 6
months.

• Where a suspended
scaffold has been re-
positioned or shifted from
one location to another, it
shall be erected or installed
in accordance with the
design and drawings
certified by the structural
engineer.
DESIGN AND STABILITY
OF SCAFFOLDING
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 3.1: DESIGN

• A design instruction shall be

prepared by the end user.
• All scaffolds designed by a
structural engineer shall be
approved by appropriate
authority.
• The design shall take into
considerations the:
– variability of materials
– workmanship
– methods of construction
– site conditions
– construction tolerances
– the space for scaffolds
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 3.1: DESIGN

• Supported scaffolds and

their components shall be
capable of supporting
without failure at least
four (4) times the
maximum intended load
• Suspended scaffolds shall
have six (6) times factor
of safety
• Scaffolds shall be designed
with regard to ease and
safety of erection and
dismantling.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 3.2:
STRENGTH AND STABILITY

• All scaffolds shall have vertical

members (posts) diagonally and
horizontally braced to prevent
lateral movement.
• All scaffolds shall have no
splices between the points of
support of load carrying
horizontal members.
• The footing, sills or anchorage
for scaffolds shall be sound,
rigid, and capable of
carrying twice the maximum
intended load without settling or
All posts shall be set plumb.
displacement.
 D.O. 128-13 SECTION 3.2:
STRENGTH AND STABILITY

• Scaffolds shall not be

loaded in excess of the
working load for which they
are intended.
• Scaffolds shall be anchored or
secured to permanent or rigid
structures.
• In the absence of permanent
structures, guys and sway
bracing and/or outrigger shall
be used.
• Fork-lifts shall not be
used to support scaffold
platforms.
INSPECTION AND
TAGGING
 OSHS RULE 1414.07: SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION AND TAGGING

• All scaffoldings shall be inspected prior to use.

• Inspections should be carried out daily and every shift.
• Inspection and tagging shall be
performed by a qualified or
competent person.
• All site fabricated/conventional
supported scaffolds exceeding 6
meters in height or a working load
of 150 kg/m2 shall be evaluated,
tested, and approved by a
qualified person.
 OSHS RULE 1414.07: SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION AND TAGGING

• All scaffold identification tags shall be of a solid green, yellow,

or red color with black lettering.
• All scaffold tags shall be hanged in every scaffold
access points.
 OSHS RULE 1414.07: SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION AND TAGGING

GREEN TAGS shall be hanged at each scaffolds access

that have been inspected and are safe for use.
 OSHS RULE 1414.07: SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION AND TAGGING

YELLOW TAGS shall be placed whenever special

requirements for safe use are required.
• Situation requiring yellow tags may include whenever
scaffold has been modified to meet work requirements, and
as a result could present a hazard to the user.
 OSHS RULE 1414.07: SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION AND TAGGING

RED “DANGER – UNSAFE FOR USE” TAGS shall be

used during erection and dismantling when the scaffold is left
unattended.
• Red tag shall be used when all green or yellow tags has been
removed.
TUBE AND COUPLER
SCAFFOLD
 TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLD

• A tube and coupler scaffold has a

platform(s) supported by tubing, and is
erected with coupling devices
connecting posts, braces, bearers, and
runners.

• Due to their strength, these scaffolds

are frequently used where heavy loads
need to be carried, or where multiple
platforms must reach several stories
high.

• These scaffolds can be assembled in

multiple directions, making them the
preferred option for work surfaces with
irregular dimensions and/or contours.
 TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLD
(ASSEMBLY)

• Diagonal bracing is used

to stiffen the structure as
necessary – most
important in the
longitudinal direction.

D.O. 128-13 Section 6.3.3

• Bracing should always be installed to the posts as closely
as possible to the “node” points formed by the runner-
bearer connections.
 WALL TIES AND ANCHORAGE

• When the height of the scaffold exceeds 4 times its width,

the scaffold shall be tied to the fixed building structure,
vertically and horizontally.
• Vertical ties shall be repeated at intervals not greater than 8
meters.
• Horizontal ties shall be placed at each end and at intervals
not greater than 9 meters.

D.O. 128-13 SECTION 6.3.3 (e)

• Building ties should be installed at the
bearer levels between transverse
bracing or as per the recommendation
of the designer/structural engineer.
 WALL TIES AND ANCHORAGE

• THROUGH TIE: A tie

fixed through an opening in
a wall or a window.

• REVEAL TIE: A reveal tube

with wedges or screwed
fittings and pads, fixed
between opposing faces of an
opening in a wall together with
the tie tube.
 WALL TIES AND ANCHORAGE
(BOX TIE)

• BOX TIE: The assembly of

tubes and couplers, usually
around columns or other
elements of the building.

• CAST-IN: Provided by casting

in, or fixing a threaded anchor
sleeve into the structure itself.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS

Overlap platforms must not be

less than 12” (30cm) only over
supports unless restrained to
prevent movement.
 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS

• Must bear on adequate foundations.

• Plumbed and braced.

• Unstable objects will not be used

as working platforms.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS

• Never overload scaffolds.

• Tools, materials, and debris are
not allowed to gather in
quantities to cause a hazard.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS

• Never climb on the:

– Handrail
– Mid-rail
– Cross-braces
– Braces of the scaffold
system
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMMON TO SCAFFOLDS
LADDER SAFETY
LADDER SAFETY
LADDER SAFETY

• The base of the ladder should be

set no further than ¼ the
ladder’s height away from the
wall.
• A barricade should be established
to protect the ladder from moving
if there is a chance it can be
knocked off balance.
• Ladders should extend 3 ft.
past the edge it is making contact
with.
LADDER SAFETY
WORKING ON A LADDER
 WORKING ON A LADDER

• All ladders must be strong enough to

support their established maximum
intended load.
• Objects being carried up a ladder should
not throw off the balance of the climber.
• Ladders should not be moved
while in use.
• Metal ladders should be protected
against corrosion and have a non-slip
texture on the rungs.
• Ladders should have non-conductive
side rails if used near electrical
equipment.
• Damaged ladders should be labeled
“DO NOT USE” and decommissioned
or repaired.
FIVE RULES OF LADDER SAFETY
FIVE RULES OF LADDER SAFETY
FIVE RULES OF LADDER SAFETY
FIVE RULES OF LADDER SAFETY
 GUARDRAIL SYSTEM / FALL
PROTECTION – OSHS RULE 1414.12

• Personnel on a scaffold greater than

6 feet or more above ground must
have fall protection equipment.

• Personnel on a scaffolding walkway

must be protected by guardrails that:
– have a minimum of 100 kgs top rail
capacity
– have a top rail height of 91 cm (36
inches)

• Personal fall arrest systems used on

scaffolds must be attached to a
vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or
to any rigid structural member.
 PROTECTION FROM FALLING
OBJECTS – OSHS RULE 1414.13

• All materials, equipment, and tools, which are not in use

while on the scaffold shall be secured against accidental
displacement.
 PROTECTION FROM FALLING
OBJECTS – OSHS RULE 1414.13

• If there is a danger of falling objects from the scaffolding, the

area below must be barricaded and workers prevented from
entering.
 PROTECTION FROM FALLING
OBJECTS – OSHS RULE 1414.13

• If employees need to access the areas beneath

scaffolding, toe-boards, screens, and canopies must be
used to protect employees from the falling object hazards.
CLEARANCE FROM POWER LINES

Source: OSHA
 SCAFFOLD INSPECTION

• Scaffolding should be inspected:

– every time after adverse weather conditions like high
wind which can affect a scaffold’s structural integrity
– if involved in an accident/incident
– after natural phenomena (i.e., earthquake) occurs
– after installation, prior to use
– daily and every shift
OTHER TYPES OF
SCAFFOLDS
MOBILE ELEVATED WORKING
PLATFORM
TRAINING AND
COMPETENCY
REQUIREMENTS
 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

• All employees who perform work on scaffolding must be

trained by a person qualified in the subject matter.

• The training must include:

– The requirements of the D.O. 128-13.
– Electrical hazards, fall hazards, and falling object hazards in
the area.
– The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards
and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling fall
protection and fall object protection systems.
– Proper use of the scaffold, and proper handling of materials
on the scaffold.
– Maximum loads and load carrying capacities of the scaffold.
 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

• All employees who erect, disassemble, move, operate,

repair, inspect or maintain scaffolding must be trained by a
competent person.

• The training must include:

– The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling,
moving, operating, inspecting and maintain scaffolding.
– Design criteria, maximum load capacity, and intended
use of the scaffold.
– The requirements of the
D.O. 128-13.
– The nature of scaffold
hazards.
 COMPETENT PERSON – D.O. 128-13

• All scaffolds competent persons

must undergo the standard
scaffold training and assessment
prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.

• At least 2 years experience in

scaffold erection.

• Have the following certifications:

– COSH Training Certificate from
DOLE or its accredited Safety
Training Organizations.
– Must be a holder of a TESDA
prescribed Scaffold Erection
Certificate.
 SCAFFOLD ERECTOR – D.O. 128-13

• All scaffolds competent persons

must undergo the standard
scaffold training and assessment
prescribed by DOLE and
TESDA.

• Have the following certifications:

– One Day Workers Safety Orientation
from DOLE or its accredited Safety
Training Organizations.
– Must be a holder of TESDA
prescribed Scaffold Erection NC II.
questions
 KEY POINTS

• Scaffolding systems must be designed by structural

engineer and approved by proper authority.

• Workers working on scaffolding above 6 feet require fall

protection equipment.

• Scaffolding must be able to support its weight and four times

the maximum load.

• The accident involving scaffolding are not always due to

faulty construction but also misuse and by being tampered
with inexperienced people.
THAT WOULD BE ALL. THANK YOU!