Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

INTRODUCTION
• Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity,
either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using
concentrated solar power (CSP).

• Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and

tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small
beam.

• Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the

photoelectric effect.
•
 Overview

➢ Principle: Sunlight – Heat – Electricity

Sunlight is concentrated, using mirrors or
directly, on to receivers heating the circulating
fluid which further generates steam &/or
electricity.
➢ Solar Radiation Components:
Direct, Diffuse & Global
➢ CSP uses- Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)
➢ Measuring Instrument: Pyrheliometer
 Solar Power Potential
➢ Globally:
➢ US:
NREL analysis- ‘If only best suited sites are selected, CSP can generate about 26,400,000 GWh/year’
(It is many times more than total US consumption of 3,741,000 GWh)
 Concentrated Solar Power

❖Concentrating Solar Power systems use lenses or mirrors and

tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
❖The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a
conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies
exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the
concentrating linear Fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar
power tower.
❖Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of
these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight,
and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Thermal
storage efficiently allows up to 24 hour electricity generation.
 Concentrating Solar
Technologies

Low Temperature Medium Temperature – High Temperature- Point

(<100°C) Line Focusing (≈ 400°C) Focusing (>400°C)

Flat Plate
Collectors
Parabolic Central Tower
Trough

Solar Chimney

Fresnel
Collectors Parabolic Dish
Solar Pond
 Parabolic Trough
❑ A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light
onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line.
❑ The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and
is filled with a working fluid.
❑ The reflector is made to follow the Sun during the daylight hours by tracking along
a single axis.
❑ Parabolic trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology.
 Solar Power Tower

❑ A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors (heliostats) to

concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower .
❑ These are more cost effective, offer higher efficiency and better energy storage
capability among CSP technologies.
 Stirling solar Dish
• The Stirling concentrating dish solar dish combines a parabolic with a Stirling
engine which normally drives an electric generator.
• The advantages of Stirling solar over pv cells are higher efficiency of converting
sunlight into electricity & longer lifetime.
• Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies.
• The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra, Australia is an example of this technology.
 Commercial CSP

Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel

Trough Tower Collector

• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing
• Linear Receiver tube
• Water consuming
• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors
• Heat Storage feasible
• Most Commercialized
• Good for Hybrid option
• Requires flat land
• Good receiver η but low turbine η
 Commercial CSP

Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel

Trough Tower Collector

• Temp~600-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Flat Conc. Mirrors
• Commercially proven
• Central Receiver
• Water consuming
• Heat Storage capability
• Feasible on Non Flat sites
• Good performance for large capacity &
temperatures
• Low receiver η but good turbine η
 Commercial CSP

Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel

Trough Tower Collector

• Temp~700-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Uses Dish concentrator
• Stirling Engine
• Generally 25 kW units
• High Efficiency ~ 30%
• Dry cooling
• No water requirement
• Heat storage difficult
• Commercially under development
• Dual Axis Tracking
 Commercial CSP

Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel

Trough Tower Collector

• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing type
• Linear receiver
• Fixed absorber row shared
among mirrors
• Flat or curved conc. mirrors
• Commercially under
development
• Less Structures
• 5 MW operational in CA
 CSP Power - Brief
➢ Good DNI range ≥ 5-6 kWh/sq.m/day
➢ Capital Cost: $ 4-8 Million / MW (Increases with Heat Storage)
➢ Land Required: ~ 6-10 acres / MW
➢ Generation Potential: 25-35 MW / [Link]
➢ Units Generated: 1.81 Million Units / year (Increases with Heat Storage)
➢ Capacity Factor: 20 – 25% (Can be increased to 40% using Heat storage)
➢ COGN: $ 0.10 - 0.20 / kWh
➢ Lifespan: ~ 40 years, PPA’s are generally for 20-25 years
➢ Pay back Period: 5-12 years (Depends on the Tariff, subsidies, incentives)
➢ Installation Period: ~ 2-3 years (Capacity dependent)
➢ Working Cycle:
Rankine Cycle,
Brayton cycle,
Stirling cycle
 Existing and In-pipeline capacity
Source: Estela 2010 (Figures subject to 2009-10 scenario)

➢Current Status:
• Operational- ~1.2 GW; Spain 732.4 MW, US 507.5 MW, Iran 17.3 MW, etc.
• Under Construction- ~2.2 GW; Spain 1.4 GW, US 650 MW, India 28.5 MW, etc.
Commercialized Project Analysis

Andasol 1, 2 & 3
Andasol 1- First Project in Europe
Capacity: 50 MW
Lat- 37°13’ N, Long.- 3°4’ W, 1100m above sea level
Location: Granada Province, Southern Spain

Andasol 3 Andasol 2
Under Const. - Mid-2011 June 2009

Andasol 1
Nov. 2008
Working
 Key Points

➢ Capital Cost: $ 380 Million

➢ Financing: Equity- 20%, Debt- 80%

➢ Carbon Emission reduction: 150,000 tonnes/year

➢ Electricity Supply Contract: Endesa

➢ Feed In Tariff: EUR 0.27 / kWh ($ 0.38 /kWh)

➢ PPA: Date- Sept. 15 / 2008, Tenure- 25 years

➢ Electricity to 200,000 people

➢ Annual O & M jobs: 40

Market potential of solar process heat

• Solar thermal is well known for:

- Heating & Domestic hot water
- (Solar Cooling)
- Actually installed, worldwide: 118 GW/168.000.000 m²
(Source : IEA SHC Task 33 Task 33 report)

• Solar thermal barely know for industrial applications:

- Actually installed, worldwide, 2010: 42MW/60.000 m²
(Source: [Link]ß,2010: Speech at Intersolar Conference Solar Process Heat. IEA Task 33/IV and research of
AEE Intec)
Market potential of solar process heat

28 % of total primary energy demand in EU25 is used

for industrial sector

75 % of this energy demand is consumed for

heating applications

21 % of this energy demand is below 100°C

40,000,000 m² flat plate collectors

Source: IEA Task 33/IV and research of AEE

Intec
Preheating is the simplest solution

• Heat up to 100°C
• Either directly to the individual process or within a network of
heat exchangers
• Constant pre-heating at temperatures below e.g. 60°C delivers
the best techno-economic results

HEA
Support
T
individual
Pre Heating : Cleaning,
HEA - Cooking,
T Cold water, Drying,
Feed Washing,
water, etc. etc.
SOLAR YIELD
Conventiona
Heat 0 - 90°C < 100°C l Heating
Source
Grid
Promising applications for SOLID
• Food industry
– Milk, vegetable, meat, fruits, beer etc.
– Cleaning, pasteurizing, sterilizing, cooking needs below or near 100 °C
– Defrosting is very interesting as they have quite low temperatures

• Chemistry
– in pharmaceutical industry biochemical processes are working exclusively at
low temperatures

• Plastic processing
– Bonding and laminating

• Textile industry
– Washing, dying, ironing,…

• Building materials industry

– Drying of bricks and plasterboards
– Heat for accelerating the curing process of the concrete parts
 Promising applications for SOLID

• Overall industry processes

– Boiler feed water, preheating of feed water & other
processes, cleaning purposes

• Food
Industry
Gatorade (Pepsi Cola) Phoenix , AZ
Preheating production water
for the soft drinks before the
reverse osmosis plant.
Storage: 38 m³
2008: 893 m²
2010: upgrade to 2600 m²
2012: upgrade to 3700 m²
Next step to integrate Solar
Heat in the pasteurization in
planning phase today
Experiences of solar thermal in industry
• Industry buildings structural issues because of weak
buildings and roofs; specific solutions for substructure
has to be elaborated
• Structural engineers have less knowledge in solar
thermal plants
• SOLID focuses on preheating systems below 100°C
simple hydraulic and control strategy, high solar yields
• High overall system efficiency because of continuous
high energy demand
• No stagnation problems so far heat demand
much higher than solar yield
Experiences of solar thermal in industry

• Economic viability is more likely if:

– Low temperature process heat is required throughout the
year
– No waste heat from other processes can be used
– High energy prices
– Dedicated funding schemes are available

• ESCO model could be an option

Meat factory Berger, Austria
 Keydata of Berger, Austria
• Traditional family business since 1890 in Lower Austria
• Refinement of fresh meat to high-end cooked ham and sausages
• Daily production round about 110 tons cooked ham and sausages
• 503 employees
• Energy consumption 2014:

• electricity: ~ 10,7 GWh (~50% cooling) ≈ 2.675 EFH

• Gas: ~ 11,1 GWh ≈ 793 EFH
• energy costs: ~ 1,6 Mio EUR/a

• Awards of Klima:aktiv for competence in climate protection 2012

• Energy-efficient-award „Helios“ 2014
• Environment-technology-Award „Daphne“ 2014 in bronze
Planned Project 2011
THANK YOU!