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Mathematics 2
2023-2024
version 1

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Trigonometrical Identities ................................................................................................................. 2

Chapter 2: Derivatives ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 3: Function properties .......................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 4: Integrals ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 5: Improper Integrals ............................................................................................................................ 9
Solutions to exercises Chapter 2 Derivatives .................................................................................................. 11
Solutions to exercises Chapter 3 Function Properties .................................................................................... 14
Solutions to exercises Chapter 4 Integrals ...................................................................................................... 30
Solutions to exercises Chapter 5 Improper Integrals ...................................................................................... 34

Version Date Author Comments

1.0 7-11-2022 D. Bantjes Revised for 2022-2023
0.9 01-11-2019 D. Bantjes; E. de Groote Completely revised for 2019-2020
0.1 2012 W. Keereweer First document
Chapter 1: Trigonometrical Identities

The Trigonometrical identities can be used to solve or simplify any exercise:

The first two identities (white) you have learnt by heart. The last four identities (grey) you need to
learn how to apply.

sin2 (𝐴𝐴) + cos2 (𝐴𝐴) = 1

sin(𝐴𝐴)
= tan(𝐴𝐴)
cos(𝐴𝐴)
sin(2𝐴𝐴) = 2 sin(𝐴𝐴) ∙ cos(𝐴𝐴)
cos(2𝐴𝐴) = 1 − 2 sin2(𝐴𝐴) = 2 cos 2 (𝐴𝐴) − 1 = cos2 (𝐴𝐴) − sin2 (𝐴𝐴)
1
sin2 (𝐴𝐴) = (1 − cos(2𝐴𝐴))
2
1
cos2 (𝐴𝐴) = (1 + cos(2𝐴𝐴))
2

2
Chapter 2: Derivatives

The Standard Derivatives

The white part: Learn by heart

The grey part: Learn how to apply

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙) =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑘𝑘 0
𝑥𝑥 1
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 (𝑛𝑛−1)
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
1
ln(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥
sin(𝑥𝑥) cos(𝑥𝑥)
cos(𝑥𝑥) − sin(𝑥𝑥)
1
tan(𝑥𝑥)
cos2 (𝑥𝑥)
1
arcsin(𝑥𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
−1
arccos(𝑥𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1
arctan(𝑥𝑥)
1 + 𝑥𝑥 2

3
Exercises Differentiation.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Find when 𝑦𝑦 is given by:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(Solution can be found by using combinations of the chain-, product- and quotient rule.)

1 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 3 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 14𝑥𝑥 − 3) 13 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2+√𝑥𝑥

3
2 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 5) √𝑥𝑥 14 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
2 −𝑥𝑥+1

𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+4 𝑥𝑥 3
3 𝑦𝑦 = 15 𝑦𝑦 =
√𝑥𝑥 tan (𝑥𝑥)

𝑥𝑥 3 −2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥−1
4 𝑦𝑦 = 16 𝑦𝑦 = tan�√𝑥𝑥�
𝑥𝑥 2 −1

𝑥𝑥 3 −5𝑥𝑥 2 +4𝑥𝑥+3 1
5 𝑦𝑦 = 17 𝑦𝑦 = �tan �3𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋�
𝑥𝑥 2 +9 3

2𝑥𝑥+4 3
6 𝑦𝑦 = � � 18 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥ln(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 4)
3𝑥𝑥−1
2𝑥𝑥−4
7 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 19 𝑦𝑦 = ln � �
4+2𝑥𝑥

2𝑥𝑥−3 20 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥 ln(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )

8 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥�
2𝑥𝑥+3
21 𝑦𝑦 = sin2(2𝑥𝑥) cos3 (3𝑥𝑥)
9 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 √3𝑥𝑥
1
22 𝑦𝑦 = ln �tan �2𝑥𝑥 − 𝜋𝜋��
1 3
𝑥𝑥
10 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 2 ∙ sin(2𝑥𝑥)
sin(2𝑥𝑥)
23 𝑦𝑦 =
5𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 1+cos(2𝑥𝑥)
11 𝑦𝑦 = 4+9𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
24 𝑦𝑦 = arcsin(1 − 2𝑥𝑥)
𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥
12 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑥𝑥
25 𝑦𝑦 = arctan(√2𝑥𝑥)

4
 Chapter 3: Function properties
Book Chapter 16.7 Summarized:

Properties of a function: How to find these properties:

Zeros 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0
Intersection with y-axis 𝑥𝑥 = 0
Stationary points 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥) = 0
Extreme value; minimum (see figure 1) 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥) = 0 and 𝑓𝑓′′(𝑥𝑥) > 0
Extreme value; maximum (see figure 2) 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥) = 0 and 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0
Inflexion Points 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0 and 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0
Where the concavity changes (from concave up
to concave down or the other way round)
Special case if 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥) = 0 and 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 Return to first derivative test for a sign analysis around the
Stationary point can be a minimum a maximum stationary point or check with a sign analysis of the second
or a inflexion point (see figure 3 and 4) derivative if the concavity changes.
Concave up 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
Concave down 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0

Examples of stationary points can be found in figure 1-4:

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0
𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) < 0
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 0
𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) = 0
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) > 0

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0

𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) < 0 𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) < 0
𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)=0 𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) = 0 𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) < 0
𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) < 0
𝑓𝑓’’(𝑥𝑥) > 0

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

5
Exercises Function Properties.

1. For the following functions;

- calculate all zero’s (snijpunten met de x-as);
- calculate the intersection with y-axis (snijpunt met y-as);
- calculate all coordinates of the stationary points;
- state for each stationary point if it is a minimum, a maximum or an inflexion point;
- calculate all coordinates of the inflexion points (buigpunten);
- Interval(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down;

a) f(x) = 3x4 + 8x3 + 6x2

b) f(x) = x4 -6x2
c) f(x) = x4 + 2x3
d) f(x) = 2x6 -3x5
e) f(x) = (x2 - 1)(5 - x2)
f) f(x) = x4 + x3 – 2x2
g) f(x) = – 0,25x4 + x3 + 5x2
h) f(x) = - 1/3 x4 + 2x3 –7/3 x2
i) f(x) = 2x4 + 6x3 + 3,5x2
j) f(x) = e-x(x2 + 3x – 3)
sin (𝑥𝑥)
k) f(x) = op [0, 2π]
2+cos (𝑥𝑥)

l) f(x) = (x – 2)3(-3x + 2)
sin (𝑥𝑥)
m) f(x) = op [0, 2π]
√2+cos (𝑥𝑥)

You can test your outcomes by plotting the graph in a plotting program
(such as f.e. [Link]

6
Chapter 4: Integrals

The Standard Integrals

The white part: Learn by heart

The grey part: Learn how to apply

𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑭𝑭(𝒙𝒙)

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑐𝑐
1
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 (𝑛𝑛+1) + 𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛𝑛 + 1
1
ln|𝑥𝑥| + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

ln(𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥 ln(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

sin(𝑥𝑥) − cos(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
cos(𝑥𝑥) sin(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐

tan(𝑥𝑥) − ln|cos(𝑥𝑥)| + 𝑐𝑐

1 1 𝑥𝑥
arctan � � + 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 > 0
𝑥𝑥 2+ 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
1 1 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎
ln � � + 𝑐𝑐 0 < 𝑎𝑎 < |𝑥𝑥|
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎2
2 2𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑥𝑥
arcsin � � + 𝑐𝑐 −𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎
√𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑎𝑎

7
Exercises Integration.

Find the following integrals and evaluate when required:

9
1 ∫1 √𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥 − 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5 12 ∫ cos3 (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 use Id.1 p.372; problem 11
𝑥𝑥

1
𝜋𝜋 sin(𝑥𝑥)
2 ∫(4𝑥𝑥 − 2)4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 13 ∫02 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2+cos(𝑥𝑥)
3
3 ∫ √4𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos(𝑥𝑥)
14 ∫ 1+sin2(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 subst. 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥)
5
𝜋𝜋
4 ∫0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 �5𝑥𝑥 + 23𝜋𝜋�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6
use Id 14,15 p. 372
𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
15 ∫𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥(ln(𝑥𝑥)+1)
0
5 ∫−1𝜋𝜋 tan (12𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
1 3𝑥𝑥−4
16 ∫−1 2𝑥𝑥+4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin(5𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
3𝑥𝑥
7 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 ln(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 17 ∫04 1−2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

8 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9
18 ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥
2
9 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos(3𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 1
0 19 ∫−1 𝑥𝑥2 +2𝑥𝑥+2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10 ∫−1 𝑥𝑥(2𝑥𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 subst. 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑒𝑒
11 ∫ cos2 (𝑥𝑥) sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 subst. 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑥𝑥) 20 ∫1 √𝑥𝑥ln(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

8
Chapter 5: Improper Integrals
Book Chapter 17.2.3 Improper integrals (Dutch: oneigenlijke integralen)

There are two types of improper integrals:

1. One or both limits are −∞ / ∞ .
2. The integrand is discontinuous on one or both the limits or a point in between.

These types of integrals are solved as follows:

Integrals type 1:
a) upper limit 𝑥𝑥 = ∞.
∞ 𝑝𝑝
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx = lim � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx
𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑎𝑎

b) lower limit 𝑥𝑥 = −∞.

𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx = lim � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx
−∞ 𝑝𝑝→−∞ 𝑝𝑝

c) both the upper and the lower limit are infinite. This integral can be split in any point 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐. A convenient
choice for 𝑐𝑐 is c = 0. (not part of the exam)
∞ 𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx = lim � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx + lim � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx
−∞ 𝑝𝑝→−∞ 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑐𝑐

Integrals type 2:
a) lower limit 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 is the only point of infinite discontinuity of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) in [a,b].
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx = lim+ � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx
𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝→𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝

b) upper limit x=b is the only point of infinite discontinuity of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) in [a,b].
𝑏𝑏 𝑝𝑝
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx = lim− � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx
𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝→𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎

c) both the upper and the lower limit are points of infinite discontinuity of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). This integral can be split in
any point 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐, where 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑐𝑐 < 𝑏𝑏.
𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑞𝑞
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx = lim+ ∫𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx + lim− ∫𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx (not part of the exam)
𝑝𝑝→𝑎𝑎 𝑞𝑞→𝑏𝑏

d) The integrand f(x) has an infinite discontinuity at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐, where 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑐𝑐 < 𝑏𝑏.
𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐−𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx = lim+ ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx + lim+ ∫𝑐𝑐+𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)dx (not part of the exam)
𝑝𝑝→0 𝑝𝑝→0

9
Exercises Improper Integrals.

Find the following integrals and use the correct notation:

∞
∞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 9. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (3 + 𝑥𝑥)3
2
9 + 4𝑥𝑥 2
3
− ∞
2
2
3
10. � 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 0
2. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
3
√2𝑥𝑥 + 3 ∞
−
2 ln (𝑥𝑥)
11. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∞ 𝑥𝑥 2
1
2
3. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 ∞
4 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
12. � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 5
∞ (𝑥𝑥 2 + 5)3
1
4. � cos(2𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∞
𝜋𝜋 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
13. �
∞ 9 + 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥
1 3
5. � 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑥𝑥 − 9 2
3 1
14. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∞ √2 − 𝑥𝑥
1 −2
6. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 Not part of the exam:
1
Special cases
3
2
∞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 15 ∫−∞ Improper type 1c
7. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 25+4𝑥𝑥 2
√9 − 4𝑥𝑥 2
0
2 1
∞ 16 ∫−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Improper type 2c
3 � 4−𝑥𝑥 2
8. � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 9 − 4𝑥𝑥 2

10
Solutions to exercises Chapter 2 Derivatives
7 5 3 1
1. Rewrite function: 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 3 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 14𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 14𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 2

5 3 1 1 5 3 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 7 5 3 1 7 45 3 7 45 3
= 𝑥𝑥 2 − 9 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 14 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 −2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 21𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 −2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 + 21√𝑥𝑥 −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2√𝑥𝑥

1 7 4 1
3
2. Rewrite function 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 5) √𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 5)𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 3
4 1 2 4 1 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 7 4 1 7 5 7 5
= 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 3 − 5 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 −3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 −3 = 𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 + 4 √𝑥𝑥 −
3 3
3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 �𝑥𝑥 2

3 1 1
𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+4 𝑥𝑥 2 3𝑥𝑥 4
3. Rewrite function 𝑦𝑦 = = − + = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 −2
√𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥

1 1 3 1 1 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 2
= 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 −2 + 4 ⋅ �− � 𝑥𝑥 −2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 −2 − 2𝑥𝑥 −2 = √𝑥𝑥 − −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2 2 2 2 2 2√𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 3 −2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥−1 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′ −𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

4. 𝑦𝑦 = ; use the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> =
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑥𝑥 2 −1��3𝑥𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑥+1�−(𝑥𝑥 3 −2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥−1)(2𝑥𝑥) �3𝑥𝑥 4 −4𝑥𝑥 3 +𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥 2 +4𝑥𝑥−1�−(2𝑥𝑥 4 −4𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥 4 −4𝑥𝑥 2 +6𝑥𝑥−1
= (𝑥𝑥 2 −1)2
= (𝑥𝑥 2 −1)2
= (𝑥𝑥 2 −1)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑥𝑥 3 −5𝑥𝑥 2 +4𝑥𝑥+3 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′−𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

5. 𝑦𝑦 = ; use the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> =
𝑥𝑥 2 +9 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑥𝑥 2 +9��3𝑥𝑥 2 −10𝑥𝑥+4�−(𝑥𝑥 3 −5𝑥𝑥 2 +4𝑥𝑥+3)(2𝑥𝑥) (3𝑥𝑥 4 −10𝑥𝑥 3 +4𝑥𝑥 2 +27𝑥𝑥 2 −90𝑥𝑥+36)−(2𝑥𝑥 4 −10𝑥𝑥 3 +8𝑥𝑥 2 +6𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥 4 +23𝑥𝑥 2 −96𝑥𝑥+36
= (𝑥𝑥 2 +9)2
= (𝑥𝑥 2 +9)2
= (𝑥𝑥 2 +9)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

2𝑥𝑥+4 3 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′−𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

6. 𝑦𝑦 = � � ; use the chain rule and the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> =
3𝑥𝑥−1 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥+4 2 (3𝑥𝑥−1)(2)−(2𝑥𝑥+4)(3) 2𝑥𝑥+4 2 (6𝑥𝑥−2)−(6𝑥𝑥+12) 2𝑥𝑥+4 2 −14 −42(2𝑥𝑥+4)2

= 3� � ⋅ (3𝑥𝑥−1)2
= 3� � ⋅ (3𝑥𝑥−1)2
= 3� � ⋅ (3𝑥𝑥−1)2 = (3𝑥𝑥−1)4
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑥𝑥−1 3𝑥𝑥−1 3𝑥𝑥−1

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
7. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)2 ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑥𝑥 2
= 1 ⋅ (𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)2 + 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ (𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)−2 ⋅ 2𝑥𝑥 = √𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 �𝑥𝑥 2 −4
1
2𝑥𝑥−3 2𝑥𝑥−3 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
8. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥� = 𝑥𝑥 � � ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑣𝑣 ′
2𝑥𝑥+3 2𝑥𝑥+3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥−3 2 1 2𝑥𝑥−3 −2 (2𝑥𝑥+3)(2)−(2𝑥𝑥−3)(2) 2𝑥𝑥−3 2 1 2𝑥𝑥−3 −2 12
=1⋅� � + 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ � � ⋅ (2𝑥𝑥+3)2
=� � + 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ � � ⋅ (2𝑥𝑥+3)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥+3 2 2𝑥𝑥+3 2𝑥𝑥+3 2 2𝑥𝑥+3
1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥−3 2 1 2𝑥𝑥+3 2 12 2𝑥𝑥−3 2 6𝑥𝑥(2𝑥𝑥+3)2 2𝑥𝑥−3 6𝑥𝑥√2𝑥𝑥+3
=� � + 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ � � ⋅ (2𝑥𝑥+3)2 = � � + 1 =� +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥+3 2 2𝑥𝑥−3 2𝑥𝑥+3
(2𝑥𝑥−3)2 (2𝑥𝑥+3)2
2𝑥𝑥+3 √2𝑥𝑥−3(2𝑥𝑥+3)2

1 1 1
2𝑥𝑥−3 −2 1 1 (2𝑥𝑥+3)2 2𝑥𝑥+3 2
Since � � = 1 = 1 =1⋅ 1 = � �
2𝑥𝑥+3 2𝑥𝑥−3 2 2𝑥𝑥−3
� � (2𝑥𝑥−3)2 (2𝑥𝑥−3)2
2𝑥𝑥+3 1
(2𝑥𝑥+3)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 √3𝑥𝑥 ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑢𝑢′ and 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 3𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 3𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 √3𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
= −2𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 √3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ (3𝑥𝑥)−2 ⋅ 3 = −2𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 √3𝑥𝑥 + = −2𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 √3√𝑥𝑥 + = −2𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 √3√𝑥𝑥 +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2√3𝑥𝑥 2√3√𝑥𝑥 2√𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥
= √3𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 �−2√𝑥𝑥 + �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥

11
 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ⋅ sin(2𝑥𝑥) ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑢𝑢′ and 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
= 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ⋅ sin(2𝑥𝑥) + 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 2 cos(2𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 � sin(2𝑥𝑥) + 2 cos(2𝑥𝑥)�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2

5𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′ −𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

11. 𝑦𝑦 = ; use the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> = and the chain rule for 𝑢𝑢′ and 𝑣𝑣 ′
4+9𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �4+9𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ��10𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 �−�5𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ��18𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 � (40𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 +90𝑒𝑒 4𝑥𝑥 )−(90𝑒𝑒 4𝑥𝑥 ) 40𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
= (4+9𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 )2
= (4+9𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 )2
= (4+9𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′ −𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

12. 𝑦𝑦 = ; use the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> = and the chain rule for 𝑢𝑢′ and 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑥𝑥��−3𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −2�−�𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥��−3𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2� (−3𝑒𝑒 −6𝑥𝑥 −2𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −6𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −4𝑥𝑥)−(−3𝑒𝑒 −6𝑥𝑥 +2𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +6𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −4𝑥𝑥) −4𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −12𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥
= (𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑥𝑥)2
= (𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑥𝑥)2
= (𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑥𝑥)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −4𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 (3𝑥𝑥+1)
= (𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑥𝑥)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
13. 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2+√𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 2+𝑥𝑥 2 ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 1 1 1 √𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 −2 ⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2+𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2+𝑥𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 −2 = 𝑥𝑥 −2 ⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2+𝑥𝑥 2 +⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2+𝑥𝑥 2 ⋅ = 𝑒𝑒 2+𝑥𝑥 2 �𝑥𝑥 −2 + 1� = 𝑒𝑒 2+√𝑥𝑥 � + 1�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2 2 2 2 2 𝑥𝑥

2 −𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
14. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 −𝑥𝑥+1 2 −𝑥𝑥+1 2 −𝑥𝑥+1

= 1 ⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ⋅ (4𝑥𝑥 − 1) = (4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 1) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑥𝑥 3 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′ −𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

15. 𝑦𝑦 = ; use the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> =
tan (𝑥𝑥) 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (tan (𝑥𝑥))�3𝑥𝑥 2 �−�𝑥𝑥 3 �� � (tan (𝑥𝑥))�3𝑥𝑥 2 � �𝑥𝑥 3 �� � 3𝑥𝑥 2 �𝑥𝑥 3 �� � 3𝑥𝑥 2 �𝑥𝑥 3 �� �
cos2 (𝑥𝑥) cos2(𝑥𝑥) cos2(𝑥𝑥) cos2 (𝑥𝑥)
= = − = − 2 = − sin2 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 tan2 (𝑥𝑥) tan2 (𝑥𝑥) 2
tan (𝑥𝑥) tan(𝑥𝑥) sin(𝑥𝑥) tan(𝑥𝑥)
� � cos2 (𝑥𝑥)
cos(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑥𝑥 2 1 cos2 (𝑥𝑥) 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= − (𝑥𝑥 3 ) � �⋅ = −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 tan(𝑥𝑥) cos2 (𝑥𝑥) sin2 (𝑥𝑥) tan(𝑥𝑥) sin2 (𝑥𝑥)
1
16. 𝑦𝑦 = tan�√𝑥𝑥� ; use the chain rule for √𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2

1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1
= 2 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 −2 = 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �cos�√𝑥𝑥�� 2 2√𝑥𝑥�cos�√𝑥𝑥��

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1

17. 𝑦𝑦 = �tan �3𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋� ; use the chain rule = where 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑣𝑣 and 𝑣𝑣 = tan (𝑢𝑢) and 𝑢𝑢 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3

1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 − 1 3
2
= �tan �3𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋�� ⋅ 1 ⋅3=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 3 cos2 �3𝑥𝑥+ 𝜋𝜋� 1 1
2�tan�3𝑥𝑥+ 𝜋𝜋�⋅ cos2 �3𝑥𝑥+ 𝜋𝜋�
3 3 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
18. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 ln(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 4) ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 6𝑥𝑥 2 +9𝑥𝑥

= 1 ⋅ ln(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 4) + 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ (6𝑥𝑥 + 9) = ln(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 4) +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑥𝑥 2 +9𝑥𝑥+4 3𝑥𝑥 2 +9𝑥𝑥+4

2𝑥𝑥−4 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′−𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

19. 𝑦𝑦 = ln � � ; use the chain rule and the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> =
4+2𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 (4+2𝑥𝑥)(2)−(2𝑥𝑥−4)(2) 1 16 4+2𝑥𝑥 16 16 16 4

= 2𝑥𝑥−4 ⋅ (4+2𝑥𝑥)2
= 2𝑥𝑥−4 ⋅ (4+2𝑥𝑥)2 = 1 ⋅ ⋅ (4+2𝑥𝑥)2 = (2𝑥𝑥−4)(4+2𝑥𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � � � � 2𝑥𝑥−4 4𝑥𝑥 2 −16 𝑥𝑥 2 −4
4+2𝑥𝑥 4+2𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
20. 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥 ln(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) ; use the product rule: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and the chain rule for 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 1 1 2𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 2 ⋅ ln(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) + √𝑥𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ (−2𝑥𝑥) = ln(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 1−𝑥𝑥 2 2√𝑥𝑥 1−𝑥𝑥 2

12
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
21. 𝑦𝑦 = sin2 (2𝑥𝑥) cos 3 (3𝑥𝑥) = (sin(2𝑥𝑥))2 (cos(3𝑥𝑥))3 ; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 -> = 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ and chain rule for 𝑢𝑢′ and 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2 sin(2𝑥𝑥) ⋅ cos(2𝑥𝑥) ⋅ 2 ⋅ (cos(3𝑥𝑥))3 + (sin(2𝑥𝑥))2 ⋅ 3(cos(3𝑥𝑥))2 ⋅ (− sin(3𝑥𝑥)) ⋅ 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= sin(2𝑥𝑥)(cos(3𝑥𝑥))2 (4 cos(2𝑥𝑥) cos(3𝑥𝑥) − 9 sin(2𝑥𝑥) sin(3𝑥𝑥))
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= sin(2𝑥𝑥) cos 2(3𝑥𝑥) (4 cos(2𝑥𝑥) cos(3𝑥𝑥) − 9 sin(2𝑥𝑥) sin(3𝑥𝑥))
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1

22. 𝑦𝑦 = ln �tan �2𝑥𝑥 − 𝜋𝜋�� ; use the chain rule = where 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑣𝑣 and 𝑣𝑣 = tan (𝑢𝑢) and 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝜋𝜋
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3

1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 2 cos�2𝑥𝑥−3𝜋𝜋� 2 2
= 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅2= 1 ⋅ 1 = 1⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 tan�2𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋� cos2 �2𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋� sin�2𝑥𝑥−3𝜋𝜋� cos2 �2𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋� sin�2𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋� cos2 �2𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋� sin�2𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋� cos�2𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋�
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
cos�2𝑥𝑥−3𝜋𝜋�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 4
=1 2 = 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin�4𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋� sin�4𝑥𝑥− 𝜋𝜋�
2 3 3

sin(2𝑥𝑥) 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢′−𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′

23. 𝑦𝑦 = ; use the quotient rule: 𝑦𝑦 = -> = and the chain rule for 𝑢𝑢′ and 𝑣𝑣 ′
1+cos(2𝑥𝑥) 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1+cos(2𝑥𝑥))(2 cos(2𝑥𝑥))−(sin(2𝑥𝑥))(−2 sin(2𝑥𝑥)) 2 cos(2𝑥𝑥)+2 cos2 (2𝑥𝑥)+2 sin2 (2𝑥𝑥) 2 cos(2𝑥𝑥)+2(cos2 (2𝑥𝑥)+sin2 (2𝑥𝑥)) 2 cos(2𝑥𝑥)+2
= (1+cos(2𝑥𝑥))2
= (1+cos(2𝑥𝑥))2
= (1+cos(2𝑥𝑥))2
= (1+cos(2𝑥𝑥))2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 (cos(2𝑥𝑥)+1) 2 2 1
= (1+cos(2𝑥𝑥))2
= = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1+cos(2𝑥𝑥) 2 cos2 (𝑥𝑥) cos2 (𝑥𝑥)

24. 𝑦𝑦 = arcsin (1 − 2𝑥𝑥) ; use the chain rule

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 −2 −2 −2 −2 −1
= ⋅ (−2) = = = = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �1−(1−2𝑥𝑥)2 �1−(1−4𝑥𝑥+4𝑥𝑥 2 ) �4𝑥𝑥−4𝑥𝑥 2 �4(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 2 ) √4�(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 2 ) �(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 2 )

25. 𝑦𝑦 = arctan�√2𝑥𝑥� ; use the chain rule

1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 ⋅ (2𝑥𝑥)−2 ⋅ 2 = ⋅ =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1+�√2𝑥𝑥� 2 1+2𝑥𝑥 √2𝑥𝑥 √2𝑥𝑥(1+2𝑥𝑥)

13
Solutions to exercises Chapter 3 Function Properties
Function properties

1.a. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 4 + 8𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 3𝑥𝑥 4 + 8𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 6) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 6 = 0 no solutions since 𝐷𝐷 = 64 − 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 6 = −8 < 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = 3 ⋅ 04 + 8 ⋅ 03 + 6 ⋅ 02 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 3 + 24𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 12𝑥𝑥 3 + 24𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 12𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ (𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −1

Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = −1 are minimum/maximum.
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−2) = 12(−2)3 + 24(−2)2 + 12(−2) → −
1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−2) = 12 �− � + 24 �− � + 12 �− � → −
2 2 2 2
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 12(1)3 + 24(1)2 + 12(1) → +

The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is:

To the left of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is negative and to the right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is positive -> minimum point at 𝑥𝑥 = 0
To the left of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is negative and to the right of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is negative. Since 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) does not change sign
there is neither a maximum nor a minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = −1.

Coordinates of the extreme values:

𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = 3 ⋅ 04 + 8 ⋅ 03 + 6 ⋅ 02 = 0 -> minimum at (0, 0)

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 36𝑥𝑥 2 + 48𝑥𝑥 + 12
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 36𝑥𝑥 2 + 48𝑥𝑥 + 12 = 0
2
-> 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
−4±�4 2 −4⋅3⋅1 −4±√4 −4±2 1
-> 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = -> 𝑥𝑥 = −1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −
2⋅3 6 6 3

1
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = − .
3
1
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = − and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
3
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 36(−2)2 + 48(−2) + 12 → +
1 1 2 1
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 36 �− � + 48 �− � + 12 → −
2 2 2
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 36(0)2 + 48(0) + 12 → +

The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is:

14
To the left of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) is positive and to the right of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) is negative -> inflexion point at 𝑥𝑥 = −1
1 1 1
To the left of 𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) is negative and to the right of 𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) is positive -> inflexion point at 𝑥𝑥 = −
3 3 3

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓(−1) = 3 ⋅ (−1)4 + 8 ⋅ (−1)3 + 6 ⋅ (−1)2 = 1 -> inflexion point at (−1, 1)
1 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 11 1 11
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 �− � = 3 ⋅ �− � + 8 ⋅ �− � + 6 ⋅ �− � = -> inflexion point at �− , �
3 3 3 3 3 27 3 27

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥𝑥 > −
3
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < −
3

1.b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 − 6𝑥𝑥 2

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑥𝑥 4 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑥 2 − 6) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 6
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √6 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√6

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = 04 − 6 ⋅ 02 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 12𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 12𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 4𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 − 3) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 3
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √3 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√3

Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √3 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√3 are minimum/maximum.
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √3 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√3 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−3) = 4(−3)3 − 12(−3) → −
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−1) = 4(−1)3 − 12(−1) → +
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 4 ⋅ 13 − 12 ⋅ 1 → −
𝑥𝑥 = 3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (3) = 4 ⋅ 33 − 12 ⋅ 3 → +

The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = −√3 and 𝑥𝑥 = √3 , maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = 0

Coordinates of the extreme values:

4 2
𝑥𝑥 = −√3 -> 𝑓𝑓�−√3� = �−√3� − 6�−√3� = 9 − 18 = −9 -> minimum at (−√3, −9)
4 2
𝑥𝑥 = √3 -> 𝑓𝑓�√3� = �√3� − 6�√3� = 9 − 18 = −9 -> minimum at (√3, −9)
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = 04 − 6 ⋅ 02 = 0 -> maximum at (0, 0)
Coordinates of the inflexion points
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 2 − 12
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 12𝑥𝑥 2 − 12 = 0
2
-> 𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 1
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −1

Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥𝑥 = −1 .
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 12(−2)2 − 12 → +
15
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = 12 ⋅ 02 − 12 → −
𝑥𝑥 = 2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (2) = 12(2)2 − 12 → +

The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓(−1) = (−1)4 − 6(−1)2 = −5 -> inflexion point at (−1, −5)
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓(1) = (1)4 − 6(1)2 = −5 -> inflexion point at (1, −5)

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥𝑥 > 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1

1.c. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 3 (𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 3 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −2

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = 04 + 2 ⋅ 03 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 2𝑥𝑥 2 (2𝑥𝑥 + 3) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
3
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −
2

3
Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = − are minimum/maximum.
2
3
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = − and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
2
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−2) = 4(−2)3 + 6(−2)2 → −
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−2) = 4(−1)3 + 6(−1)2 → +
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 4(1)3 + 6(1)2 → +

3 3 3
To the left of 𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is negative and to the right of 𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is positive -> minimum point at 𝑥𝑥 = −
2 2 2
To the left of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is positive and to the right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) is positive. Since 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) does not change sign there
is neither a maximum nor a minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

Coordinates of the extreme values:

3 3 3 4 3 3 81 27 81 108 27 3 27
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 �− � = �− � + 2 �− � = −2⋅ = − =− -> minimum at �− , − �
2 2 2 2 16 8 16 16 16 2 16

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 12𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 = 0
2
-> 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −1

Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = −1 .
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 12(−2)2 + 12(−2) → +
1 1 1 2 1
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ �− � = 12 �− � + 12 �− � → −
2 2 2 2
16
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (1) = 12(1)2 + 12(1) → +

For both 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 0 the sign of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) changes so there are inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 0

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓(−1) = (−1)4 + 2(−1)3 = −1 -> inflexion point at (−1, −1)
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = (0)4 + 2(0)3 = 0 -> inflexion point at (0, 0)

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥𝑥 > 0
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 0

1.d. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 6 − 3𝑥𝑥 5

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 2𝑥𝑥 6 − 3𝑥𝑥 5 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 5 (2𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 5 = 0 ∨ 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0
3
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
2

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = 2 ⋅ 06 − 3 ⋅ 05 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 5 − 15𝑥𝑥 4
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 12𝑥𝑥 5 − 15𝑥𝑥 4 = 0
-> 3𝑥𝑥 4 (4𝑥𝑥 − 5) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 4 = 0 ∨ 4𝑥𝑥 − 5 = 0
5
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
4

5
Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = are minimum/maximum.
4
5
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
4
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−1) = 12(−1)5 − 15(−1)4 → −
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 12(1)5 − 15(1)4 → −
𝑥𝑥 = 2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (2) = 12(2)5 − 15(2)4 → +

5
The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = , not a min/max at 𝑥𝑥 = 0
4

Coordinates of the extreme values:

5 5 5 6 5 5
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = 2 � � − 3 � � = −1.526 -> minimum at (1.25, −1.526)
4 4 4 4

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 60𝑥𝑥 4 − 60𝑥𝑥 3
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 60𝑥𝑥 4 − 60𝑥𝑥 3 = 0
3
-> 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 3 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 1

Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1 .
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 60(−1)4 − 60(−1)3 → +
1 1 1 4 1 3
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � � = 60 � � − 60 � � → −
2 2 2 2
𝑥𝑥 = 2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (2) = 60(2)4 − 60(2)3 → +
17
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = 2 ⋅ 06 − 3 ⋅ 05 = −5 -> inflexion point at (0, 0)
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓(1) = 2 ⋅ 16 − 3 ⋅ 15 = −1 -> inflexion point at (1, −1)

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥𝑥 < 0 and 𝑥𝑥 > 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1

1.e. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1)(5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1)(5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 ∨ 5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 5
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √5 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√5

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = (02 − 1)(5 − 02 ) = −1 ⋅ 5 = −5 -> coordinate (0, −5)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1)(5 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) = −𝑥𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 5
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = −4𝑥𝑥 3 + 12𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> −4𝑥𝑥 3 + 12𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> −4𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 − 3) = 0
-> −4𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 3
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √3 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√3

Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √3 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√3 are minimum/maximum.
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = √3 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −√3 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−3) = −4(−3)3 + 12(−3) → +
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−1) = −4(−1)3 + 12(−1) → −
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = −4 ⋅ 13 + 12 ⋅ 1 → +
𝑥𝑥 = 3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (3) = −4 ⋅ 33 + 12 ⋅ 3 → −

The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = −√3 and 𝑥𝑥 = √3 , minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = 0

Coordinates of the extreme values:

2 2
𝑥𝑥 = −√3 -> 𝑓𝑓�−√3� = ��−√3� − 1� �5 − �−√3� � = (3 − 1)(5 − 3) = 4 -> maximum at (−√3, 4)
2 2
𝑥𝑥 = √3 -> 𝑓𝑓�√3� = ��√3� − 1� �5 − �√3� � = (3 − 1)(5 − 3) = 4 -> maximum at (√3, 4)
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = (02 − 1)(5 − 02 ) = −5 -> maximum at (0, −5)

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = −12𝑥𝑥 2 + 12
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> −12𝑥𝑥 2 + 12 = 0
2
-> −𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 1
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −1

Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥𝑥 = −1 .
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−2) = −12(−2)2 + 12 → −
18
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = −12 ⋅ 02 + 12 → +
𝑥𝑥 = 2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (2) = −12 ⋅ 22 + 12 → −

The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓(−1) = ((−1)2 − 1)(5 − (−1)2 ) = (1 − 1)(5 − 1) = 0 -> inflexion point at (−1, 0)
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓(1) = (12 − 1)(5 − 12 ) = (1 − 1)(5 − 1) = 0 -> inflexion point at (1, 0)

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑥𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥𝑥 > 1

1.f. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −2

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = 04 + 03 − 2 ⋅ 02 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥(4𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 4) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 0
−3±�32 −4⋅4⋅(−4) −3±√73
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥1,2 = =
2⋅4 8
−3−√73 −3+√73
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
8 8

Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points are minimum/maximum.
−3±√73
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
8
To find easy values it may help to use 8 = √64 < √73 < √81 = 9
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−2) = 4(−2)3 + 3(−2)2 − 4(−2) → −
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−1) = 4(−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 4(−1) → +
1 1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ � � = 4 � � + 3 � � − 4 � � → −
2 2 2 2 2
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 4 ⋅ 13 + 3 ⋅ 12 − 4 ⋅ 1 → +

−3−√73 −3+√73
The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> min at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = , maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = 0
8 8

Coordinates of the extreme values:

4 3 2
−3−√73 −3−√73 −3−√73 −3−√73 −3−√73 −3−√73
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � �=� � +� � − 2� � = -> minimum at � , −2.8334�
8 8 8 8 8 8
4 3 2
−3+√73 −3+√73 −3+√73 −3+√73 −3+√73 −3+√73
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � �=� � +�
� − 2� � = -> minimum at � , −0.3970�
8 8 8 8 8 8
4 3 2
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = 0 + 0 − 20 = 0 -> maximum at (0, 0)

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 4
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 12𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 0
2
-> 6𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0

19
 −3±�32 −4⋅6⋅(−2) −3±√57
-> 𝑥𝑥1,2 = =
2⋅6 12
−3−√57 −3+√57
-> 𝑥𝑥 = ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
12 12

−3−√57 −3+√57
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = .
12 12
−3−√57 −3+√57 ′′
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥).
12 12
To find easy values it may help to use 7 = √49 < √57 < √64 = 8
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 12(−1)2 + 6(−1) − 4 → +
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = 12 ⋅ 02 + 6 ⋅ 0 − 4 → −
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (1) = 12 ⋅ 12 + 6 ⋅ 1 − 4 → +

−3−√57 −3+√57
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 =
12
and 𝑥𝑥 =
12

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

4 3 2
−3−√57 −3−√57 −3−√57 −3−√57 −3−√57 −3−√57
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � �=� � +� � − 2� � = 0 -> inflexion point at � , −1.6279�
12 12 12 12 12 12
4 3 2
−3+√57 −3+√57 −3+√57 −3+√57 −3+√57 −3+√57
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � �=� � +� � − 2� � = 0 -> inflexion point at � , −0.2123�
12 12 12 12 12 12

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
−3−√57 −3+√57
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥𝑥 < and 𝑥𝑥 >
12 12
′′ (𝑥𝑥) −3−√57 −3+√57
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when < 𝑥𝑥 <
12 12

1.g. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −0.25𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥 2

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> −0.25𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 (−0.25𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 5) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ −0.25𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0
−1±�12 −4⋅(−0.25)⋅5 −1±√6
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = 2 ± 2√6
2⋅(−0.25) −0.5
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 2√6 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2 − 2√6

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = −0.25 ⋅ 04 + 03 + 5 ⋅ 02 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = −𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> −𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥(−𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 10) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ −𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 10 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 10 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 5) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −2 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 5

Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −2 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 5 are minimum/maximum.
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = −2 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 5 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−3) = −(−3)3 + 3(−3)2 + 10(−3) → +
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−1) = −(−1)3 + 3(−1)2 + 10(−1) → −
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = −13 + 3 ⋅ 12 + 10 ⋅ 1 → +
𝑥𝑥 = 6 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (6) = −63 + 3 ⋅ 62 + 10 ⋅ 6 → −

The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥𝑥 = 5 , minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = 0

20
Coordinates of the extreme values:
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓(−2) = −0.25(−2)4 + (−2)3 + 5(−2)2 = 8 -> maximum at (−2, 8)
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = −0.25 ⋅ 04 + 03 + 5 ⋅ 02 -> minimum at (0, 0)
3
𝑥𝑥 = 5 -> 𝑓𝑓(5) = −0.25 ⋅ 54 + 53 + 5 ⋅ 52 -> maximum at �5, 93 �
4

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = −3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 10
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> −3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 10 = 0
−6±�62 −4⋅(−3)⋅10 −6±√156 −6±√2⋅2⋅39 −6±2√39 1
-> 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = = = 1 ± √39
2⋅(−3) −6 −6 −6 3
1 1
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + √39 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − √39
3 3

1 1
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + √39 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − √39 .
3 3
1 1
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − √39 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + √39 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
3 3
𝑥𝑥 = −3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−3) = −3(−3)2 + 6(−3) + 10 → −
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = −3 ⋅ 02 + 6 ⋅ 0 + 10 → +
𝑥𝑥 = 4 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (4) = −3 ⋅ 42 + 6 ⋅ 4 + 10 → −

1 1
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − √39 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + √39
3 3

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

1 1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 1 − √39 -> 𝑓𝑓 �1 − √39� = 4.2422 -> inflexion point at �1 − √39, 4.2422�
3 3 3
1 1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 1 + √39 -> 𝑓𝑓 �1 + √39� = 54.2022 -> inflexion point at �1 + √39, 54.2022�
3 3 3

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
1 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 1 − √39 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1 + √39
3 3
1 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑥𝑥 < 1 − √39 and 𝑥𝑥 > 1 + √39
3 3

1 7
1.h. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2
3 3

Zero’s
1 7
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> − 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
3 3
-> −𝑥𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑥 3 − 7𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 (−𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 7) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ −𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 0
−6±�62 −4⋅(−1)⋅(−7) −6±√8 −6±2√2
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = = 3 ± √2
2⋅(−1) −2 −2
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 3 + √2 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 3 − √2

Intersection y-axis
1 7
𝑓𝑓(0) = − ⋅ 04 + 2 ⋅ 03 − ⋅ 02 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)
3 3

Coordinates of the extreme values

4 14
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = − 𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥
3 3
4 14
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> − 𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 = 0
3 3
-> −4𝑥𝑥 3 + 18𝑥𝑥 2 − 14𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥(−4𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 − 14) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ −4𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 − 14 = 0
−18±�182 −4⋅(−4)⋅(−14) −18±√100 −18±10 9±5
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = =
2⋅(−4) −8 −8 4
7
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
2

21
 7
Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 1 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = are minimum/maximum.
2
7
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥𝑥 = and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
2
4 14
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−1) = − (−1)3 + 6(−1)2 − (−1) → +
3 3
1 1 4 1 3 1 2 14 1
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ � � = − � � + 6 � � − � � → −
2 2 3 2 2 3 2
4 14
𝑥𝑥 = 2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (2) = − (2)3 + 6(2)2 − (2) → +
3 3

4 14
𝑥𝑥 = 4 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (4) = − (4)3 + 6(4)2 − (4) → −
3 3

7
The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = , minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = 1
2

Coordinates of the extreme values:

1 7
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = − (0)4 + 2(0)3 − (0)2 = 0 -> maximum at (0, 0)
3 3
1 7 2 2
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓(1) = − (1)4 + 2(1)3 − (1)2 = − -> minimum at �1, − �
3 3 3 3
7 7 1 7 4 7 3 7 7 2 343 7 343
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = − � � + 2 � � − � � = -> maximum at � , �
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 48 2 48

Coordinates of the inflexion points

14
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = −4𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 −
3
14
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> −4𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 − = 0
3
-> −12𝑥𝑥 2 + 36𝑥𝑥 − 14 = 0
-> −6𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 0
−18±�182 −4⋅(−6)⋅(−7) −18±√156 −18±√2⋅2⋅39 −18±2√39 9±√39
-> 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = = =
2⋅(−6) −12 −12 −12 6
9−√39 9+√39
-> 𝑥𝑥 = ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
6 6

9−√39 9+√39
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = .
6 6
9−√39 9+√39
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
6 6
To find easy values it may help to use 6 = √36 < √39 < √49 = 7
14
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = −4(0)2 + 12(0) − → −
3
9 ′′ 9 9 2 9 14
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = −4 � � + 12 � � − → +
6 6 6 6 3
′′ (4) 2 14
𝑥𝑥 = 4 -> 𝑓𝑓 = −4(4) + 12(4) − → −
3

9−√39 9+√39
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 =
6
and 𝑥𝑥 =
6

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

4 3 2
9−√39 9−√39 1 9−√39 9−√39 7 9−√39 9−√39
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � �=− � � + 2� � − � � = −0.3131 -> inflexion point at � , −0.3131�
6 6 3 6 6 3 6 6
4 3 2
9+√39 9+√39 1 9+√39 9+√39 7 9+√39 9+√39
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � �=− � � + 2� � − � � = 3.8502 -> inflexion point at � , 3.8502�
6 6 3 6 6 3 6 6

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
9−√39 9+√39
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when < 𝑥𝑥 <
6 6
9−√39 9+√39
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑥𝑥 < and 𝑥𝑥 >
6 6

1.i. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 3.5𝑥𝑥 2

Zero’s

22
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 2𝑥𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 3.5𝑥𝑥 2 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 3.5) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 3.5 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 = 0 ∨ 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 + 7 = 0
−12±�122 −4⋅(4)⋅(7) −12±√32 −12±√2⋅4⋅4 −12±4√2 −3±√2
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = = =
2⋅4 8 8 8 2
−3−√2 −3+√2
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
2 2

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = 2 ⋅ 04 + 6 ⋅ 03 + 3.5 ⋅ 02 = 0 -> coordinate (0, 0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 8𝑥𝑥 3 + 18𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 8𝑥𝑥 3 + 18𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥(8𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 + 7) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 8𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 + 7 = 0
−18±�182 −4⋅(8)⋅(7) −18±√100 −18±10 −9±5
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = =
2⋅8 16 16 8
1 7
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = − ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = −
2 4

1 7
Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥𝑥 = − and 𝑥𝑥 = − are minimum/maximum.
2 4
7 1
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = − , 𝑥𝑥 = − and 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
4 2
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−2) = 8(−2)3 + 18(−2)2 + 7(−2) → −
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−1) = 8(−1)3 + 18(−1)2 + 7(−1) → +
1 1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ �− � = 8 �− � + 18 �− � + 7 �− � → −
4 4 4 4 4
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 8(1)3 + 18(1)2 + 7(1) → +

7 1
The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = − and 𝑥𝑥 = 0, maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = −
4 2

Coordinates of the extreme values:

7 7 7 4 7 3 7 2 343 7 343
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 �− � = 2 �− � + 6 �− � + 3.5 �− � = − -> minimum at �− , − �
4 4 4 4 4 128 4 128
1 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
𝑥𝑥 = − -> 𝑓𝑓 �− � = 2 �− � + 6 �− � + 3.5 �− � = -> maximum at �− , �
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = 2(0)4 + 6(0)3 + 3.5(0)2 = 0 -> minimum at (0, 0)

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 24𝑥𝑥 2 + 36𝑥𝑥 + 7
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 24𝑥𝑥 2 + 36𝑥𝑥 + 7 = 0
−36±�362 −4⋅(24)⋅(7) −36±√624 −36±√2⋅2⋅2⋅2⋅39 −36±4√39 −9±√39
-> 𝑥𝑥1,2 = = = = =
2⋅24 2⋅24 2⋅24 2⋅24 12
−9−√39 −9+√39
-> 𝑥𝑥 = ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
12 12

−9−√39 −9+√39
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = .
12 12
−9−√39 −9+√39 ′′
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥).
12 12
To find easy values it may help to use 6 = √36 < √39 < √49 = 7
𝑥𝑥 = −2 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 24(−2)2 + 36(−2) + 7 → +
𝑥𝑥 = −1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 24(−1)2 + 36(−1) + 7 → −
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = 24(0)2 + 36(0) + 7 → +

−9−√39 −9+√39
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 =
12
and 𝑥𝑥 =
12

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

23
 −9−√39 −9−√39 3 1
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = −1.44 -> inflexion point at �− − √39, −1.44�
12 12 4 2
−9+√39 −9+√39 3 1
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = 0.117 -> inflexion point at �− + √39, 0.117�
12 12 4 2

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
3 1 3 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥𝑥 < − − √39 and 𝑥𝑥 > − + √39
4 2 4 2
3 1 3 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when − − √39 < 𝑥𝑥 < − + √39
4 2 4 2

1.j. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 3)

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 0
-> 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 = 0 (no solutions!) ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0
−3±�32 −4⋅(1)⋅(−3) −3±√21
-> 𝑥𝑥1,2 = =
2⋅1 2
−3−√21 −3+√21
-> 𝑥𝑥 = ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
2 2

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = 𝑒𝑒 −0 (02 + 3 ⋅ 0 − 3) = −3 (note that 𝑒𝑒 0 = 1) -> coordinate (0, −3)

Coordinates of the extreme values

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 3) + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥 + 3) = −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6) ; use the product rule to find the derivative
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6) = 0
-> −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 = 0 (no solutions!) ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 0
-> (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = −3 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2

Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2 are minimum/maximum.
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = −4 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (−4) = −𝑒𝑒 −(−4) ((−4)2 + (−4) − 6) → − (note that 𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎 > 0 for all 𝑎𝑎)
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) = −𝑒𝑒 −(0) ((0)2 + (0) − 6) → +
𝑥𝑥 = 3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (3) = −𝑒𝑒 −3 (32 + 3 − 6) → −

The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = −3 , maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = 2

Coordinates of the extreme values:

𝑥𝑥 = −3 -> 𝑓𝑓(−3) = 𝑒𝑒 −(−3) ((−3)2 + 3(−3) − 3) = −3𝑒𝑒 3 -> minimum at (−3, −3𝑒𝑒 3 )
𝑥𝑥 = 2 -> 𝑓𝑓(2) = 𝑒𝑒 −2 (22 + 3 ⋅ 2 − 3) = 7𝑒𝑒 −2 -> maximum at (2, 7𝑒𝑒 −2 )

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6) + (−𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 )(2𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 7) ; use the product rule to find the derivative
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 7) = 0
-> 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 = 0 (no solutions!) ∨ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 0
−(−1)±�(−1)2 −4⋅(1)⋅(−7) 1±√29
-> 𝑥𝑥1,2 = =
2⋅1 2
1−√29 1+√29
-> 𝑥𝑥 = ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
2 2

1−√29 1+√29
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = .
2 2
1−√29 1+√29
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
2 2
To find easy values it may help to use 5 = √25 < √29 < √36 = 6
𝑥𝑥 = −3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (−3) = 𝑒𝑒 −(−3) ((−3)2 − (−3) − 7) → + (note that 𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎 > 0 for all 𝑎𝑎)
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (0) = 𝑒𝑒 −0 (02 − 0 − 7) → −
𝑥𝑥 = 4 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (4) = 𝑒𝑒 −4 (42 − 4 − 7) → +
24
 1−√29 1+√29
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 =
2 2

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

1−√29 1−√29 1−√29
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = −42.75 -> inflexion point at � , −42.73�
2 2 2
1+√29 1+√29 1+√29
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = 0.68 -> inflexion point at � , 0.68�
2 2 2

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
1−√29 1+√29
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥𝑥 < and 𝑥𝑥 >
2 2
1−√29 1+√29
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when < 𝑥𝑥 <
2 2

sin(𝑥𝑥)
1.k. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋]
2+cos(𝑥𝑥)

Zero’s
sin(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> =0
2+cos(𝑥𝑥)
-> sin(𝑥𝑥) = 0 (and 2 + cos(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0)
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋

Intersection y-axis
sin(0)
𝑓𝑓(0) = =0 -> coordinate (0, 0)
2+cos(0)

Coordinates of the extreme values

(2+cos(𝑥𝑥)) cos(𝑥𝑥)−sin(𝑥𝑥)(− sin(𝑥𝑥)) 2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+cos2 (𝑥𝑥)+sin2 (𝑥𝑥) 2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))2
= (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))2
= (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))2
2 (𝑥𝑥)
Use the quotient rule to find the derivative and use cos + sin2 (𝑥𝑥) = 1 to simplify
2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 2 = 0 (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))
-> 2 cos(𝑥𝑥) + 1 = 0 (and (2 + cos(𝑥𝑥))2 ≠ 0)
1
-> cos(𝑥𝑥) = −
2
1 1
-> Given in table/first quadrant unit circle cos(𝑥𝑥) = -> 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋
2 3
-> The value of cos (𝛼𝛼) is the mapping of the angle 𝛼𝛼 onto the x-axis in the unit circle.
1
-> − is on the negative side of the x-axis so find angles 𝛼𝛼 that correspond to that.
2
1 2 4
-> cos(𝑥𝑥) = − -> 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 are solutions on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋]
2 3 3

2 4
Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 are minimum/maximum.
3 3
2 4
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋] and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
3 3
1
1 1 2 cos�2𝜋𝜋�+1 1 1
′
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 � 𝜋𝜋� = 1 2 → + (𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 is an easy value since cos � 𝜋𝜋� = 0 )
2 2 �2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 2 2
2
′ (𝜋𝜋) 2 cos(𝜋𝜋)+1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 = (2+cos(𝜋𝜋))2 → − (𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 is an easy value since cos(𝜋𝜋) = −1 )
2
3 2 2 cos�3𝜋𝜋�+1 3 3
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 2 2 → + (𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 is an easy value since cos � 𝜋𝜋� = 0 )
2 3 �2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 2 2
3

2 4
The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 , minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋
3 3

Coordinates of the extreme values:

2 √3 √3
2 2 sin�3𝜋𝜋� √3 2 1 2 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 � 𝜋𝜋 � = 2 = 2
1 = 2
3 = ⋅ = √3 -> maximum at � 𝜋𝜋 , √3�
3 3 2+cos� 𝜋𝜋� 2+�− � 2 3 3 3 3
3 2 2

25
 4 √3 √3
4 4 sin�3𝜋𝜋� − − √3 2 1 4 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 � 𝜋𝜋� = 4 = 2
1 = 3
2
=− ⋅ = − √3 -> minimum at � 𝜋𝜋, − √3�
3 3 2+cos� 𝜋𝜋� 2+�− � 2 3 3 3 3
3 2 2

Coordinates of the inflexion points

�(2+cos(𝑥𝑥))2 �(−2 sin(𝑥𝑥))−(2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1)(2(2+cos(𝑥𝑥))⋅(− sin(𝑥𝑥))
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))4
; use the quotient rule to find 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥)
(2+cos(𝑥𝑥))�(2+cos(𝑥𝑥))(−2 sin(𝑥𝑥))−(2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1)(−2 sin(𝑥𝑥))� �(2+cos(𝑥𝑥))(−2 sin(𝑥𝑥))−(2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1)(−2 sin(𝑥𝑥))�
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))4
= (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))3
′′ (𝑥𝑥) 2 sin(𝑥𝑥)(−2−cos(𝑥𝑥)+2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1) 2 sin(𝑥𝑥)(cos(𝑥𝑥)−1)
𝑓𝑓 = (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))3
= (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))3

2 sin(𝑥𝑥)(cos(𝑥𝑥)−1)
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> (2+cos(𝑥𝑥))3
=0
-> 2 sin(𝑥𝑥) (cos(𝑥𝑥) − 1) = 0 (and (2 + cos(𝑥𝑥))3 ≠ 0)
-> sin(𝑥𝑥) = 0 ∨ cos(𝑥𝑥) − 1 = 0
-> sin(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋 are solutions on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋]
-> cos(𝑥𝑥) − 1 = 0 -> cos(𝑥𝑥) = 1 -> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋 are solutions on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋]
-> solutions: 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋 .
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
For the choice of values of 𝑥𝑥 keep the periodicity of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) and the fact that the exercise is concerned with the domain
[0 , 2𝜋𝜋] in mind.

1 1
1 1 2 sin�−2𝜋𝜋��cos�−2𝜋𝜋�−1� 2(−1)(0−1)
𝑥𝑥 = − 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ �− 𝜋𝜋� = 1 3 = (2+0)3
→ +
2 2 �2+cos�− 𝜋𝜋��
2
1 1
1 1 2 sin�2𝜋𝜋��cos�2𝜋𝜋�−1� 2⋅1(0−1)
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 1 3 = (2+0)3
→ −
2 2 �2+cos� 𝜋𝜋��
2
3 3
3 3 2 sin�2𝜋𝜋��cos�2𝜋𝜋�−1� 2(−1)(0−1)
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 3 3 = (2+0)3
→ +
2 2 �2+cos� 𝜋𝜋��
2
5 5
5 5 2 sin�2𝜋𝜋��cos�2𝜋𝜋�−1� 2⋅1(0−1)
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 5 3 = (2+0)3
→ −
2 2 �2+cos� 𝜋𝜋��
2

The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

sin(0) 0
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = = = 0 -> inflexion point at (0, 0)
2+cos(0) 2+1
sin(𝜋𝜋) 0
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝜋𝜋) = = = 0 -> inflexion point at (𝜋𝜋, 0)
2+cos(𝜋𝜋) 2+(−1)
sin(2𝜋𝜋) 0
𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓(2𝜋𝜋) = = = 0 -> inflexion point at (2𝜋𝜋, 0)
2+cos(2𝜋𝜋) 2+1

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝜋𝜋 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2𝜋𝜋
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝜋𝜋

1.l. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)3 (−3𝑥𝑥 + 2)

Zero’s
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> (𝑥𝑥 − 2)3 (−3𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 0
-> (𝑥𝑥 − 2)3 = 0 ∨ −3𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0
2
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
3

Intersection y-axis
𝑓𝑓(0) = (0 − 2)3 (−3 ⋅ 0 + 2) = −16 -> coordinate (0, −16)

26
Coordinates of the extreme values
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 3(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (−3𝑥𝑥 + 2) − 3(𝑥𝑥 − 2)3 ; use the product rule to find the derivative
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 3(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 �−3𝑥𝑥 + 2 − (𝑥𝑥 − 2)� = 3(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (−4𝑥𝑥 + 4) = 12(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (1 − 𝑥𝑥)

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 12(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (1 − 𝑥𝑥) = 0

-> (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 = 0 ∨ 1 − 𝑥𝑥 = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 1

Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2 are minimum/maximum.
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) = 12(0 − 2)2 (1 − 0) → +
3 3 3 2 3
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ � � = 12 � − 2� �1 − � → −
2 2 2 2
𝑥𝑥 = 3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (3) = 12(3 − 2)2 (1 − 3) → −

The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and no min/max at 𝑥𝑥 = 2

Coordinates of the extreme values:

𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓(1) = (1 − 2)3 (−3 ⋅ 1 + 2) = 1 -> minimum at (1, 1)

Coordinates of the inflexion points

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 24(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(1 − 𝑥𝑥) + 12(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (−1) = 12(𝑥𝑥 − 2)�2(1 − 𝑥𝑥) − (𝑥𝑥 − 2)� = 12(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(4 − 3𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 12(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(4 − 3𝑥𝑥) = 0
-> 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0 ∨ 4 − 3𝑥𝑥 = 0
4
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 =
3

4
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether there is a point of inflexion at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = 2 .
3
4
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = 2 and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
3
𝑥𝑥 = 1 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (1) = 12(1 − 2)(4 − 3 ⋅ 1) → −
5 5 5 5
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � � = 12 � − 2� �4 − 3 ⋅ � → +
3 3 3 3
𝑥𝑥 = 3 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (3) = 12(3 − 2)(4 − 3 ⋅ 3) → −

4
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = 2
3

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

4 4 4 3 4 2 3 8 16 4 16
𝑥𝑥 = -> 𝑓𝑓 � � = � − 2� �−3 ⋅ + 2� = �− � (−2) = �− � (−2) = -> inflexion point at � , �
3 3 3 3 3 27 27 3 27
3 (−3
𝑥𝑥 = 2 -> 𝑓𝑓(2) = − 2)
(2 ⋅ 2 + 2) = 0 -> inflexion point at (2, 0)

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
4
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when < 𝑥𝑥 < 2
3
4
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑥𝑥 < and 𝑥𝑥 > 2
3

sin(𝑥𝑥)
1.m. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = on [0, 2𝜋𝜋]
√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)

Zero’s
sin(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> =0
√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)
-> sin(𝑥𝑥) = 0 (and √2 + cos(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0)
-> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋

Intersection y-axis
sin(0)
𝑓𝑓(0) = =0 -> coordinate (0, 0)
√2+cos(0)

27
Coordinates of the extreme values
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)� cos(𝑥𝑥)−sin(𝑥𝑥)(− sin(𝑥𝑥)) √2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+cos2 (𝑥𝑥)+sin2 (𝑥𝑥) √2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 2 = 2 = 2
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)� �√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)� �√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)�
2 (𝑥𝑥) 2
Use the quotient rule to find the derivative and use cos + sin (𝑥𝑥) = 1 to simplify
√2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 2 =0
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)�
2
-> √2 cos(𝑥𝑥) + 1 = 0 (and �√2 + cos(𝑥𝑥)� ≠ 0)
1 1
-> cos(𝑥𝑥) = − = − √2
√2 2
1 1
-> Given in table/first quadrant unit circle cos(𝑥𝑥) = √2 -> 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋
2 4
-> The value of cos (𝛼𝛼) is the mapping of the angle 𝛼𝛼 onto the x-axis in the unit circle.
1
-> − √2 is on the negative side of the x-axis so find angles 𝛼𝛼 that correspond to that.
2
1 3 5
-> cos(𝑥𝑥) = − √2 -> 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 are solutions on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋]
2 4 4

3 5
Apply the first-derivative test to check whether these points 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 are minimum/maximum.
4 4
3 5
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right of 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋] and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥).
4 4
1
1 1 √2 cos�2𝜋𝜋�+1 1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 1 2 → + (𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 is an easy value since cos � 𝜋𝜋� = 0 )
2 2 �√2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 2 2
2
√2 cos(𝜋𝜋)+1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝜋𝜋) = 2 → − (𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 is an easy value since cos(𝜋𝜋) = −1 )
�√2+cos(𝜋𝜋)�
2
3 2 √2 cos�3𝜋𝜋�+1 3 3
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 2 2 → + (𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 is an easy value since cos � 𝜋𝜋� = 0 )
2 3 �√2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 2 2
3

3 5
The 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> maximum at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 , minimum at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋
4 4

Coordinates of the extreme values:

3 √2 √2
3 3 sin�4𝜋𝜋� 3
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 � 𝜋𝜋 � = 3 = √2
2
= 2
√2
= 1 -> maximum at � 𝜋𝜋 , 1�
4 4 √2+cos�4𝜋𝜋� √2+�− 2 � 4
2
5 √2 √2
5 5 sin�4𝜋𝜋� −2 −2 5
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 � 𝜋𝜋� = 5 = √2
= √2
= −1 -> minimum at � 𝜋𝜋, −1�
4 4 √2+cos�4𝜋𝜋� √2+�− 2 � 4
2

Coordinates of the inflexion points

2
��√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)� ��−√2 sin(𝑥𝑥)�−�√2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1�(2�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)�⋅(− sin(𝑥𝑥))
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 4 ; use the quotient rule to find 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥)
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)�
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)���√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)��−√2 sin(𝑥𝑥)�−�√2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1�(−2 sin(𝑥𝑥))� ��√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)��−√2 sin(𝑥𝑥)�−�√2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+1�(−2 sin(𝑥𝑥))�
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 4 = 3
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)� �√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)�
√2 sin(𝑥𝑥)�−√2−cos(𝑥𝑥)+2 cos(𝑥𝑥)+√2� √2 sin(𝑥𝑥) cos(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 3 = 3
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)� �√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)�

√2 sin(𝑥𝑥) cos(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 3 =0
�√2+cos(𝑥𝑥)�
3
-> √2 sin(𝑥𝑥) cos(𝑥𝑥) = 0 (and �√2 + cos(𝑥𝑥)� ≠ 0)
-> sin(𝑥𝑥) = 0 ∨ cos(𝑥𝑥) = 0
-> sin(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋 are solutions on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋]
1 3
-> cos(𝑥𝑥) = 0 -> 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 are solutions on [0 , 2𝜋𝜋]
2 2
1 3
-> solutions: 𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 ∨ 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋
2 2
Find out if the concavity changes to check whether these are points of inflexion.
Choose easy values of 𝑥𝑥 to the left and right and find the sign (+ or -) of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥).
For the choice of values of 𝑥𝑥 keep the periodicity of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) and the fact that the exercise is concerned with the domain
[0 , 2𝜋𝜋] in mind.

1 1 1 1
1 1 √2 sin�−4𝜋𝜋� cos�−4𝜋𝜋� √2�−2√2��2√2�
𝑥𝑥 = − 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ �− 𝜋𝜋� = 1 3 = 1 3 → −
4 4 �√2+cos�− 𝜋𝜋�� �√2+ √2�
4 2
28
 1 1 1 1
1 1 √2 sin�4𝜋𝜋� cos�4𝜋𝜋� √2�2√2��2√2�
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 1 3 = 3 → +
4 4 �√2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 1
4 �√2+� √2��
2
3 3 1 1
3 3 √2 sin�4𝜋𝜋� cos�4𝜋𝜋� √2�2√2��−2√2�
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 3 3 = 3 → −
4 4 �√2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 1
4 �√2+�− √2��
2
5 5 1 1
5 5 √2 sin�4𝜋𝜋� cos�4𝜋𝜋� √2�−2√2��−2√2�
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 5 3 = 3 → +
4 4 �√2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 1
4 �√2+�− √2��
2
7 7 1 1
7 7 √2 sin�4𝜋𝜋� cos�4𝜋𝜋� √2�−2√2��2√2�
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 7 3 = 3 → −
4 4 �√2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 1
4 �√2+� √2��
2
9 9 1 1
9 9 √2 sin�4𝜋𝜋� cos�4𝜋𝜋� √2�2√2��2√2�
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 ′′ � 𝜋𝜋� = 9 3 = 3 → +
4 4 �√2+cos� 𝜋𝜋�� 1
4 �√2+� √2��
2

1 3
The 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline is: -> inflexion points at 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋
2 2

Coordinates of the inflexion points:

sin(0) 0
𝑥𝑥 = 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = = = 0 -> inflexion point at (0, 0)
√2+cos(0) √2+1
1
1 1 sin�2𝜋𝜋� 1 1 1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓 � 𝜋𝜋� = 1 = = √2 -> inflexion point at � 𝜋𝜋, √2�
2 2 √2+cos�2𝜋𝜋� √2+0 2 2 2
sin(𝜋𝜋) 0
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝜋𝜋) = = = 0 -> inflexion point at (𝜋𝜋, 0)
√2+cos(𝜋𝜋) √2+(−1)
3
3 sin�2𝜋𝜋� −1 1 3 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓(0) = 3 = = − √2 -> inflexion point at � 𝜋𝜋, − √2�
2 √2+cos�2𝜋𝜋� √2+0 2 2 2
sin(2𝜋𝜋) 0
𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜋𝜋 -> 𝑓𝑓(2𝜋𝜋) = = = 0 -> inflexion point at (2𝜋𝜋, 0)
√2+cos(2𝜋𝜋) √2+1

Intervals(s) on which f(x) is concave up/down

Use the 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) numberline
1 3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave up when 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝜋𝜋 and 𝜋𝜋 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝜋𝜋
2 2
1 3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 -> 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is concave down when 𝜋𝜋 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝜋𝜋 and 𝜋𝜋 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2𝜋𝜋
2 2

29
Solutions to exercises Chapter 4 Integrals
9 9 3 3 5 1 9 5 1 5 1
5 2 2 2
1. ∫1 √𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥 − 2� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫1 𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 −2 � = � ⋅ 92 + 10 ⋅ 9−2 � − � ⋅ 12 + 10 ⋅ 1−2 � =
𝑥𝑥 5 5 5 1
2 5 −1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2⋅243⋅3 10⋅5
5
� ⋅ �√9� + 10 ⋅ √9 � − � + 10� = � ⋅ 3 + 10 ⋅ � − � + 10� = � ⋅ 243 + 10 ⋅ � − � + 10� = + −
5 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 15 15
2⋅3 10⋅15 1458+50−6−150 1352
− = =
15 15 15 15

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
2. ∫(4𝑥𝑥 − 2)4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 2 -> = 4 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4

1 1 1 𝑢𝑢5 𝑢𝑢5 (4𝑥𝑥−2)5

∫(4𝑥𝑥 − 2)4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢4 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4 ∫ 𝑢𝑢4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4 5
+ 𝑐𝑐 =
20
+ 𝑐𝑐 =
20
+ 𝑐𝑐

1
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
3. ∫ √4𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫(4𝑥𝑥 − 5)3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 5 -> = 4 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4

4
1 1 1 4 4
3 1 1 1 𝑢𝑢3 3 3
∫ √4𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫(4𝑥𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 3 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 4 + 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑢𝑢3 + 𝑐𝑐 = (4𝑥𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝑐𝑐 =
4 4 4 16 16
3
3 3
(4𝑥𝑥 − 5) √4𝑥𝑥 − 5 + 𝑐𝑐
16

5
𝜋𝜋 2 1
4. ∫06 cos 2 �5𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use trigonometrical identity: cos 2 𝐴𝐴 = (1 + cos 2𝐴𝐴)
3 2

5 5 5
𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋 1 4 𝜋𝜋 1 1 4 1
∫06 cos 2 �5𝑥𝑥 + 3 𝜋𝜋� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫06 2
�1 + cos �10𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋�� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫06
3 2
+ cos �10𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑥𝑥 +
2 3 2
5 5
1 1 4 𝜋𝜋 1 1 4 𝜋𝜋 15 1 5 4 1
6 6
sin �10𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋�� = � 𝑥𝑥 + sin �10𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋�� =� 𝜋𝜋 + sin �10 ⋅ 𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋�� − � ⋅ 0 +
2 10 3 0 2 20 3 0 26 20 6 3 2
1 4 5 1 50 4 1 4 5 1 5 1 4
sin �10 ⋅ 0 + 𝜋𝜋�� = � 𝜋𝜋 + sin � 𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋�� − � sin � 𝜋𝜋�� = � 𝜋𝜋 + sin � 𝜋𝜋�� − � sin � 𝜋𝜋�� =
20 3 12 20 6 3 20 3 12 20 3 20 3
5 1 1 1 1 5
� 𝜋𝜋 + �− √3�� − � �− √3�� = 𝜋𝜋
12 20 2 20 2 12

Where, since 2𝜋𝜋 may be added or subtracted to 𝛼𝛼 in sin 𝛼𝛼 without changing the value, the following was used:
50 4 50 8 58 58 58 48 10 5
sin � 𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋� = sin � 𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋� = sin � 𝜋𝜋� = sin � 𝜋𝜋 − 8𝜋𝜋� = sin � 𝜋𝜋 − 𝜋𝜋� = sin � 𝜋𝜋� = sin � 𝜋𝜋�
6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3

0 1 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
5. ∫−1𝜋𝜋 tan � 𝑥𝑥� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 -> = -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

0 1 𝑥𝑥=0 𝑥𝑥=0 1 0
𝑥𝑥=0
∫−1𝜋𝜋 tan �2 𝑥𝑥� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=−1𝜋𝜋 tan(𝑢𝑢) 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 ∫𝑥𝑥=−1𝜋𝜋 tan(𝑢𝑢) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = [−2 ln|cos 𝑢𝑢|]𝑥𝑥=− 1 = �−2 ln �cos � 𝑥𝑥���
𝜋𝜋 2 1 =
2 2 2 2 − 𝜋𝜋
2
1 1 1 1
−2 ln|cos(0)| − �−2 ln �cos � �− 𝜋𝜋���� = −2 ln|1| − �−2 ln �cos �− 𝜋𝜋��� = −2 ln|1| − �−2 ln � √2�� =
2 2 4 2
1 1 2 1
2 ln � √2� = ln � √2� = ln = ln 1 − ln 2 = − ln 2
2 2 2

6. ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin(5𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use integration by parts: ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 ; =1; = sin(5𝑥𝑥) ; 𝑣𝑣 = − cos(5𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5

1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin(5𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 5 𝑥𝑥 cos(5𝑥𝑥) − ∫ − 5 cos(5𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 5 𝑥𝑥 cos(5𝑥𝑥) + ∫ 5 cos(5𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 5 𝑥𝑥 cos(5𝑥𝑥) +
11 1 1
sin(5𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐 = − 𝑥𝑥 cos(5𝑥𝑥) + sin(5𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
55 5 25
7. ∫ 𝑥𝑥 ln(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use integration by parts: ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝑢𝑢 = ln(𝑥𝑥) ; = ; = 𝑥𝑥 2 ; 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 ln(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 𝑥𝑥 3 ln(𝑥𝑥) − ∫ 3 𝑥𝑥 3 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 𝑥𝑥 3 ln(𝑥𝑥) − ∫ 3 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 𝑥𝑥 3 ln(𝑥𝑥) − 9 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑐

30
8. ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use integration by parts twice: ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
First 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 ; = 2𝑥𝑥 ; = 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑣 = − 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
Second 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 ; = ; = 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑣 = − 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥
5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5

1 1 1 2 1 1 2
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 − ∫ − 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 + �− 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥� −
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
∫ − 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 −
5 5 5 25
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 + ∫
25
𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒
5
2 −5𝑥𝑥
−
25
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥
−
25 5
𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 −
5
2 2 1 2 2
𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = �− 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑒𝑒 −5𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
25 125 5 25 125

9. ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 cos(3𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use integration by parts twice: ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
First 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 ; = 2𝑥𝑥 ; = cos(3𝑥𝑥) ; 𝑣𝑣 = sin(3𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
Second 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 ; = ; = sin(3𝑥𝑥) ; 𝑣𝑣 = − cos(3𝑥𝑥)
3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3

1 2 1 2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 cos(3𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 𝑥𝑥 2 sin(3𝑥𝑥) − ∫ 3 𝑥𝑥 sin(3𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 𝑥𝑥 2 sin(3𝑥𝑥) − �− 9 𝑥𝑥 cos(3𝑥𝑥) − ∫ − 9 cos(3𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� =
1 2 2 1 2 2 1
𝑥𝑥 2 sin(3𝑥𝑥) + 𝑥𝑥 cos(3𝑥𝑥) − ∫ cos(3𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 sin(3𝑥𝑥) + 𝑥𝑥 cos(3𝑥𝑥) − ∫ cos(3𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 sin(3𝑥𝑥) +
3 9 9 3 9 9 3
2 2
𝑥𝑥 cos(3𝑥𝑥) − sin(3𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
9 27

0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
10. ∫−1 𝑥𝑥(2𝑥𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 -> = 2 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑢𝑢 − 3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2

0 𝑥𝑥=0 1 1 1 𝑥𝑥=0 1 1 3 𝑥𝑥=0 1 1 𝑥𝑥=0

∫−1 𝑥𝑥(2𝑥𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=−1 2 (𝑢𝑢 − 3)𝑢𝑢5 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4 ∫𝑥𝑥=−1 𝑢𝑢6 − 3𝑢𝑢5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �4 �7 𝑢𝑢7 − 6 𝑢𝑢6 �� = � 𝑢𝑢7 − 𝑢𝑢6 �
28 8
=
𝑥𝑥=−1 𝑥𝑥=−1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2⋅37 7⋅36 2 7
� (2𝑥𝑥 + 3)7 − (2𝑥𝑥 + 3)6 � = � (3)7 − (3)6 � − � (1)7 − (1)6 � = � − �−� − �=
28 8 −1 28 8 28 8 56 56 56 56
2⋅37 −7⋅36 −2+7 36 (2⋅3−7)−2+7 −729−2+7 −724 −181⋅2⋅2 −181
= = = = =
56 56 56 56 14⋅2⋅2 14

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
11. ∫ cos 2 (𝑥𝑥) sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = cos(𝑥𝑥) -> = − sin(𝑥𝑥) -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − sin(𝑥𝑥)

1 1 1
∫ cos 2(𝑥𝑥) sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢2 sin(𝑥𝑥) − sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 3 𝑢𝑢3 + 𝑐𝑐 = − 3 cos 3 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐

12. ∫ cos 3 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use identity sin2 (𝑥𝑥) + cos 2 (𝑥𝑥) = 1

∫ cos 3(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) (cos 2 (𝑥𝑥)) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) (1 − sin2 (𝑥𝑥)) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) − cos(𝑥𝑥) sin2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The integral is a difference of two functions. Both terms can be integrated separately.

∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) sin2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = sin(𝑥𝑥) -> = cos(𝑥𝑥) -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos(𝑥𝑥)

1 1 1
∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) sin2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢3 + 𝑐𝑐 = sin3 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
cos(𝑥𝑥) 3 3

1
∫ cos 3(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ cos(𝑥𝑥) sin2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin(𝑥𝑥) − 3 sin3 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐

1
𝜋𝜋 sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
13. ∫02 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2 + cos(𝑥𝑥) -> = − sin(𝑥𝑥) -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2+cos(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −sin(𝑥𝑥)

1 1 1 1 1
𝜋𝜋 sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥= 𝜋𝜋 sin(𝑥𝑥) 1 𝑥𝑥= 𝜋𝜋 −1 𝑥𝑥= 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
∫02 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=02 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=02 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = [− ln|𝑢𝑢|]𝑥𝑥=02 = [− ln|2 + cos(𝑥𝑥)|]20 =
2+cos(𝑥𝑥) 𝑢𝑢 −sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑢𝑢
1 3
− ln �2 + cos � 𝜋𝜋�� − (− ln|2 + cos(0)|) = − ln|2 + 0| − (− ln|2 + 1|) = − ln|2| + ln|3| = ln
2 2

31
 cos(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
14. ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = sin(𝑥𝑥) -> = cos(𝑥𝑥) -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1+sin2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos(𝑥𝑥)

cos(𝑥𝑥) cos(𝑥𝑥) 1 1 1
∫ 1+sin2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 1+𝑢𝑢2 cos(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫
1+𝑢𝑢2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫
𝑢𝑢2 +12
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = arctan(𝑢𝑢) + 𝑐𝑐 = arctan(sin(𝑥𝑥)) + 𝑐𝑐

𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
15. ∫𝑒𝑒 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = ln(𝑥𝑥) + 1 -> = -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥(ln(𝑥𝑥)+1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥=𝑒𝑒 2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥=𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥=𝑒𝑒 2 2

∫𝑒𝑒 = ∫𝑥𝑥=𝑒𝑒 = ∫𝑥𝑥=𝑒𝑒 = [ln|𝑢𝑢|]𝑥𝑥=𝑒𝑒 = [ln|ln(𝑥𝑥) + 1|]𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = ln|ln(𝑒𝑒 2 ) + 1| − ln|ln(𝑒𝑒) + 1| =
𝑥𝑥(ln(𝑥𝑥)+1) 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢
3
ln|2 ln(𝑒𝑒) + 1| − ln|ln(𝑒𝑒) + 1| = ln|2 + 1| − ln|1 + 1| = ln 3 − ln 2 = ln
2

1 3𝑥𝑥−4
16. ∫−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use partial fractions to rewrite the integrand
2𝑥𝑥+4

The fraction is improper -> use long division or an additional term (see Chapter 6 Block 6)

3𝑥𝑥−4 𝐵𝐵
= 𝐴𝐴 + -> 3𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴𝐴(2𝑥𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵𝐵
2𝑥𝑥+4 2𝑥𝑥+4
-> 3𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 4𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
3
-> 2𝐴𝐴 = 3 -> 𝐴𝐴 =
2
3
-> 4𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = −4 -> 𝐵𝐵 = −4 − 4𝐴𝐴 -> 𝐵𝐵 = −4 − 4 ⋅ -> 𝐵𝐵 = −10
2
3𝑥𝑥−4 3 10
-> = −
2𝑥𝑥+4 2 2𝑥𝑥+4

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
Use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 4 -> = 2 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

1 3𝑥𝑥−4 1 3 10 𝑥𝑥=1 3 10 1 𝑥𝑥=1 3 5 3 𝑥𝑥=1 3

∫−1 2𝑥𝑥+4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫−1 2 − 2𝑥𝑥+4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=−1 �2 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=−1 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑢𝑢 − 5 ln|𝑢𝑢|� = � (2𝑥𝑥 + 4) −
𝑢𝑢 2 4 𝑢𝑢 4 𝑥𝑥=−1 4
1 3 3 9 3
5 ln|2𝑥𝑥 + 4|� = � (2 ⋅ 1 + 4) − 5 ln|2 ⋅ 1 + 4|� − � (2 ⋅ (−1) + 4) − 5 ln|2 ⋅ (−1) + 4|� = − 5 ln|6| − +
−1 4 4 2 2
6 2 1
5 ln|2| = + 5(ln|2| − ln|6|) = 3 + 5 ln = 3 + 5 ln = 3 + 5(ln 1 − ln 3) = 3 − 5 ln 3
2 6 3

1
3𝑥𝑥
17. ∫04 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use partial fractions to rewrite the integrand
1−2𝑥𝑥

The fraction is improper -> use long division or an additional term (see Chapter 6 Block 6)

3𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵
= 𝐴𝐴 + -> 3𝑥𝑥 = 𝐴𝐴(1 − 2𝑥𝑥) + 𝐵𝐵
1−2𝑥𝑥 1−2𝑥𝑥
-> 3𝑥𝑥 = −2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
3
-> −2𝐴𝐴 = 3 -> 𝐴𝐴 = −
2
3 3
-> 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 0 -> − + 𝐵𝐵 = 0 -> 𝐵𝐵 =
2 2
3
3𝑥𝑥 3 3 3
-> =− + 2
=− +
1−2𝑥𝑥 2 1−2𝑥𝑥 2 2−4𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
Use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 -> = −4 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4

1 1 1 1 1
3𝑥𝑥 3 3 𝑥𝑥= 3 3 1 𝑥𝑥= 3 31 3 3 𝑥𝑥=
4
∫04 1−2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫04 − 2 + 2−4𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=04 �− 2 + 𝑢𝑢� �− 4� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=04 8 − 4 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �8 𝑢𝑢 − 4 ln|𝑢𝑢|� =
𝑥𝑥=0
1
3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3
� (2 − 4𝑥𝑥) − ln|2 − 4𝑥𝑥|� = � (2 − 1) − ln|2 − 1|� − � (2) − ln|2|� = − ln 1 − + ln 2 = − + ln 2
8 4 0 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4

6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9
18. ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use partial fractions to rewrite the integrand
𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥

6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9 6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9 6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9

Factorise the denominator: = =
𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+1) 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥+1)2

Each factor gives rise to a partial fraction, where 𝑥𝑥 is a linear factor and (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 a repeated linear factor.

32
6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
= + + (𝑥𝑥+1)2 -> 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 20𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥+1)2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1
-> Let 𝑥𝑥 = 0 : 9 = 𝐴𝐴 -> 𝐴𝐴 = 9
Let 𝑥𝑥 = −1 : −5 = −𝐶𝐶 -> 𝐶𝐶 = 5
-> 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 20𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
-> Term 𝑥𝑥 2 : 6 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 -> 6 = 9 + 𝐵𝐵 -> 𝐵𝐵 = −3
6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9 9 3 5
-> = − + (𝑥𝑥+1)2
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥+1)2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1

6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9 9 3 5 9 3 5
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ − + (𝑥𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ (𝑥𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1

9
∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 9 ln|𝑥𝑥| + 𝑐𝑐

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
For the last two integrals use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1 -> = 1 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

3 3
∫ 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 ln|𝑢𝑢| + 𝑐𝑐 = 3 ln|𝑥𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐𝑐

5 5 5 5
∫ (𝑥𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑐𝑐 = − 𝑥𝑥+1 + 𝑐𝑐

6𝑥𝑥 2 +20𝑥𝑥+9 9 3 5 9 3 5 5
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ − + (𝑥𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ (𝑥𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 9 ln|𝑥𝑥| − 3 ln|𝑥𝑥 + 1| − + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+1

0 1
19. ∫−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; rewrite denominator by ‘completing the square’
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+2

𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘)2 − 𝑘𝑘 2 -> Use 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘)2 − 𝑘𝑘 2 : 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 − 12
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 − 12 + 2
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + 1
-> 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + 12 (standard integral)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1 -> = 1 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0 1 0 1 𝑥𝑥=0 𝑥𝑥=0 1
∫−1 𝑥𝑥 2+2𝑥𝑥+2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫−1 (𝑥𝑥+1)2+12 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥=−1 𝑢𝑢2+12 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = [arctan 𝑢𝑢]𝑥𝑥=−1 = [arctan(𝑥𝑥 + 1)]0−1 = arctan 1 − arctan 0 =
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
−0=
4 4

𝑒𝑒
20. ∫1 √𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use integration by parts: ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑢𝑢 = ln(𝑥𝑥) ; = ; = √𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3

3 𝑒𝑒 3 3 𝑒𝑒 1 3 𝑒𝑒 3 𝑒𝑒 3 3 𝑒𝑒
𝑒𝑒 2 𝑒𝑒 2 1 2 𝑒𝑒 2 2 4 2 4
∫1 √𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �3 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥� − ∫1 3 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �3 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥� − ∫1 3 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �3 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥� − �9 𝑥𝑥 2 � = �3 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 − 9 𝑥𝑥 2 � =
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4
� 𝑒𝑒 ln 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒 � − � 1 ln 1 − 1 � = 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒 + 1 = 𝑒𝑒 + = 𝑒𝑒√𝑒𝑒 +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 9 3 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 9

33
Solutions to exercises Chapter 5 Improper Integrals

∞ 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
1. ∫−3 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑥 -> = 2 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 9+4𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

∞ 3 𝑝𝑝 3 𝑝𝑝 3 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 3 1 3 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 1
∫−3 9+4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫−3 9+4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫−3 32+(2𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫𝑥𝑥=−3 32+𝑢𝑢2 ⋅ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫ 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 𝑥𝑥=−2 32 +𝑢𝑢2
3 1 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 1 2𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 1 2𝑝𝑝 1 1 1 1
lim � ⋅ arctan � �� 3 = lim � arctan � �� 3 = lim � arctan � �� − � arctan(−1)� = ⋅ 𝜋𝜋 − ⋅
𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 3 3 𝑥𝑥=− 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 3 − 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 3 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 3
�− 𝜋𝜋� = 𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋 = 𝜋𝜋
4 4 8 8

3 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
2. ∫−3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 -> = 2 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 √2𝑥𝑥+3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

3 3 𝑥𝑥=3 1 1 𝑥𝑥=3 11 1 𝑥𝑥=3

1 1
∫−3 √2𝑥𝑥+3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim + ∫𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim+ ∫𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim + ∫𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim + �𝑢𝑢2 � =
2 3 √2𝑥𝑥+3 3 √𝑢𝑢 2 3 2 3 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝→− 𝑝𝑝→− 𝑝𝑝→− 𝑝𝑝→−
2 2 2 2
1 3 3
lim + �(2𝑥𝑥 + 3)2 � = lim + �√2𝑥𝑥 + 3�𝑝𝑝 = lim + �√9� − ��2𝑝𝑝 + 3� = √9 − 0 = 3
𝑝𝑝→−
3 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝→−
3
𝑝𝑝→−
3
2 2 2

∞ 2
3. ∫4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥

1 𝑝𝑝
∞ 2 𝑝𝑝 2 𝑝𝑝 3 −4 𝑝𝑝 −4 −4
∫4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫4 2𝑥𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim �−4𝑥𝑥 −2 � = lim � � = lim � � − � � = 0 + 2 = 2
𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝 √4 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 𝑝𝑝→∞ √𝑥𝑥 4 𝑝𝑝→∞ √

∞
4. ∫𝜋𝜋 cos(2𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

∞ 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑝𝑝 1 1
∫𝜋𝜋 cos(2𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫𝜋𝜋 cos(2𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim �2 sin(2𝑥𝑥)� = lim �2 sin(2𝑏𝑏)� − �2 sin(2𝜋𝜋)� --> limit does not exist
𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝜋𝜋 𝑝𝑝→∞

∞ 1
5. ∫3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑥𝑥 2 −9

3 𝑝𝑝
∞ 1 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑝𝑝 1
1 𝑝𝑝
1 1 1 1 𝑥𝑥−2
∫3 4𝑥𝑥 2−9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫ 9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � � 3� ln � 3 �� =
𝑝𝑝→∞ 3 4𝑥𝑥 2 −9 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 3 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4
𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 3 𝑥𝑥 2 −�3� 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 2⋅
2
𝑥𝑥+
2
2 3
3 𝑝𝑝 3 3
1 𝑥𝑥−2 1 𝑝𝑝−2 1 3−2 1 1 1 1 1
lim � ln � 3 �� = lim � ln � 3 �� − � ln � 3 �� = ln 1 − ln = 0 − (ln 1 − ln 3) = ln 3
𝑝𝑝→∞ 12 𝑥𝑥+
2
𝑝𝑝→∞ 12 𝑝𝑝+
2
12 3+
2
12 12 3 12 12
3

∞ 1
6. ∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑥𝑥 2 −1

∞ 1 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑝𝑝 1 1 𝑝𝑝 1 1 𝑝𝑝 1
∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫1 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫1 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫1 1 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
4𝑥𝑥 2 −1 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4𝑥𝑥 2 −1 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4�𝑥𝑥 2 − � 4 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑥𝑥 2 −� �
4 4 2
1 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑝𝑝 1 1
1 1 𝑥𝑥−2 1 𝑥𝑥−2 1 𝑝𝑝−2 1 1−2 1 1 1 1 1
lim � � 1 � ln � 1 �� = lim � ln � 1 �� = lim � ln � 1 �� − � ln � 1 �� = ln 1 − ln = − ln =
𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 2� �
2
𝑥𝑥+
2
𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 𝑥𝑥+
2
𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 𝑝𝑝+
2
4 1+
2
4 4 3 4 3
1 1
1 1
− (ln 1 − ln 3) = ln 3
4 4

3
1
7. ∫02 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�9−4𝑥𝑥 2

3
1 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑝𝑝 1 1 𝑝𝑝 1
∫02 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫
3− 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫
3− 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫
3− 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫
3− 2 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
9−4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→
�9−4𝑥𝑥 2
𝑝𝑝→
9
�4� −𝑥𝑥 2 � 𝑝𝑝→
9
√4��4−𝑥𝑥 2 � 𝑝𝑝→ 3 2
2 2 4 2 2 ��� � −𝑥𝑥 2 �
2
𝑝𝑝
1 𝑥𝑥 1 2𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 1 2𝑝𝑝 1 1 1 1 1 1
lim
3−
� arcsin 3 � = lim
3−
� arcsin � = lim
3−
� arcsin � − � arcsin 0� = arcsin 1 − arcsin 0 = ⋅ 𝜋𝜋 − ⋅
2 � � 2 3 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑝𝑝→ 2 0 𝑝𝑝→ 𝑝𝑝→
2 2 2
1
0 = 𝜋𝜋
4
34
 ∞ 3
8. ∫3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9−4𝑥𝑥 2

∞ 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
3 3 3 −3 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 9 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2− �9 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 3 2
−4 �𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 − � �
3 3 3 4 3
2
3 𝑝𝑝 3 𝑝𝑝 3 3
−3 1 𝑥𝑥 − −1 𝑥𝑥 − 2 −1 𝑝𝑝 − 2 −1 3 − 2
= lim � � ln 2 �� = lim � ln � = lim � ln � − � ln �
𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 3 3 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 3 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4 3 4 3
2 � � 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝 + 3+
2 2 3 2 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ln 1 − �− ln � = ln = (ln 1 − ln 3) = − ln 3
4 4 3 4 3 4 4
∞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9. ∫2 (3+𝑥𝑥)3
; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 3 + 𝑥𝑥 -> = 1 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

∞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 1 −1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 −1 𝑝𝑝 −1 −1 1 1

∫2 (3+𝑥𝑥)3
= lim ∫2 (3+𝑥𝑥)3
= lim ∫𝑥𝑥=2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � � = lim � � = lim − =0+ =
𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑢𝑢3 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2𝑢𝑢2 𝑥𝑥=2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2(3+𝑥𝑥)2 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2(3+𝑝𝑝)2 2(3+2)2 50 50

∞ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −1
10. ∫0 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = −3𝑥𝑥 2 -> = −6𝑥𝑥 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 6𝑥𝑥

∞ 2 𝑝𝑝 2 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 −1 1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝

∫0 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫0 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫𝑥𝑥=0 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 6𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim − 6 ∫𝑥𝑥=0 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim �− 6 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 � =
𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑥𝑥=0
1 𝑝𝑝 1 1 1 1
−3𝑥𝑥 2 2 2
lim �− 𝑒𝑒 � = lim − 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑝𝑝 + 𝑒𝑒 −3⋅0 = 0 + 𝑒𝑒 0 =
𝑝𝑝→∞ 6 𝑝𝑝→∞ 6 6 6 6
0

∞ ln(𝑥𝑥)
11. ∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use integration by parts: ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
𝑢𝑢 = ln(𝑥𝑥) ; = ; = ; 𝑣𝑣 = −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥

For simplicity of notation first the indefinite integral will be solved and afterwards the definite (improper) integral.

ln(𝑥𝑥) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln(𝑥𝑥) − ∫ − ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln(𝑥𝑥) + ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln(𝑥𝑥) − + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

∞ ln(𝑥𝑥) 𝑝𝑝 ln(𝑥𝑥) 1 1 𝑝𝑝 1 1 1 1
∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim �− ln(𝑥𝑥) − � = lim − ln(𝑝𝑝) − − �− ln(1) − � = 0 − 0 + ln(1) + 1 =
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 1 1
1

∞ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
12. ∫1 (𝑥𝑥 2 +5)3
; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 5 -> = 2𝑥𝑥 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥

∞ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 1 1 −1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 −1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝

∫1 (𝑥𝑥 2 +5)3
= lim ∫1 (𝑥𝑥 2 +5)3
= lim ∫𝑥𝑥=1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫𝑥𝑥=1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � � = lim � � =
𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑢𝑢3 2𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝→∞ 2 𝑢𝑢3 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4𝑢𝑢2 𝑥𝑥=1 𝑝𝑝→∞ 4(𝑥𝑥 2 +5)2 𝑥𝑥=1
−1 −1 −1 1
lim − =0− =
𝑝𝑝→∞ 4(𝑝𝑝2 +5)2 4(12 +5)2 4(12 +5)2 144

∞ 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −1
13. ∫3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 9 + 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 -> = −3𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9+𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥

∞ 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 −1 −1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 1 1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝

∫3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫𝑥𝑥=3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim ∫𝑥𝑥=3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim �− ln|𝑢𝑢|� =
9+𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝→∞ 9+𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑢𝑢 3𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝→∞ 3 𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝→∞ 3 𝑥𝑥=3
1 𝑝𝑝 1 1 1 1 1 9+𝑒𝑒 −9
lim �− ln|9 + 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑥𝑥 |� = lim − ln|9 + 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑝𝑝 | − �− ln|9 + 𝑒𝑒 −3⋅3 |� = − ln|9| + ln|9 + 𝑒𝑒 −9 | = ln
𝑝𝑝→∞ 3 3 𝑝𝑝→∞ 3 3 3 3 3 9

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 2 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
14. ∫−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ; use the substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 2 − 𝑥𝑥 -> = −1 -> 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√2−𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Note that this integral is improper: the integrand is discontinuous on the upper limit.

2 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 −1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝 1 1 𝑥𝑥=𝑝𝑝

1 1
∫−2 √2−𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim− ∫−2 √2−𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim− ∫𝑥𝑥=−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim− ∫𝑥𝑥=−2 −𝑢𝑢−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim− �−2𝑢𝑢2 � =
𝑝𝑝→2 𝑝𝑝→2 √𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝→2 𝑝𝑝→2 𝑥𝑥=−2
1 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
lim �−2(2 − 𝑥𝑥) � 2 = lim− �−2√2 − 𝑥𝑥�−2 = lim− − 2�2 − 𝑝𝑝 − −2�2 − (−2) = lim− − 2�2 − 𝑝𝑝 + 2√4 = 0 +
𝑝𝑝→2− −2 𝑝𝑝→2 𝑝𝑝→2 𝑝𝑝→2
2√4 = 4

Specials cases type 1c and 2c

∞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
15. ∫−∞ ; two options for solving the indefinite version of the integral will be shown.
25+4𝑥𝑥 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 1 11 𝑢𝑢 1 2𝑥𝑥

∫ 25+4𝑥𝑥 2 = ∫ 52+(2𝑥𝑥)2 = ∫ 52+𝑢𝑢2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 ∫ 52+𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 5 arctan �5 � + 𝑐𝑐 = 10 arctan � 5 � + 𝑐𝑐

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝑥𝑥 1 2𝑥𝑥

∫ 25+4𝑥𝑥 2 = ∫ 25 = ∫ 25 = ∫ 5 2
=
4 � 5�
arctan � 5 � + 𝑐𝑐 = arctan � � + 𝑐𝑐
4� +𝑥𝑥 2 � 4 +𝑥𝑥 2 4 � � +𝑥𝑥 2 � � 10 5
4 4 2 2 2

Now the solutions of the improper integral is given. For the constant the value 0 is chosen, also another value where
the function is defined may be used.

∞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 2𝑥𝑥 0 1 2𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 1

∫−∞ 25+4𝑥𝑥 2 = lim ∫𝑞𝑞 25+4𝑥𝑥 2
+ lim ∫0
25+4𝑥𝑥 2
= lim � arctan � �� + lim � arctan � �� = arctan(0) −
𝑞𝑞→−∞ 𝑝𝑝→∞ 𝑞𝑞→−∞ 10 5 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝→∞ 10 5 0 10
1 2𝑞𝑞 1 2𝑝𝑝 1 1 2𝑝𝑝 1 2𝑞𝑞 1 1
lim arctan � � + lim arctan � � − arctan(0) = lim arctan � � − lim arctan � � = 𝜋𝜋 −
𝑞𝑞→−∞ 10 5 𝑝𝑝→∞ 10 5 10 𝑝𝑝→∞ 10 5 𝑞𝑞→−∞ 10 5 10 2
1 1 1 1 1
�− 𝜋𝜋� = 𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋 = 𝜋𝜋
10 2 20 20 10

2 1
23. ∫−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�4−𝑥𝑥 2

The integrand is discontinuous on the lower limit and upper limit.

2 1 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑝𝑝 1 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 1
∫−2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim− ∫𝑞𝑞 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim− ∫𝑞𝑞 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim− �arcsin � = lim− arcsin − arcsin = 𝜋𝜋 −
4−𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→2 �4−𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→2 �22 −𝑥𝑥 2 𝑝𝑝→2 2 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝→2 2 2 2
𝑞𝑞→−2+ 𝑞𝑞→−2+ 𝑞𝑞→−2+ 𝑞𝑞→−2+
1
�− 𝜋𝜋� = 𝜋𝜋
2

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