University Physics, 13e (Young/Freedman)

Chapter 42 Molecules and Condensed Matter

42.1 Conceptual Questions

1) Covalent bonding is due to

A) the sharing of electrons between atoms.
B) the transfer of electrons between atoms.
C) atoms bonding to hydrogen molecules.
D) atoms bonding to oxygen molecules.
Answer: A
Var: 1

2) Ionic bonding is due to

A) the sharing of electrons between atoms.
B) the transfer of electrons between atoms.
C) atoms bonding to hydrogen molecules.
D) atoms bonding to oxygen molecules.
Answer: B
Var: 1

3) A rotating diatomic molecule has rotational quantum number l. The energy DIFFERENCE
between adjacent energy levels
A) increases as l increases.
B) decreases as l increases.
C) is the same for all changes in l.
D) is independent of l.
Answer: A
Var: 1

4) A rotating diatomic molecule in its l = 1 quantum state has energy E. What is the energy of the
same molecule in its l = 2 quantum state?
A) 2E
B) 3E
C) 4E
D) 6E
E) 8E
Answer: B
Var: 1

1
5) A vibrating diatomic molecule has vibrational quantum number n. The energy DIFFERENCE
between adjacent energy levels
A) increases as n increases.
B) decreases as n increases.
C) is the same for all changes in n.
D) is independent of n.
Answer: D
Var: 1

6) A vibrating diatomic molecule in its ground state has energy E. What is the energy of the
same molecule in its second EXCITED state?
A) E
B) 2E
C) 3E
D) 5E
E) 9E
Answer: D
Var: 1

7) A p-type semiconductor has a net positive charge.

A) True
B) False
Answer: B
Var: 1

8) An unfilled electron state in the valence band is called

A) a hole.
B) an empty electron.
C) a conduction electron.
D) a positron.
E) an empty positron.
Answer: A
Var: 1

9) In a p-type semiconductor, a hole is

A) a donor atom.
B) an extra electron supplied by a donor atom.
C) an extra proton supplied by a donor atom.
D) a missing atom in the crystalline structure.
E) a region where an electron is missing.
Answer: E
Var: 1

2
42.2 Problems

1) A diatomic has a moment of inertia of 7.73 × 10-45 kg∙ m2. What is its rotational energy in
the quantum state characterized by l = 2? (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, 1 eV =
1.60 × 10-19 J)
A) 22.7 µeV
B) 27.0 µeV
C) 587 µeV
D) 72.2 µeV
E) 87.1 µeV
Answer: B
Var: 1

2) A diatomic molecule has 2.6 × 10-5 eV of rotational energy in the l = 2 quantum state. What
is its rotational energy in the l = 1 quantum state?
A) 3.4 µeV
B) 4.1 µeV
C) 5.3 µeV
D) 7.8 µeV
E) 8.7 µeV
Answer: E
Var: 1

3) A diatomic molecule has 18 × 10-5 eV of rotational energy in the l = 2 quantum state. What
is its rotational energy in the l = 0 quantum state?
A) 90 µeV
B) 60 µeV
C) 30 µeV
D) 15 µeV
E) 0 eV
Answer: E
Var: 1

4) The spacing of the atoms (treated as point masses) in the H2 molecule is 7.4 x 10-11 m. What
is the energy of the l = 1 rotational level? (1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h =
1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, mH ≈ mproton = 1.67 × 10-27 kg)
A) 0.090 eV
B) 0.070 eV
C) 0.045 eV
D) 0.030 eV
E) 0.015 eV
Answer: E
Var: 1

3
5) Estimate the rotational energy (in eV) for a diatomic hydrogen molecule in the l = 2 quantum
state. (The equilibrium separation for the H2 molecule is 0.074 nm.) (1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J, h =
6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, mH ≈ mproton = 1.67 × 10-27 kg)
A) 0.011 eV
B) 0.026 eV
C) 0.032 eV
D) 0.046 eV
E) 0.055 eV
Answer: D
Var: 1

6) The moment of inertia of a fluorine (F2) molecule is 3.167 × 10-46. What is the rotational
energy of a fluorine molecule for the l = 19 state? (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙
s, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J)
A) 4.2 × 10-2 eV
B) 2.1 × 10-3 eV
C) 4.6 × 10-2 eV
D) 5.1 × 10-2 eV
E) 5.6 × 10-2 eV
Answer: A
Var: 23

7) A certain molecule has 2.00 eV of rotational energy in the l = 1 state. In the l = 4 state, what
would its rotational energy be?
A) 8.00 eV
B) 16.0 eV
C) 20.0 eV
D) 30.0 eV
E) 32.0 eV
Answer: C
Var: 1

8) When a certain diatomic molecule undergoes a transition from the l = 5 to the l = 3 rotational
level, the emitted photon has wavelength 2.87 × 10-4 m. Calculate the moment of inertia of the
molecule. (c = 3.00 × 108 m/s, e = 1.60 × 10-19 C, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙
s)
2
Answer: 1.45 × 10-46 kg ∙ m
Var: 50+

4
9) The vibrational frequency of an HF molecule is 8.72 × 1013 Hz and the reduced mass of the
molecule is 1.589 × 10-27 kg. What is the ground state vibrational energy of an HF molecule? (1
eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s)
A) 0.12 eV
B) 0.18 eV
C) 0.24 eV
D) 0.30 eV
E) 0.36 eV
Answer: B
Var: 1

10) A diatomic molecule is vibrating in its first excited quantum state above the ground state. In
that excited state, its frequency is 2.0 × 1013 Hz. What is the energy of the molecule in this
state? (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J
A) 0.041 eV
B) 0.083 eV
C) 0.12 eV
D) 0.15 eV
E) 0.17 eV
Answer: C
Var: 1

11) A certain diatomic molecule emits a photon of energy 1.20 eV when it makes a transition
from the n = 1 vibrational state to the next lower vibrational state. What is the frequency of
vibration of the molecule? (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19
J)
A) 1.93 × 1014 Hz
B) 2.90 × 1014 Hz
C) 4.35 × 1014 Hz
D) 1.82 × 1015 Hz
E) 2.73 × 1015 Hz
Answer: B
Var: 1

12) A certain diatomic molecule emits a photon of energy 1.20 eV when it makes a transition
from the n = 1 vibrational state to the next lower vibrational state. If the molecule made a
transition from the n = 2 state to the n = 1 state, what would be the energy of the photon it would
emit? (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J)
A) 3.60 eV
B) 2.40 eV
C) 1.20 eV
D) 0.60 eV
E) 0.30 eV
Answer: C
Var: 1
5
13) Approximately how many states in the range from 5.0 eV to 5.2 eV are there in a copper bar
of volume 5.3 cm3? (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, h = 1.055 × 10-34 J ∙ s, mel = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, 1
eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J)
A) 5.1 × 1022
B) 3.2 × 1022
C) 1.6 × 1022
D) 8.2 × 1021
E) 3.2 × 1021
Answer: C
Var: 1

14) For a solid in which the occupation of the energy states is given by the Fermi-Dirac
distribution, the probability that a certain state is occupied at a temperature T0 is 0.70. If the
temperature is doubled to 2T0, what is the probability that the same state is occupied? Assume
that the Fermi energy does not change with temperature.
Answer: 0.60
Var: 1

15) A metal has a Fermi level (energy) of 5.50 eV. At 1200 K, what energy will have a 90%
occupancy probability? (mel = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, Boltzmann constant =
1.38 × 10-23, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J)
A) 5.79 eV
B) 5.73 eV
C) 5.56 eV
D) 5.44 eV
E) 5.27 eV
Answer: E
Var: 1

16) What is the occupancy probability at an energy of 12.00 eV for a material with a Fermi
energy (level) of 11.63 eV at a temperature of 500 K? (mel = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, h = 6.626 × 10-34
J ∙ s, Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10-23, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J)
A) 0.00030%
B) 0.019%
C) 2.0%
D) 6.0%
E) 12%
Answer: B
Var: 1

6
17) The Fermi energy of rubidium at a temperature of 5 K is 1.85 eV. An electron state in
rubidium is 0.007 eV above the Fermi level. What is the probability that this state is occupied at
a temperature of 9K? (mel = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s, Boltzmann constant = 1.38
∙ 10-23 J/K, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J)
A) 1 × 10-4
B) 2 × 10-5
C) 5 × 10-6
D) 1 × 10-6
E) 2 × 10-7
Answer: A
Var: 50+

18) If a metal had a Fermi level (energy) of 5.0 eV, what would be the average energy of the
electrons at 0 K?
A) 8.0 eV
B) 6.0 eV
C) 3.0 eV
D) 0.00 eV
E) 5.0 eV
Answer: C
Var: 1

19) 19)Silver has a Fermi level (energy) of 5.5 eV. At 0 K, at what speed would the electrons be
moving if they had kinetic energy equal to the Fermi energy? (This speed is known as the Fermi
speed.) (mel = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s)
A) 1400 km/s
B) 1.0 km/s
C) 2.2 km/s
D) 1100 km/s
E) 3.5 km/s
Answer: A
Var: 1

20) If one metal has double the number of conduction electrons per unit volume of a second
metal, then its Fermi level (energy) is how many times that of the second metal?
A) 1.41
B) 2.83
C) 2.00
D) 3.22
E) 1.59
Answer: E
Var: 1

7
21) The Fermi level (energy) of a metal is 5.5 eV. What is the number of conduction electrons
per unit volume for this metal? (mel = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J, h = 6.626 × 10-34
J ∙ s)
A) 5.8 × 1028 / m3
B) 6.2 × 1028 / m3
C) 4.1 × 1028 / m3
D) 8.4 × 1028 / m3
E) 3.3 × 1028 / m3
Answer: A
Var: 1

22) The energy gap between the valence and conduction bands in a certain semiconductor is 1.25
eV. What is the threshold wavelength for optical absorption in this substance? (c = 3.00 × 108
m/s, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19 J, h = 6.626 × 10-34 J ∙ s)
A) 599 nm
B) 639 nm
C) 959 nm
D) 873 nm
E) 994 nm
Answer: E
Var: 1