Surveying I
Ankush Majumdar
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Jadavpur University
Problem4: Find the internal angles of a traverse from the RB of the lines given
here. Line AB BC CD DE EF FA
RB N 60ο 25’ E S 85ο 30’ E S 25ο 45’ E S 64ο 30’ W N 82ο 45’ W N 28ο 14’ W
Solution: Line AB BC CD DE EF FA
FB N 60ο 25’ S 85ο 30’ S 25ο 45’ S 64ο 30’ N 82ο 45’ N 28ο 14’ W
E E E W W
BB S 60ο 25’ N 85ο 30’ N 25ο 45’ N 64ο 30’ S 82ο 45’ S 28ο 14’ E
W W W E E
Angle A= 180ο – (FB of AB + BB of FA) = 91ο 21’
Angle B= BB of AB + FB of BC = 145ο 55’
Angle C= 180ο – BB of BC + FB of CD = 120ο 15’
Angle D= 180ο – (BB of CD + FB of DE) = 89ο 45’
Check: Sum of included angles = (2n - 4) x 90ο
Angle E= BB of DE + FB of EF = 147ο 15’
Angle F= 180ο – BB of EF + FB of FA = 125ο 29’
AM@JU 2
Assignment
Problem5: Following are the internal angles of a traverse. Fore Bearing of line AB
is N36ο45’W. Find out the bearings of the other lines.
Point A B C D E
Solution: Internal angle 114ο 51’ 114ο 30’ 108ο 15’ 90ο 45’ 111ο 39’
FB of AB= N 36ο45’ W ; BB of AB= S 36ο45’ E
FB of BC = 180ο – (114ο 30’ + 36ο45’) = N 28ο 45’ E
BB of BC = S 28ο 45’ W
FB of CD = 108ο 15’ - 28ο 45’ = S 79ο 30’ E
BB of CD = N 79ο 30’ W
FB of DE = 180ο – (90ο 45’ + 79ο 30’) = S 9ο 45’ W
BB of DE = N 9ο 45’ E
FB of EA = 180ο – (111ο 39’ - 9ο 45’ ) = S 78ο 06’ W
BB of EA = N 78ο 06’ E
AM@JU FB of AB = (114ο 51’ - 78ο 06’) = N 36ο45’ W (Check ok) 3
Local Attraction
• Local attraction (LA) is the influence of external magnetic forces (like
iron ore mines, overhead electric cables, electric poles or other
magnetic materials) on the magnetic needle of compass, causing it to
deviate from the magnetic N-S direction.
• LA will cause error in the measurement
• Due to LA, the difference of FB and BB of a line will not be 180ο
AM@JU 4
Correction for Local Attraction
i. Method of Included Angles: If a station is affected by local attraction, both
lines connected to that station are equally affected. Hence, the included angle
is correct. The steps to be followed are:
1. Find the difference between FB and BB for all the lines. The line with the
difference equal to or most close to 180ο should be considered unaffected
by LA, to start corrections.
2. Find the included angles of the closed traverse.
3. Check the sum of included angles. If there is an error then distribute it
equally among all the angles.
4. From the unaffected line start correction by calculating the bearings of
other lines from included angles.
Note: If a line is free from LA, then the two end stations of the line are also
unaffected. Hence, the bearings taken at the two stations are correct.
AM@JU 5
Problem6: The bearings of a closed traverse are given. Check whether the
bearings are correct. If not, correct the bearings by method of included angles.
Line AB BC CD DA
FB 122ο 15’ 66ο 00’ 308ο 15’ 198ο 00’
BB 302ο 15’ 243ο 45’ 133ο 00’ 15ο 30’
Solution:
(BB – FB) of AB = 180ο (Line AB free from LA. Stations A and B unaffected by LA. Thus all the
bearings measured at A and B are correct i.e. FB of AB, FB of BC, BB of AB and BB of DA)
Angle A= FB of AB – BB of DA = 106ο 45’
Angle B= 360ο – BB of AB + FB of BC = 123ο 45’
Angle C= FB of CD – BB of BC = 64ο 30’
Angle D= FB of DA – BB of CD = 65ο 00’
Sum of included angles = 106ο 45’ + 123ο 45’ + 64ο 30’ + 65ο 00’ = 360ο (ok)
BB of BC = 66ο 00’ + 180ο = 246ο
FB of CD = 246ο + Angle C = 310ο 30’
BB of CD = 310ο 30’ - 180ο = 130ο 30’
FB of DA = 130ο 30’ + 65ο 00’ = 195ο 30’
BB of DA = 195ο 30’ - 180ο = 15ο 30’ (Check ok) AM@JU 6
Correction for Local Attraction
ii. Method of bearings: If a station is affected by local attraction, all the
bearings taken at that station are equally affected. The steps to be followed
are:
1. Find the difference between FB and BB for all the lines. The line with the
difference equal to or most close to 180ο should be considered unaffected
by LA, to start corrections.
2. Starting from the station with correct bearings, the bearings of the next
station are calculated. The difference of the calculated and observed
bearings will be the error due to LA.
3. Correct the other bearings taken at that station by the same amount.
4. Proceed in the same manner for the rest of the stations till all are
corrected.
Note: If a line is free from LA, then the two end stations of the line are also
unaffected. Hence, the bearings taken at the two stations are correct.
AM@JU 7
Problem7: The bearings of a closed traverse are given. Check whether the bearings are correct. If not, correct the
bearings by method of bearings.
Line AB BC CD DA
FB 36ο 00’ 98ο 15’ 201ο 45’ 322ο 45’
Solution: BB 216ο 45’ 276ο 00’ 23ο 15’ 142ο 45’
(FB – BB) of DA = 180ο (Line DA free from LA. Stations A and D unaffected by LA. Thus all the bearings measured
at A and D are correct)
Line Observed FB Observed BB Corrected FB Corrected Error due to
BB LA (Obs. -
Cor.)
AB 36ο 00’ 216ο 45’ - 36ο 00’+ 216ο 45’-
180ο = 216ο 216ο = 45’
BC 98ο 15’ 276ο 00’ 98ο 15’ - 97ο 30’+ 277ο 30’-
45’= 97ο 30’ 180ο = 277ο 276ο 00’
30’ = -1ο30’
CD 201ο 45’ 23ο 15’ 201ο 45’+ 203ο 15’- -
1ο30’= 203ο 180ο = 23ο
15’ 15’ (ok)
DA 322ο 45’ 142ο 45’ - - -
AM@JU 8
Problem8: The bearings of a closed traverse are given. Check whether the
bearings are correct. If not, correct the bearings by method of bearings.
Line AB BC CD DE EA
FB S36ο 15’E S44ο 30’W N71ο 45’W N14ο 00’E N61ο 15’E
BB N36ο 15’W N45ο 30’E S71ο 00’E S14ο 30’W S61ο 00’W
Solution:
Line Observed FB Observed BB Corrected FB Corrected Error due to
BB LA (Obs. -
Cor.)
AB S36ο 15’E N36ο 15’W - - -
BC S44ο 30’W N45ο 30’E - N44ο 30’E 45ο 30’- 44ο
30’ = 1ο
CD N71ο 45’W S71ο 00’E 71ο 45’-1ο = S70ο 45’E 71ο 00’ - 70ο
N70ο 45’W 45’ = 15’
DE N14ο 00’E S14ο 30’W 14ο 00’ + 15’ S14ο 15’W 14ο 30’ - 14ο
= N14ο 15’E 15’ = 15’
EA N61ο 15’E S61ο 00’W 61ο 15’-15’ = S61ο 00’W -
AM@JU N61ο 00’E (ok) 9
Plane Table Surveying
AM@JU 10
Plane Table Surveying
• A technique where the fieldwork and part of paperwork are done in
the field.
• Linear measurements are made by chain and tape.
• No angular measurement required.
• Plane table is used to prepare a map on site.
• It is also used to filling in details on a map already prepared and
available on the drawing sheet.
AM@JU 11
Plane Table Surveying
Plane Table and Accessories
1. Plane Table
2. Alidade
3. Spirit level
4. Trough Compass
5. Plumbing Fork (U Fork)
6. Drawing Paper
7. Chain or tape
8. Ranging rod
AM@JU 12
Methods of Plane Table Surveying
1. Radiation
2. Intersection
3. Traversing
4. Resection
AM@JU 13
Method of Radiation
This method requires the plane table to occupy a single position.
1. Plane Table is levelled at a station P using spirit level. Using a trough compass the
North line is marked on the paper.
2. Station P on the ground is transferred to the paper as station p using the
plumbing fork.
3. Ranging rods are held on stations A, B, C etc. in such a way that they are visible
from P.
4. Alidade is pivoted on p and the ranging rod at station A is sighted. Then a line is
drawn along the beveled edge of the alidade. The length of line PA is measured
with chain or tape. Converting the length to a suitable scale, station a is obtained
on paper.
5. Similarly other stations like B, C, D etc. are drawn on paper as b, c, d.
6. The table should not be disturbed during the entire process. The lines AB, BC etc.
can be measured and used to check the marked distances on paper.
AM@JU 14
Method of Radiation
Position 1
AM@JU 15
Method of Intersection
This method requires the plane table to occupy at least two positions. Orientation can be
done by back-sighting.
1. Plane Table is levelled at a station A using spirit level. Using a trough compass the North
line is marked on the paper.
2. Station A on the ground is transferred to the paper as station a using the plumbing fork.
3. Alidade is pivoted on a and the ranging rod at station B is sighted. Then a line is drawn
along the edge of the alidade. The length of line AB is measured with chain or tape.
Converting the length to a suitable scale, station b is obtained on paper. AB will be the
baseline. No other linear measurement is required.
4. Other stations like P, Q, R etc. are sighted by pivoting the alidade on a and drawing lines
towards the stations on paper.
5. The table is shifted to B, centered and levelled. Now the table is oriented by back-sighting
A with the alidade placed along line ba.
6. Other stations like P, Q, R etc. are sighted by keeping the alidade at b and drawing lines
towards the stations on paper. These lines will intersect the lines drawn from a and the
point of intersection will mark each station.
7. One or two lines can be measured for checking.
AM@JU 16
Method of Intersection
Position 1 Position 2
AM@JU 17
Method of Traversing
1. Plane Table is levelled at a station A using spirit level. Using a trough
compass the North line is marked on the paper.
2. Station A on the ground is transferred to the paper as station a using the
plumbing fork.
3. Alidade is pivoted on a and the ranging rod at station B is sighted. Then a
line is drawn along the edge of the alidade. The length of line AB is
measured with chain or tape. Converting the length to a suitable scale,
station b is obtained on paper.
4. The table shifted is to B, centered and levelled. Now the table is oriented by
back-sighting A with the alidade placed along line ba. Next, station C is
sighted from b and a line is drawn. BC is measured by chain or tape to obtain
c on paper.
5. The procedure should be repeated at all the stations of the traverse.
6. Lines AC and BD can be measured for checking.
AM@JU 18
Method of Traversing
Position 1
Position 2
AM@JU 19
Position 4 Position 3