ETHICS
Ethics is the branch
of philosophy that
deals with questions
about what is
morally right or
wrong, good or bad,
and how people
ought to behave.
GENDER
Refers to socially
constructed roles,
behaviors, and
expectations that a
society considers
appropriate for men,
women, and gender-
diverse people.
SOCIETY
A group of people
who share a common
culture, institutions,
and norms. It shapes
our beliefs about
gender and influences
what is seen as
ethical or acceptable.
INTRODUCTION TO GENDER AND
SOCIETY IN THE PHILIPPINES
OBJECTIVES:
Understand the concept
of gender as a social
construct and its
influence on society.
Differentiate between sex
and gender.
Analyze the historical and
cultural context of gender
in the Philippines.
GENDER
VS
SEX
GENDER
Activities, roles, or
behaviors that a
society or culture
considers proper
for men and
women.
GENDER COMPONENTS
Gender identity,
gender
expression,
gender roles,
societal norms.
GENDER CHARACTERISTICS
Fluid can be
diverse across
cultures and
individuals.
SEX
Biological and
Physiological
attributes that
categorize
individuals as
male or female.
SEX COMPONENTS
Chromosomes,
reproductive
anatomy,
hormones.
SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Typically
categorized as
male or female.
Can be complex
due to intersex
variations.
INTERSEX (HERMAPHRODITISM)
Is a term that describes
a person who is born
with sex characteristics,
such as chromosomes,
gonads, or genitals,
that don't fit typical
binary notions of male
or female bodies.
GENDER
IDENTITY
AND
SEXUAL
ORIENTATION
Is an individual's deeply
held internal sense of
GENDER being a man, woman,
IDENTITY both, neither, or
somewhere else along
the gender spectrum. It's
a personal
understanding of oneself,
distinct from the sex
assigned at birth.
Sexual orientation
SEXUAL refers to a person's
ORIENTATION enduring pattern of
emotional, romantic,
and/or sexual
attraction to other
people. It's about who
you are attracted to,
not who you are.
GAY OR LESBIAN (HOMOSEXUAL)
People who
are attracted
to people of
the same sex.
BISEXUALITY
Is romantic
attraction, sexual
attraction, or sexual
behavior toward
both males and
females, or to more
than one sex or
gender.
PANSEXUAL
Means to people of all
genders. This includes
people who don't identify
with any gender
(agender). Many
pansexual people
describe themselves as
being attracted to people
based on personality, not
gender.
QUEER
Is an umbrella term
that can be used by
anyone under the
LGBTQ spectrum.
Queer conveys both
an orientation and a
sense of community.
ASEXUALITY
Is defined as a lack
of sexual
attraction; an
asexual is someone
who is not sexually
attracted to
anyone.
STRAIGHT
“Heteroromantic.”
Heterosexual means you're
sexually attracted to the
opposite sex only.
Heteroromantic means
you're romantically attracted
to the opposite sex.
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL
CONTEXT OF GENDER AND
SOCIETY IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL
PHILIPPINES
The boxer codex
BABAYLAN Existence of male
babaylans who
defied conventional
gender conventions.
Diverse range of
roles. Serving as
healer, diviner, and
priestess.
SPANISH
COLONIAL
PERIOD
PATRIARCHAL Enforced
Patriarchal.
Creates gender
standards by
advocating for
European Ideals of
male authority and
female
submissiveness.
PATRIARCHAL Eradicated the
Babaylans and
branded them as
“Mangkukulam”.
Make the role of
women lesser
than men as they
enter a new era.
AMERICAN
COLONIAL
PERIOD
SOCIETAL Shaped by conventional
STANDARDS societal standards.
Dictated that women were
to adhere to expectations
of submissiveness and
obedience to exhibit
qualities of modesty and
chastity.
Males would exhibit
qualities of strength and
dominance.
JAPANESE
COLONIAL
PERIOD
SEXUAL Acts of rape and
VIOLENCE abduction.
Forceful means
with the purpose of
confining the
victims into
providing sexual
services against
their will.
CONTEMPORARY
PERIOD
PROTECTIVE Several protective
MEASURES measures were
enacted like the
magna carta,
Human rights
groups.
Continue to uphold
traditional gender
roles.
[Link] group of spiritual
leaders in pre-
colonial Philippines
who challenged
traditional gender
roles.
2. During the Japanese
occupation, what gender-related
crime became widespread?
A. Patriarchal roles
B. Intermarriage
C. Sexual violence
D. Gender equality
3. An umbrella term
used by people under
the LGBTQ spectrum
that also conveys a
sense of community.
4. How did the Spanish colonial
period affect gender roles in the
Philippines?
A. Enforced patriarchal standards
B. Promoted gender equality
C. Honored the babaylans
D. Gave women more power
5. A person’s enduring
pattern of romantic or
sexual attraction to
others.
6. What is the main concern of
ethics as a branch of philosophy?
A. Gender roles
B. What is morally right or wrong
C. Scientific explanation
D. Social behavior
7. What does the term gender
primarily refer to?
A. Physical anatomy
B. Chromosomal makeup
C. Scientific explanation
D. Socially constructed roles and
expectations
8. Which of the following is a
characteristic of sex, not gender?
A. Gender identity
B. Chromosomes
C. Gender expression
D. Gender roles
9. What term describes a
person whose sex
characteristics do not fit typical
male or female classifications?
A. Bisexual
B. Queer
C. Intersex
D. Pansexual
10. What does the term
pansexual mean?
A. Attracted to both males and females
B. Attracted to no one
C. Attracted to all genders, often based
on personality
D. Attracted to the opposite sex