COMPUTER LITERACY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN

SCIENCE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Research Paper

Presented to

St. Mary’s College Baganga, Inc.

Baganga, Davao Oriental

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the

RES- Research in Science

Crystal Clair Athena M. Aton

Lynn P. Dela Pena

Jeneth F. Dumagtoy

Allen John Linsag

Dan Cyrill R. Lipatan

John Kirt S. Mangub

Jona Mae L. Matilac

Christina O. Sayawan

June 2023

ST. MARY’S COLLEGE BAGANGA, INC.

 Concepcion Street, Baganga
Davao Oriental

EDUCATION PROGRAM
________________________________________________________________

APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled “COMPUTER LITERACY AND ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS” of St.
Mary’s College of Baganga, Inc. prepared and submitted by CRYSTAL CLAIR
ATHENA ATON, LYNN DELA PENA, JENETH DOMAGTOY, ALLEN JOHN
INSAG, DAN CYRILL LIPATAN, JOHN KIRT MANGUB, JONA MAE MATILAC
and CHRISTINA SAYAWAN, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Science, has been
examined and recommended for approval and acceptance.

MARICAR B. LEPORNIO, PhD

Research Adviser
______________________________________________________________
APPROVED by the research committee on oral examination with the grade of
PASSED.

RENE B. TINQUILAN, LPT, MAED

Chairperson
JOHN PHILIP M. CORTEZA, LPT, MAED HERBERT D. VEROY, LPT, MAED
Member Member
_____________________________________________________________
ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirement for RES -
Research in Science.
S. MA. MERMA M. SHALLAH, RVM
Dean of College

June 2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for the

blessings, for giving us the talents, skills, knowledge, wisdom, and strength

throughout our research work to complete the research successfully.

Our sincerest thanks to the school administrator S. Ma. Merma M. Shalah,

RVM for giving us this opportunity to deepen our knowledge and enhance our

skills through this study.

We would like to highlight our deep and honest gratitude to the school

principal and our adviser, Maricar B. Lepornio, PhD, for her advices and

encouragement. We have benefited greatly from the wealth of your knowledge

and meticulous editing skills.

We would like to extend our genuine thanks to the program head of

education, Angel Mae M. Pontillo, MAED, for her kindness, patience, and

encouragement, and for considering the needs and worries of the researchers.

We also express our appreciation to Rene B. Tinquilan, LPT, MAEd our

chairperson for his valuable insights, constructive comments and suggestions,

encouragement, kindness and for his outstanding work as our statistician who

analyzed and computed the data that the researchers had presented.

We also thank Herbert D. Veroy, LPT, MAEd and John Philip M. Corteza,

LPT, MAEd our panel member, for their valuable insights, constructive comments

and suggestions, encouragement and kindness.

We thank the Teachers for the hospitality, for the generosity of your time,

and kindness in aiding us with our participants.

 iv

We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to Mrs. Fely Marie G.

Manligoy, BED Registrar and Mrs. Mariz M. Labos, Psychometrician for their

positive response to our request for the necessary data needed for our study. We

thank you for sharing with us your precious time and effort.

We thank the participants` parents/guardians, for allowing their children to

participate in this study.

We also thank the participants, for their time, trust, and cooperation

throughout the study.

We also express our appreciation to the researcher’s friends thank you for

your unwavering encouragement, continual support, and for taking the time to

help us during our research study.

And most of all our warm and heartfelt thanks to our parents and family for

their tremendous support, and for always offering us hope and love. You are our

motivation and strength in doing our study.

-The Researchers

ABSTRACT
 This quantitative study was conducted to determine the relationship

between the computer literacy and academic performance of junior high school

students in Science. The researchers used a survey method which involves

selecting students in every section per year level of junior high school in one of

the private schools in Baganga, Davao Oriental, upon which the variables were

tested. The researcher administered survey questionnaire to the selected

respondents of junior high school. The Pearson r correlation was used to

determine the relationship between computer literacy and academic performance

in Science of junior high school students. A correlational research design

investigates relationships between variables without the researchers controlling

or manipulating any of them. The direction of a correlation can be either positive

or negative. P- value method is employed to compare the means of variables, to

test the significant relationship between computer literacy and academic

performance in Science. Based on the results, the level of the students’ computer

literacy is highly literate. On the other hand, the level of the students’ academic

performance in Science is satisfactory Findings revealed that there is no

significant relationship between computer literacy and academic performance in

Science.

Keywords: Computer literacy, Academic Performance, Science, Junior

High School Students, Davao oriental, Philippines.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Review of the Related Literature 4

Theoretical Framework 14

Conceptual Framework 15

2 METHODOLOGY

Research Design 18
 Research Locale 19

Research Respondents 21

Research Instrument 22

Data Gathering procedure 26

Statistical Tools 27

Ethical Consideration 28

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Level of Computer literacy 34

Level of Student’s Academic Performance 47

Relationship between Computer Literacy and

Academic Performance 48

4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Findings 49

Conclusion 51

Recommendation 52
REFERENCES 54

APPENDICES 58

Appendix A – Letter of Permission 59

Appendix B – Letter to Validators 70

Appendix C – Survey Questionnaire 80

Appendix D – Sample Accomplished Informed Consent 86

Appendix E – Sample Accomplished Assent Form 89

Appendix F – Grammarian Certificate 91

Curriculum Vitae 93

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 Respondents of the Study 22

2 Computer Literacy Matrix 23

3 Academic Performance 24

4 Pearson r Correlation Matrix 25

5 Interrnal Validity Results 25

6 Computer Literacy 34

7 Basic Operating System Function 35

8 Word Processing Skills 38

9 Multimedia Presentation 41

10 Online Navigation Skills 44

11 Level of Students Academic Performance 47

12 Relationship between Computer Literacy

and Academic Performance 48

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 16

2 The Map of Davao Oriental and

Municipality of Baganga 20
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

We are living in a fast-paced environment where technological devices are being

used for more reasons than ever. Today, computers play an important role in all sectors

of society’s operations, as though they are vital in all of its endeavours – business,

education, and personal life. The use of computers is becoming increasingly crucial in

modern society, and the last few years, we have seen rapid advancements in

information and communication technology. The widespread use of the internet in

everyday life has important implications for education. Computers have an impact on

every aspect of our life and every sector of global society; as a result, it is vital for

anyone hoping to integrate into the 21st century. (Admin, 2023).

Globally, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a

worldwide study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that

examines students’ knowledge in reading, mathematics and science (San Juan, 2019).

According to Revina (2019) the results of the global assessment for 15-year-old

students showed that the average score of Indonesian students was 371 in reading, 379

in mathematics, and 396 in science. These scores were below the average scores of 79

PISA participating countries, 487 for reading skills and 489 for mathematics and science

skills. Indonesian students show low performance on both national and international

assessments in science. Indonesian students’ performance on the Program of

International Student Assessment (PISA) has remained far below the international
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average. These low scores are indicative of students’ struggles to demonstrate their

knowledge and understanding of science on this assessment and make clear that

students need improved educational experiences to help expand their ability to perform

well on this kind of exams and to learn science (Faisal & Martin, 2019).

The results of the first participation of the country in PISA has paved the way for

the Department of Education to propose more programs to address the deficient

academic performance and advance the quality of education in the Philippines (Dela

Cruz, 2022). Unfortunately, the Programme for International Student Assessment

(PISA) 2018 result (as cited by Dela Cruz, 2022) stated that the Philippines ranked

second to the last among participating countries in which Science was one was one of

the subjects tested. In accordance to this, the Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD), 2018-2019 ranking showed that Philippines scored 357

points in the 2018 PISA ranking in Science, which was low compared to the average of

489 points in OECD countries making it second to the last among the 78 participants.

Locally, in a congregational test in one of private schools of Baganga, 2016 test

result of the Junior High School students showed that only one (1) student among the

two hundred twenty-three (223) entire population of junior high school students got an

outstanding score (.45%), while fourteen (14) students got an above average score,

which is 6.28 %. One hundred seventy-seven (177) students got an average score or

79.37 % of the entire population, and thirty-one (31) students got a below average

score, which is 13.90%, in Science. A standardized test is any type of test in which all

test takers must address the same questions or subset of questions from a shared pool.
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Standardized exams can show student improvement over time by taking the same tests

over time (Tunell, 2022)

There are studies conducted about computer literacy and academic performance

(Banga, et. al., 2019; Gabejan & Takenaka, 2021). However, the researchers has not

come across any studies in the local of the study. Due to the foregoing issues about the

academic performance of junior high school students deteriorating, the researchers will

conduct a study about computer literacy of the junior high school students.

This quantitative research aims to give primary importance and benefit to the

junior high school students of the chosen school whose academic performance are

involved and are the direct recipients. To the school’s community, in order for them to

understand the importance of computer literacy in the academic performance of the

students especially with the demands of the society in this generation. To the teachers,

for them to know the relationship of computer literacy to their students. For the parents,

so that they will be aware of how essential computer literacy is, to the academic

performance of their children. Lastly, to the future researchers, the result of this study

may be used as a bases for future study that may be conducted in the coming years.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the relationship between computer literacy and

academic performance in Science of Junior High School students in one of the private

schools in Baganga, Davao Oriental during the School Year 2022-2023. Specifically,

this study answered the following questions:

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1. What is the level of computer literacy in terms of;

1.1 Basic Operating System function,

1.2 Word Processing Skills,

1.3 Multimedia Presentation, and

1.4 Online Navigation skill

2. What is the level of academic performance of the Junior High School students in

Science subject?

3. Is there a significant relationship between computer literacy and academic

performance of the Junior High School student?

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the Review of Related Literature of computer literacy and

academic performance. The focus of this chapter is the computer literacy, academic

performance and computer skills. (Basic Operating Skills, Word Processing Skills,

Multimedia Presentation and Navigating Skills). The Literature Review is a summary of

the recognized facts and information in computer literacy and academic performance.

Computer Literacy

Nowadays, in the 21st century world, computer literacy among students is really

needed in different profession as well as for their education. According to (Vishwaroop,

2022) acquiring computer literacy would enhance the learning process for students

manifold. In order to be futuristic, students need to acquire computer literacy. In the

coming years, their education and learning will take place on computers and for that
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teachers must equip students with the skills required to use computers seamlessly.

These skills such as sending emails, conducting Internet research, creating word

processing documents and creating presentations. These computer skills help students

achieve success when they utilized for processing and presenting information in

understanding science concepts. It creates a big impact to their academic performance

because it gives entertainment and motivates them to succeed (Banga et al., 2019).

Based on the study of Orungbemi (2013) as cited by Aspra et al. (2020) computer

literacy and students’ academic achievement explored in the study seems very

innovative, and the findings showing the importance of adequate computer skills to the

academic achievement of students. The need to study factors that influences students’

academic achievement has become more critical for all disciplines consequent on the

need to train globally competent students that can function effectively in the information

age. The study has shown that computer literacy is an potential factors that can

influence students’ academic achievement. The findings suggest that the higher the

ability of a student to use e-mail, graphical interfaces such as Netscape, word process

document, analyze data, browse Internet and install software, the higher the student’s

academic achievement.

Furthermore, in a study conducted by (Bonifacio, 2013) cited by Carandang et

al. (2020), it stated that ICTs can be used to improve the quality of learning. It can

promote learner’s motivation, understanding of science concepts, and the development

of higher order thinking and life learning skills. Computer literacy is important for science

learning for two reasons; (1) It assists students to learn more effectively with the range

of ICT-enabled affordances that have the capacity to motivate and enable better
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understanding of science concepts, (2) It lessens the working memory's cognitive load,

while learning science that is ICT-based

Basic Operating System Function

Today’s world, without basic knowledge in computer skills would be difficult.

Computer is helpful tool especially in meeting the demands of the students’ life. Many

students acquire basic skills in high school so that they know how to operate a

computer. Thus, to be computer literate is very important in achieving high academic

performance for the students. (Banga, 2019).

There are many levels of computer literacy, ranging from basic computer usage to

advanced programming. To ensure one has a grasp of basic computer literacy, ensure

that he is capable of the following: turning a computer on and off, using an operating

system, operating software applications, using the internet, and navigating a computer

using menus and search functionality (Leonard, 2019).

Furthermore, a lot of basic computer skills have being highlighted by so many

authorities like Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e.V. Intermational (DVV) (2015)

and Connection academy (2015) that a child should possess before the end of his / her

secondary school education and these skills are categorized into seven groups namely;

typing ability, digital communication, online etiquette and safety, knowing the basic

usage of Microsoft office packages, Computer file organization, using the web browser

and the ability to carry out online researches, once the student has mastered the above

skills they would be ready and fit to cover more sophisticated concepts of information
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and communications technology and perform better in their studies (Connection

Academy, 2015).

Sekyi and Asure (2016) conducted a study on the basic computer skills among

students and found out the possession of internet accessing skills, word processing

skill, email sending skills, presentation skills; database searching skills, among other

skills. They stated that surfing the internet for information will make the student's work

easy and engender the establishment of connections with global education, word

processing skills and ability to communicate through emails give the students the

capability to easily create and produce documents relevant to their academic

requirements. The study further revealed that computer skills is of immense effects to

students as it enables them to save time in creating or modifying materials to be used in

studying, create documents that are more appealing to the others, among other

minerous benefits.

Word Processing Skills

Word processing is the program used to process a text document, such as a

Curriculum Vatea (CV) or report. Usually you enter text by typing, and the program

provides tools for copying, deleting and different types of formatting. Some word

processing software functions include: (a) Create, edit, save, and print documents. (b)

Copy, paste, move, and delete text within the document. (c) Format text, such as font

type, black type, underline, or italic. (d) Create and edit tables. (e) Insert elements from

other programs, such as illustrations or photographs. Finally, (f) correct spelling and

grammar (Zandbergen, 2018).

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While in classroom, the benefits of word processing are: a) Spelling, Word

processors involve an electronic spelling checker, where the student writer has

immediate feedback about misspelled words. b) Legibility, Teachers benefited by

getting a readable and easy-to-read version. Students with weak handwriting can

increase their scores with better research papers. c) Security, Teachers and students

have a sense of security about lost assignments. When a student saves her work, she

avoids the possibility of losing the job or placing it in its place. d) Mobility, Work on a

word processor and online wallet is highly portable and accessible from any computer

connected to the Internet (Saylor, 2018).

The current debate about the beneficial effects of text processing software on

students with different working memory during the process of academic writing,

especially with regard to the ability to display higher-level conceptual thinking. 54

graduate students wrote one essay by hand and one by keyboard. A hierarchical cluster

analysis was used to detect distinct performance groups in the sample. The study

showed the beneficial effect of text processing software, in terms of qualitative and

quantitative writing output. In the light of the results, the study recommends teaching

using word processor because of its effect on the achievement of the ninth-grade

students in writing skills. Further study related to word processor needs to be done due

to its effect in improving the level of students’ absorption and ability to interact in the

school quota. (Van der Steen et al. 2017)

Multimedia Presentation

Multimedia is defined as any computer- mediated software or interactive

application that integrates text, color, graphical images, animation, audio and full motion
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video. Multimedia designed for learning which involves the process of building mental

representation from words and pictures in different contexts (Gabreyohannes and

Hasan, 2016). They are designed to assist learning with tools which can be used in

presentations, classroom or laboratory learning, simulations, e-learning, computer

games, and virtual reality, thereby allowing learners to process information both in

verbal and pictorial forms (Alemdag and Cagiltay, 2018).

In the study of Perry (2013) as cited by Islam et. al., (2019) he used pre and post

surveys to determine the impact of visual media on students’ achievement in a high

school biology classroom. The surveys and interviews indicated that students were

positive to the use of videos in the biology classroom (Narzoles, 2013 as cited by Islam

et. al., 2019). Furthermore, Amgbari (2016) conducted a study and observed that

students taught with 3LCD projectors, better performed than those taught with only

traditional lecture method. According to (Midwich, 2020), LCD projectors allow images

to be projected in a crystal-clear format. Every student can see the image in the lecqture

theatre, no matter where they sit.

A study conducted by Shah and Khan (2015) on impact of Multimedia Aided

Teaching (MAT) on academic success of students. Result indicated Multimedia Aided

Teaching as more effective method than the traditional one. (Son & Simonian, 2016)

opined that supplementing traditional teaching classroom with multimedia learning tools

could enhance students' motivation to learn, and make them active in the learning

process, thereby, improving practice. Likewise, several similar studies have reported the

increased academic success of students where multimedia techniques are applied, and

this success is attributed to the ability of multimedia technology to capture students’

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interest and get them engaged in the course of learning (Ilhan, & Oruç, 2016; Park et

al., 2019; Son & Simonian, 2016).

Furthermore, among all the teaching methods only multimedia instruction can

stimulate the students’ multiple sensory organs. Watching contents through slides

during lectures improves overall reading to the learning processes. Visual classes are

more engaging than traditional lectures. Pictures make the contents more focused and

concentrated and help to learn more than reading-only. Informational videos, pictures,

animations help to draw attention of students to important elements. As visual lectures

are interactive, students’ class performance is improved (Zhen, 2016). In such

situations, the students do not only listen to their teacher and memorize desired

materials to the detriment of their intellectual growth and academic achievement; but

are drawn into active participation by stimulating their senses using these resources,

which makes learning meaningful and relatively permanent (Ghavami, 2016).

In addition, (Thomas & Israel, 2014) investigated in a study that performance of the

students exposed to multimedia aided lectures was significantly different from the

students taught conventionally. The effectiveness and efficiency of the learning process

can be improved through the application of multimedia teaching materials (Siagian, et

al., 2014).

Online Navigation skills

Computer literacy is defined as being knowledgeable about hardware and

software capabilities and understanding how computers and the internet can enhance

(Reynolds, 2008) cited by Gabejan, 2021. It is the basic understanding of operating

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computers. Hence, being computer literate gives a learner an opportunity to cope up

with the rapidly changing environment in technology.

Several authors have contributed on how the computer or internet has become an

inevitable too in the academic work. (Yesilyurt et al., 2014) showed that access to a

home computer and internet connection contributes to students’ academic performance

as well as self-learning skills. Also, (Siraj et al., 2015) affirmed that students perceived

the internet as a supplement for learning and thus contributes to higher academic feat.

The study of (Akende, 2015) reported that access to internet can influence the

academic performance of students. The availability of internet is almost everywhere;

most students have had access to internet on their cellphones (Ellore, 2014). This helps

students to broaden their academic information, research and assignments by

accessing information worldwide and also enhances easy communication to the

academic community (Siraj, 2015). Therefore, the investigation on the impact of internet

use on students learning outcomes is necessary for the implementation of internet use

in learning. The relationship of internet use and learning will provide an avenue to

enhance learning environment and technology for problem solving in science.

In addition, internet is useful for searching information easily and helps students to

do their assignments with just only search on search engine that they want to know. It

also let them to interact with each other for exchanging their idea and information from a

different location in a same time. The internet is the key information and communication

technology that led to a worldwide revolutionary change in the information scenario. The

interaction between students offers them to gain different perspectives on a problem

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discussion by sharing one's own learning activities with other learners into problem

solving strategies (Siraj, 2015).

A study by (Ellore et al. 2014) on the influence of internet usage on academic

performance and face to face communication revealed that as a result of the availability

of internet, most students have had access to internet on their cellphones. This helps

students to broaden their academic information (Siraj, 2015) the use of computer and

access to online resources according to (Bamise, 2017) are comparatively important to

student.

Categorized internet users into heavy and light users. In his view, academic work is

the main reason students use the internet on campus. Students who were classified as

heavy users were found to use the internet more for recreational purpose than the light

internet users. His study further argued that the more the internet is used for academic

work the more it is perceived to exert a positive influence on academic grades

(Ngoumandjoka, 2012) cited by Affum, 2022.

Academic Performance

Computers possess the necessary skills and ability a student needs to retain within

themselves or learn a new concept permanently in computer science, both in the ability

to handle / operate a computer effectively and also in other science subjects such as

chemistry, biology and so on, (Sentongo et. al, 2013 cited by Ajumobi 2021).

It is impossible to ignore the importance of computer in schools, particularly for

science, as its use is likely to contribute to science learning by advancing and

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enhancing the production of work, supporting the development of collaborative

knowledge, supporting investigation and experimentation, offering students greater duty

and control through individual investigation and experimentation, advancing inspiration

and commitment, and helping students to consider forms more definitely. In addition, he

assessed that science student who were more skilled with computer attained high

academic performance (Efe, 2011) cited by Dantic et al., 2021.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in investigating the impact of

school computer usage on students performance outcomes. In the study of (Funchand

and Woessman, 2004 as cited by Banga et al.,2019) it highlighted the result of the

studies about the effectiveness of computer use for instruction which found out positive

relationships between computers use and students’ academic achievements and

performance. They found out that the use of instructional activities that involve the use

of ICT-based capture the interest of the students and can improve their academic

performance, which facilities their understanding of the content and provides different

way of expressing knowledge and therefore have a positive influence on academic

performance.

Information and learning materials can be delivered in a variety of modes for

science learning – visual, text, audio and multimedia. Multimodal representations in

science learning are important due to the abstract nature of many concepts, particularly

in chemistry and physics. The computer literate student would be able to link the

different modes of representations across multiple representations of the same concept

(Prain and Waldrip, 2006) cited by Gunel, 2015.

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As stated in the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, the Enhancing Education

Through Technology Program seeks to improve and maintain academic performance

and achievements in secondary schools through the use of technology. Academic

performance of computer literate students is more complement than those who are not.

Academic success is accomplished when a balanced use of computer tool was taken by

junior high school students for their course work leading to a significant influence of

computer use in academic performance (Aitokhuchi,et. al, 2014).

Theoretical framework

According to Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (1936), a Swiss

psychologist, children’s intelligence changes as they grow. Cognitive learning theory

suggests that the learner is an active participant in the process. According to Hughes

(2022) the major components of cognitive learning include a change in the learner's

knowledge, which must occur through the learner's experience. They come to the table

with their own skills, knowledge, memories and relevant information they’ve learned in

the past. When learning something new, individuals process and construct their own

understanding of a topic based on their past experiences and knowledge (Lawless,

2023).

This study is anchored on the Computer-based instruction theory by Park and

Moore (1960) which states that any instructional program that includes the use of a

computer -CD ROMS, DVD is based on this concept, which can also be implemented in

conducting with traditional teaching methods to enhance the overall educational

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experience. More complex lessons be delivered via computers, allowing instructors to

educate their learners in a more effective and profound way. With the help of the

internet, students can find useful information about their projects, assignments and also

can take useful help from other researchers as they store & organize their research

materials in computers (Sharna, 2023).

Constructivist Theory by Bruner (1915) is in favor of letting students to construct

their point of view of the world, philosophy of living, technical expertise, and knowledge

structures; emphasizes one's learning initiative, and social and 162 Theories and

Research in Educational Technology and Distance Learning Instruction through

Blackboard situational learning experiences. The core of this theory is discovery

learning and Students learn by doing.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 presents the variables involved in the study. The first is the independent

variable which is academic burnout which have Five indicators which are Exhaustion,

Exhaustio, Mental distance, Cognitive impairment, Emotional impairment, Academic

stress While the dependent variable are the classroom factor, personal factor, cultural

factor, societal factor, teacher factor, Classroom factor.

Computer literacy is a person’s ability to use computer effectively. It’s a broad

term that encompasses a range of skills (e.g. basic computer skills, digital

communication skills, and the ability to access and evaluate information online. At a
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basic level, computer literacy includes the ability to perform tasks such as turning on

and off a computer, using a mouse and keyboard and navigating the operation system.

It also involves knowledge

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Computer Literacy

- Basic Operating System Academic Performance

Function -Grades in Science

- Word Processing Skills

- Multimedia Presentation

- Online Navigation Skills

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study.

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of common software applications, such as word processors and presentation

software. (Burning Glass Technology, 2017)

While the dependent variable consists of the Student’s academic performance in

Science. Academic performance is the measurement of student achievement across

various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure

achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and result from

standardized test. (Ballotpedia, 2023).

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CHAPTER 2

METHODS

In this chapter are the discussions on research design, research locale, research

respondents, data gathering procedures, statistical tools and ethical consideration which

are essential in the conduct of the study.

Research Design

The researchers used quantitative research design. Quantitative research is the

process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and

averages, make predictions, test causal relationships and generalize results to wider

populations (Bhandari, 2022). A research problem is identified in quantitative research

based on industry trends or the need to explain why something occurs. In order to

define a trend, a study in which the researcher seeks to determine the overall tendency

of each response and to observe how this tendency varies between individuals is the

most effective technique to address the research task (Creswell, 2012). This design was

chosen by the researcher because it is appropriate for the research study and depicts

the quantitative data collected from the respondents.

In order to determine the relationship between Computer literacy and Student’s

academic performance in science, the researchers utilized correlational research

design. Correlational research is used to study relationship between two factors, which

are measured and recorded as research variables. This kind of research is used to
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detect trends and pattern in data. In correlational analysis, variables are not

manipulated (Williams, 2021)

Research Locale

The study was conducted in one of the private schools in Baganga. Located in

the municipality of Baganga, province of Davao Oriental, Island of Mindanao,

Philippines. The province of Davao Oriental is one of the three provinces created

through the division of the Davao Province. Its capital is Mati City, and it borders in the

province of Davao de Oro to west, Agusan del sur, and Suqrigao del Sur to the North.

The Davao Oriental province has one component city and divided into 10 Municipalities

including the municipality of Baganga, which has 18 barangays.

Baganga is a coastal municipality in the province of Davao Oriental. It also a part

of the first district in Davao Oriental. According to the 2020 census, it has a population

of 58,714 people, making it the third largest town in province. It speaks Southern

kamayo, district from the Kamayo spoken that adopted from Surigao del Sur. Southern

kamayo is also spoken in Surigao del Sur, Boston, Cateel, Caraga, and some areas in

Davao Oriental. Baganga have several schools, both public and private. There are three

private schools that can be found in Baganga in which one of them was the chosen in

this study.

The chosen private school is one of the tertiary institutions in Baganga that offers

Education and Business administration program. It also offers complete basic education

program. The school was chosen because it offers secondary education in which the

target respondents belong. Although other schools that offers secondary education can
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participate in this study, but due to the shortage of time and accessibility, the scope of

the study only revolves around the Junior High School students in one of the private

schools in Baganga that has Science subject.

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Figure 2. Map of the Philippines and Davao Oriental

Research Respondent

In this study, the Junior High School students were chosen as respondents

because they have Science subject and is part of the 21st century generation that

needs to acquire computer literacy. In addition, as stated inthe No Child Left Behind Act

of 2001, the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program seeks to improve and

maintain academic performance and achievements in secondary schools through the

use of technology

The researchers used the stratified random sampling method with the use of

Slovin’s formula. Stratified random sampling is a tool that divides a population into

strata, or distinct subgroups, for a precise representation of the total population (Indeed

Editorial Team, 2022). Slovin’s formula allows a researcher to sample the population

with a desired degree of accuracy. Slovin’s formula gives the researcher an idea of how

large the sample size needs to be to ensure a reasonable accuracy of results (Ellen,

N
2020). Slovin’s formula is calculated as n= where n, is the sample size needed,
( 1+ N ⅇ 2 )

N is the population size, and e is the acceptable margin of error (Zach, 2023). In

accordance to this, one hundred eighty-five (185) students were chosen as

respondents, which was taken from the entire population of three hundred forty-five

(345) students of Junior High School with a 5% margin of error, as calculated using the

Slovin’s formula
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As shown in Table 1, the total strata size is one hundred eighty-five (185) as per

the results using the Slovin’s formula. In terms of getting the sample size for each

section and year level, the researchers divided the entire sample size (185) to the total

population (344), multiplied by the layer size of each section and year level. In order to

be fair in terms of choosing respondents, the researchers used the draw lots method,

wherein, the names of the students were written in a piece of paper, folded, and then

the researchers will pick randomly.

Table 1: Respondent of the Study

Grade/Year Level Population Sample Percentage

Grade 7- Faith 41 22 11.92%

Grade 7- Hope 41 22 11.92%

Grade 8- Peace 42 23 12.21%

Grade 8- Justice 41 22 11.92%

Grade 9- Excellence 43 23 12.50%

Garde 9- Prudence 44 24 12.79%

Grade 10- Service 48 25 13.95%

Grade 10- Temperance 44 24 12.79%

Total 344 185 100%

Research Instruments

These are referred to as tools used in the process of gathering data, research

instruments include printed questionnaires (Annum, 2015). In gathering data, the

researchers made questionnaires which comprises forty (40) questions divided into four
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indicators; Basic operating system function, Word processing, Multimedia presentation

and Online navigation skills that will cover the level of computer literacy of the

respondents. They were asked to rate each statement based on their level of

agreement with how well it described their computer literacy in Science. The measure

employs a five-point likert scale, with responses ranging from 5-Excellent 4-Very Good

3-Good 2-Poor 1- Very Poor.

Table 2: Computer Literacy Matrix

Range Description Interpretation

Indicates a strong agreement or complete

agreement with the statement. You strongly

4.21-5.00 Extremely Literate
believe that the statement accurately

reflects your experiences or perceptions,

and they attribute a significant impact of

computer literacy on academic

performance.

Indicates an agreement with the statement.

3.41-4.20 Highly Literate
You believe that the statement aligns with

your experiences or perceptions regarding

computer literacy and its impact on

academic performance.

Indicates a neutral or undecided stance.

2.61-3.40 Moderately Literate
You neither agree nor disagree with the
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statement, remaining impartial or uncertain

about its accuracy or relevance.

Indicates a disagreement with the

1.81-2.60 Slightly Literate
statement. You have some reservations or

doubts about the statement, feeling that it

may not accurately represent your

experiences or perceptions.

Indicates a strong disagreement or

disagreement with the statement. You

1.00-1.80 Not Literate
believe that the statement does not reflect

your personal experiences or perceptions

regarding computer literacy and its

relationship to academic performance.

The respondents’ academic performance in Science was evaluated with the use

of their average grade from First to Third Quarter. The researchers utilized the levels of

proficiency from the office of the registrar to interpret the students’ achievement.

Table 3: Academic Performance

Grading Scale Descriptors Remarks Interpretation

90-100 Outstanding Passed The academic performance of

the students is exceptional.

85-89 Very Satisfactory Passed The academic performance of

the students is good.

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80-84 Satisfactory Passed The academic performance of

the students is fairly good.

75-79 Fairly Satisfactory Passed The academic performance of

the students is quite good.

Below 75 Did Not Meet Failed The academic performance of

Expectations the students’ needs more work.

Lastly, in order to find the importance of the variables, the researchers utilized

the Pearson correlation coefficient values to identify the relationship between the

students’ computer literacy to their academic performance in Science. To interpret the

relationship level between the variables, the researchers used the table below as cited

by (Hu Liu, 2022).

Table 4: Interpretation of Pearson correlation coefficient values

Interval Coefficient Relationship Level

0.80-1.00 Very Strong

0.60-0.799 Strong

0.40-0.599 Moderate

0.20-0.399 Weak

0.00-0.199 Very Weak

Table 5. Internal Validity Result of Survey Questionnaire

98l9j9ju
Variable: Computer Literacy
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Indicator Cronbach's Internal Decision

Alpha Consistency
Basic Operating System Functions .749 Acceptable Retain

Word Processing Skills .837 Good Retain

Multimedia Presentation .873 Good Retain

Online Navigation Skills .877 Good Retain

.946 Excellent Retain

Over all

Data Gathering Procedure

The following steps was undertaken in the process of gathering relevant data that

required in this study.

The researchers of this study first went to the office of the BED principal of the

chosen school to ask permission to gather data. Afterwards the researchers asked

permission from the BED registrar to conduct preliminary information in order to

determine the total number of officially enrolled in School Year 2022-2023 of Junior

High School Students to be used in the stratified random sampling.

Before the conduct of the survey, the researchers first underwent questionnaire

validation to determine if the questionnaires are reliable and valid. After the validation of

the instrument, the researchers conducted a pilot testing. Then, the researchers

secured a letter of permission from the Basic Education Program Principal to conduct

the study. Coordination was also done with the class advisers and subject teachers in
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order to schedule the room-to-room survey. Next, the researchers distributed the

informed consent form to the parents or guardian to ask permission whether they will let

their children join the study or not. The researchers had set a date for the retrieval of

the informed consent form. After the informed consent form was retrieved with the

parent or guardian, the researchers then gave the assent form to the respondents to

conduct the study.

Further, a letter of permission is given to the psychometrician to get the data

results of congregational test. All of these were observed in order to properly secure the

ethical consideration of the research. The purpose of the study was explained clearly to

the junior high school students, who were requested to answer the questions honestly.

Lastly, the questionnaires was produced and handed to the respondents. Before

answering the questionnaires, the researchers explained the questions one by one in

order for the respondents to easily understand. The respondents then started answering

and then the questionnaires were retrieved. After the data have been collected, the data

gathered from the research was organized, tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted using

the appropriate statistical procedures.

Statistical Tools

The arithmetic mean is the most basic and often used way to calculate a mean

or average (Chen, 2021). This was used to calculate the average of a junior high school

student's Computer literacy and academic performance in science.

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The standard deviation is a statistic that calculates as the square root of the

variance and measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean (Hargrave,

2022). This will be used to show how far individual responses to a question depart from

the mean.

Pearson product moment correlation (Pearson r) is a measure of the strength

of a linear connection between two variables (Laerd Statistics, 2020). This was utilized

to determine the links between Computer literacy and junior high school students'

academic performance in science.

Ethical Consideration

All research participants have their rights and is therefore in need to be

protected. In order to protect these rights, the dignity and the welfare of the

respondents, ethical considerations had been adhered. In this case, the researchers

considered the following ethical considerations such as social value, informed consent,

the vulnerability of research participants and risks, benefits, and safety of the

participants. In addition, the researchers had also considered the privacy and

confidentiality of the information’s, transparency, the qualifications of researchers,

adequacy of facilities, justice, and community involvement.

Social Value. The study talked about the important issues that affects the quality

of education in the Philippines. The study focused on a Junior high school student's

computer literacy and its relationship to the students' academic performance in Science.

The study may come up with ideas that might help the school administrations to
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improve the quality of education. Identifying the students' computer literacy and its

effects to the academic performance of students can help them come up with great

solutions on how to improve the computer literacy of the students. In addition, this study

is also essential to the respondents, who happens to be junior high school students,

because it determines their computer literacy and how it affects their academic

performance in Science.

Informed Consent. Before the data collection, the researchers obtained

informed consent forms (ICFs) from the respondents' parents/guardians. The

researchers made sure to provide a clear description of the nature and the purpose of

the study to the respondents using the language or dialect that they are comfortable

with, or of which they would clearly understand. The ICF also included that the

participation of the respondents is to be voluntarily and therefore no act of force were

given. Moreover, the researchers gave assurance to the respondents and to the

parents/guardians that all the datas that was collected is to be kept hidden or

confidential. In addition, the researchers ensured the respondents of their freedom to

ask questions prior to the study. Contact details of the researchers was also written in

the ICF. The researchers also informed the respondents of their right to withdraw

anytime without negative consequences. After the parents/guardian signed the consent

form, assent forms was given to the respondents to further ask for permission for them

to participate in this study.

Vulnerability of Research Participants. Due to the fact that most of the

research respondents are minors and are not yet of legal age which therefore made

them vulnerable. The researchers addressed the vulnerability of the respondents

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through sending written consent to the participants’ parents. Indicated in the consent

form that the respondents have the right to refuse to participate in the study. The

consent also stated that the participants are free to withdraw without negative

consequences. The researchers explained to the respondents and to their parents what

was written in the consent form using a language that they would easily understand.

Risks, Benefits, and safety. The researchers found dangers to the respondents’

health due to the ongoing pandemic which can harm them. Moreover, the researchers

informed the respondents of the benefits of the results of the study. The respondents

would see the value of computer literacy in terms of improving the academic

performance of students. The Science teachers would understand the need to use

computers and other technological devices in teaching in order to improve the computer

literacy of students. The parents would see the importance of letting their children use

computers for academic purposes. In addition, to keep the respondents safe from the

pandemic that is still going on, the researchers wore a face mask and observed social

distancing during the survey. To further keep the respondents safe, researchers will

give face masks and alcohol to the participants that failed to bring. If the said problem or

dangers would lead the respondents to complain, they are given a choice not to

participate without negative consequences.

Privacy and Confidentiality of the information. The researchers made sure to

keep the informations private and confidential in order to protect the respondents from

possible risks as the study went on. This is in accordance to the principles of the Data

Privacy Act of 2012, also known as Republic Act 10173, which require transparency, a

legitimate purpose, and proportionality in the collection, retention, and processing of

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personal information (Congress of the Philippines, 2012). This law intends to protect all

forms of information, to ensure that the fundamental right of an individual to privacy of

information is protected and to ensure the free flow of information in order to promote

innovation and growth. For this matter, all informations was kept hidden at all times

unless otherwise required by the law as a sign of respect to the respondents’ right to

confidentiality and privacy. In addition, the respondents only used code names in the

questionnaires. Furthermore, the researchers made sure to handle the informations with

proper care. All of the gathered data from the respondents together with the

accomplished informed consent form (ICF) and assent form was kept safe and hidden

in the office of the principal, stored in a place with a lock in which only the researchers

and the principal have the access. All electronic files was kept in a laptop with a

protected password. Correspondingly, discussions about the research and informations

that involves the participants in the study was done privately wherein only the

researchers can hear in order to avoid accidental leakage of informations.

Justice. In order to ensure fairness and to make sure that the group obtains an

equal participation, benefits and responsibilities in this research, researchers equally

chose the respondents. The researchers chose students in grades 7,8,9 and 10 since

they have Science classes. In addition, as stated of the No Child Left Behind Act of

2001, the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program seeks to improve and

maintain academic performance and achievements in secondary schools through the

use of technology. Therefore, the chosen participants have met the qualifications of

being a junior high school student which signifies that they are in secondary level. Due

to this, the researchers excluded the other grade levels. Moreover, since they met the
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qualifications and the risks and safety were already handled, the researchers strongly

believe that they are fit and could therefore handle the responsibilities of being

respondents. The researchers also explained the benefits of the current study to the

respondents before the data collection. In addition, the importance of honesty in terms

of answering the survey questionnaires was also explained to the respondents.

Transparency. The researchers made sure that the nature and the purpose of

the study were all transparent and easily understood in order to be ethical. As a result,

the researchers made sure that the respondents were aware of how the data would be

collected for their purposes. The researchers also informed the respondents of the

importance of their participation in the study including their right to withdraw without any

negative consequences. The researchers also informed the respondents of the results

of the study after they were scientifically valid and validated. Moreover, a copy would be

given to the school’s library in order to guarantee that the findings of the study would be

widely spread and accessible to all the respondents, admin and teachers. Additionally,

the researchers followed the guidelines and protocols while conducting the study in

order to make sure that there were no bias.

Qualification of Researchers. Researchers must also be qualified to conduct

the study and should therefore acquire certain research abilities. For this matter, the

researchers already completed Practical Research 1 and Practical Research 2 during

their senior years. The researchers are enrolled in BSED Science and are currently

engaged in RES, Research in Teaching Science, under the supervision of the research

adviser.
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Adequacy of Facilities. In order for the study to be successful, the researchers

made sure that they had enough facilities and finances needed for conducting the study

with the help of their parents whom provided them their allowances. In accordance to

this, the researchers had their own printer and laptop for producing manuscripts. The

researchers also provided the respondents masks and alcohol to those who forgot to

bring. The researchers were also given the privileged to use the classroom, gym, and

other facilities that would help their study, as well as other school equipment.

Community Involvement. In this study, the researchers cooperated with

communities such as the chosen school’s community which made a huge contribution

especially in terms of allowing the researchers to conduct the study in the school

premises and allowing the junior high school students to be respondents despite having

their respective classes, and for providing us the information needed in our study. The

school administrators and the principal to which granted the researchers authorization

and approvals to conduct the study. To the junior high school advisers and teachers

which permitted the researchers to conduct the study even during classes. To the

beloved parents and guardians of the respondents, for letting their children participate in

the data gathering.