Name: Yash Mahendia
Roll No.: 2201MC44
Date: 02-08-2025
Assignment 1: Vector Space and Inner Product
Question 1. Let F be a field. Let V be the set of all polynomial functions from F to F. An element f V is a
function f : F → F that can be expressed in the form:
f(x) = c_n x^n + c_{n-1} x^{n-1} + ... + c_1 x + c_0
where n is a non-negative integer and the coefficients c_0, c_1, ..., c_n are elements of F.
Vector Addition: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), f, g V, x F
Scalar Multiplication: (c ∙ f)(x) = c ∙ f(x), f V, x F
To prove V is a vector space over F, we verify the ten vector space axioms for arbitrary f(x) = ∑(a_i x^i)
and g(x) = ∑(b_j x^j).
Axioms for Vector Addition:
(a) Closure: (f + g)(x) = ∑(a_i + b_i)x^i V
(b) Commutativity: f + g = g + f
(c) Associativity: (f + g) + h = f + (g + h)
(d) Zero Vector: 0(x) = 0 f + 0 = f
(e) Additive Inverse: (−f)(x) = −f(x) f + (−f) = 0
Axioms for Scalar Multiplication:
(a) Closure: c ∙ f(x) = ∑(c a_i)x^i V
(b) Distributivity over addition: c(f + g) = cf + cg
(c) Distributivity over scalars: (c + d)f = cf + df
(d) Associativity: (cd)f = c(df)
(e) Identity: 1 ∙ f = f
Conclusion: All axioms hold V is a vector space over F.
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Question 2. Let V be the set of all m×n matrices with real entries.
Vector Addition: (A + B)_{ij} = A_{ij} + B_{ij}
Scalar Multiplication: (c ∙ A)_{ij} = c ∙ A_{ij}
To prove V is a vector space over R:
Axioms for Vector Addition:
(a) Closure: A + B V
(b) Commutativity: A + B = B + A
(c) Associativity: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(d) Zero Matrix: O_{ij} = 0 A + O = A
(e) Additive Inverse: (−A)_{ij} = −A_{ij} A + (−A) = O
Axioms for Scalar Multiplication:
(a) Closure: cA V
(b) Distributivity over addition: c(A + B) = cA + cB
(c) Distributivity over scalars: (c + d)A = cA + dA
(d) Associativity: (cd)A = c(dA)
(e) Identity: 1A = A
Conclusion: V is a vector space over R.
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Question 3. Let V be a finite-dimensional real vector space with basis B = {b, b, ..., b}.
For u = ∑ub, v = ∑vb, define inner product as u, v = ∑uv.
Inner Product Axioms:
(a) Linearity: cu + w, v = cu, v + w, v
(b) Symmetry: u, v = v, u
(c) Positivity: u, u = ∑u² ≥ 0 and = 0 u = 0
Conclusion: ., . defines an inner product on V.
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Question 4. Let P be the set of all real polynomials of degree ≤ n. For p(x), q(x) P define:
p, q = ∑_{k=0}^{n} p(k)q(k)
Inner Product Axioms:
(a) Linearity: cp + r, q = cp, q + r, q
(b) Symmetry: p, q = q, p
(c) Positivity: p, p = ∑p(k)² ≥ 0 and = 0 p = 0
Conclusion: ., . defines an inner product on P.
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Question 5. Let D be the space of functions from {1, 2, ..., n} → R. For f, g D define:
f, g = ∑_{k=1}^{n} f(k)g(k)
Inner Product Axioms:
(a) Linearity: cf + h, g = cf, g + h, g
(b) Symmetry: f, g = g, f
(c) Positivity: f, f ≥ 0 and = 0 f = 0
Conclusion: ., . defines an inner product on D.
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Question 6. Define z, w = Re(z * conjugate(w)) on C.
Inner Product Axioms:
(a) Linearity: cz + z, z = cz, z + z, z
(b) Symmetry: z, z = z, z
(c) Positivity: z, z = a² + b² ≥ 0 and = 0 z = 0
Conclusion: ., . defines an inner product on C.
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Question 7. Given: u = 1, v = 2, w = √3, u, v = −1, u, w = 0, v, w = 3
(a) v + w, 2u − v = −9
(b) u − 2v − w, 3w − v = −15
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Question 8. Prove or Disprove:
No vectors u, v exist with u = 1, v = 2 and u, v = −3
By Cauchy-Schwarz: |u, v| ≤ uv = 2
−3 violates the bound such u, v do not exist. Statement is true.